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G7 CH9 Motion and Time - Notes

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G7 CH9 Motion and Time - Notes

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pritichawla10
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Grade –VII

Ch 9 - Motion and Time

MOTION

An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with time. For
example, when the position of a car changes with time, the car is said to be in
motion.

TYPES OF MOTION

• Rectilinear motion – Motion in a straight line is called rectilinear motion.


Eg. March past of soldiers in a parade.

• Circular motion – When an object moves along a circular path, it is called


circular motion. Eg. Motion of a child ion a merry-go-round

• Rotational motion- when an object turns or spins about a fixed axis, it is


called rotational motion. Eg. Turning of a blades of a fan

• Periodic motion- the motion which repeats itself after regular intervals of
time, is called periodic motion. Eg. Swinging of a pendulum.
SPEED

• The distance moved by an object in a unit time is called the speed of


the object. A slow-moving object is said to have a low speed. A fast-
moving object is said to have high speed.
Speed = Distance covered

Time taken

• S.I. units of speed= m/s, km/hr.


• Average speed= Total distance covered
Total Time taken

Measurement of Time

The duration or moment in which things occur is known as time. With the help of
clocks and watches, we generally measure time. It is very difficult to think how
did the people in ancient time measure times as they did not have clocks or
watches.
A year was fixed as the time taken by the earth to complete one revolution of the
sun. Many time measuring devices were used in different parts of the world
before the pendulum clocks became popular. Sundials, water clocks and sand
clocks are some examples of such devices.
Note
(i) A sundial measures time by the position of the shadow cast by the sun.
(ii) The device which uses the flow of sand from one glass bulb
to another to measure time is known as a sand clock.
(iii) A device which uses the rate at which water drips from one
vessel to another to measure time interval is known as a water
clock.

Measurement of speed
Numerical - A car covers 20kms in the first hour and 30kms in the last four hours. Find the
average speed.
Solution
Total distance covered= 20km+30km= 50km
Total time taken = 1 hr+4hr= 5hrs
Average speed = Total distance covered
Total time taken

= 50km
5 hr
= 10km/hr

Units to Measure Time and Speed


Second (s)
Time Minutes (min)
Hours (h)
Meter/Second (m/s)
Speed = Distance/time Meter/minute (m/min)
Kilometer/hour (km/h)

Figure 9: Conversion between km/hr and m/s

Example-

Convert-
(i) 72km/h into m/s
Solution-72× 1000m/3600 sec= 20m/s

(ii) 40 m/s into km/h


Solution- 40 × 3600/1000 = 144 km/h

Question- A bus travels 54 km in 90 min. Calculate speed of bus in m/s.

SPEEDOMETER
A device that tells the speed of a vehicle.
ODOMETER
A device that tells the distance covered by a vehicle. Table 13.5 and 13.6 – To be done in
notebooks.
PERIODIC MOTION
When an object repeats its motion after every fixed interval of time, the motion is known as
periodic motion.
OSCILLATORY MOTION
To and fro motion is called oscillatory motion.

SIMPLE PENDULUM
A simple pendulum consists of a small metal ball called BOB, suspended by a long thread from a
rigid support , such that the bob is free to swing to and fro.
When the pendulum is at rest, then its bob is at the mean position A. The pendulum is said to
have completed one oscillation when its bob, starting from its mean position A, moves to
extreme position B , then to extreme position C and back to mean position A.
Time period
The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its Time period. The time
period of a pendulum depends on its length. As the length increases, the time period also
increases.
Time period = Time taken
No. Of oscillations

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION


Distance-time Graph
A graph which represents the distance travelled by an object with respect to time is called a
distance- time graph.
The shape of the distance-time graph can be the following:
Shape of Graph Interpretation

Straight line The object has a uniform or constant speed

Parallel to time-axis It is a stationary object

Curve shape The object has a non-uniform speed

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