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توكزو 1

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13 views7 pages

توكزو 1

Uploaded by

colleges660
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multiple-Choice Questions for "Toxicity Evaluation"

General Toxicology

1. Which of the following is NOT a branch of toxicology?


a) Clinical Toxicology
b) Veterinary Toxicology
c) Regulatory Chemistry
d) Environmental Toxicology
Answer: c) Regulatory Chemistry
2. What is the most common route of toxin exposure?
a) Injection
b) Transdermal absorption
c) Ingestion
d) Contact with the skin
Answer: c) Ingestion

Clinical Toxicology

3. Which of the following is the leading cause of poisoning fatalities?


a) Cleaning products
b) Antidepressants
c) Cosmetics
d) Cough/cold medications
Answer: b) Antidepressants
4. The primary concern of clinical toxicology is:
a) Testing workplace toxins.
b) Medico-legal analysis of toxins.
c) Human poisoning from overdoses or environmental exposure.
d) Veterinary toxin management.
Answer: c) Human poisoning from overdoses or environmental exposure.

Dose-Response Relationship

5. A substance with a lethal dose of <5 mg/kg is classified as:


a) Extremely toxic
b) Super toxic
c) Moderately toxic
d) Slightly toxic
Answer: b) Super toxic
6. What does a dose-response relationship describe?
a) The rate at which toxins degrade in the environment.
b) The correlation between toxin dose and harmful effects.
c) The elimination half-life of a toxin.
d) The ability of the toxin to resist breakdown.
Answer: b) The correlation between toxin dose and harmful effects.

Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity

7. Which statement best describes chronic toxicity?


a) Immediate effects from short-term exposure.
b) Delayed effects from a single high-dose exposure.
c) Effects caused by repeated low-dose exposure over time.
d) Effects only seen in occupational settings.
Answer: c) Effects caused by repeated low-dose exposure over time.
8. Acute toxicity refers to:
a) Accumulated effects of long-term exposure.
b) Immediate toxic effects from a single exposure.
c) Genetic mutations caused by toxins.
d) Effects limited to laboratory settings.
Answer: b) Immediate toxic effects from a single exposure.

Alcohol Toxicity

9. Which alcohol is associated with blindness due to its toxic metabolite?


a) Ethanol
b) Methanol
c) Isopropanol
d) Ethylene glycol
Answer: b) Methanol
10. What is the recommended treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?
a) Gastric lavage
b) N-acetylcysteine
c) 100% oxygen therapy
d) Activated charcoal
Answer: c) 100% oxygen therapy

Heavy Metal Toxicity

11. What is the primary treatment for lead poisoning?


a) Activated charcoal
b) Iron supplementation
c) Chelating agents
d) Vitamin C
Answer: c) Chelating agents
12. Which test is highly specific for detecting lead toxicity?
a) Blood glucose test
b) Zinc protoporphyrin test
c) Serum osmolality test
d) Immunoassay
Answer: b) Zinc protoporphyrin test

Drugs of Abuse

13. Which drug is known for causing euphoria but impairing short-term memory?
a) Cocaine
b) Cannabis
c) Methamphetamine
d) Heroin
Answer: b) Cannabis
14. The metabolite of cocaine detected in drug testing is:
a) THC
b) Benzoylecgonine
c) Oxalate
d) Formic acid
Answer: b) Benzoylecgonine

Case Studies

15. In aspirin overdose, what is the primary metabolic disturbance?


a) Respiratory alkalosis
b) Metabolic acidosis
c) Hyperglycemia
d) Increased prothrombin time
Answer: b) Metabolic acidosis
16. What is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?
a) Deferoxamine
b) EDTA
c) N-acetylcysteine
d) Dimercaprol
Answer: c) N-acetylcysteine

Testing Methods

17. Which of the following is the confirmatory method for toxicology testing?
a) Immunoassay
b) Thin-layer chromatography
c) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
d) Spectrophotometry
Answer: c) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
18. What is the initial step in analyzing toxic agents?
a) Confirmatory testing
b) Serum osmolality calculation
c) Screening test
d) Biochemical pathway analysis
Answer: c) Screening test

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Detailed Explanation of "Toxicity Evaluation" Slides

Slides 1-2: Objectives of the Chapter

• Key Learning Outcomes:


o Identify major toxicants.
o Evaluate laboratory methods for toxicity analysis.
o Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative toxicological tests.
o Analyze clinical lab data to assist in poisoning cases.
o Understand the role of clinical labs in exposure evaluations.

Slide 3: Toxicology Disciplines

Toxicology is divided into several branches:

1. Industrial Toxicology: Focus on workplace exposures.


2. Environmental Toxicology: Studies environmental contamination and impact.
3. Clinical Toxicology: Concerns human poisoning, including overdoses and drug abuse.
4. Forensic Toxicology: Medico-legal implications of toxin exposure.
5. Veterinary Toxicology: Toxic effects on animals.

Slides 4-5: Clinical Toxicology

• Deals with human poisoning caused by:


o Drug overdoses (e.g., analgesics, antidepressants).
o Environmental and occupational exposures.
o Accidental poisonings (e.g., cleaning products, chemicals).

Slides 6-7: Common Causes of Poisoning and Death

Top Exposure Causes: Cleaning products, analgesics, cosmetics, plants, cough/cold preparations.
Top Fatalities: Antidepressants, sedatives, alcohol, cardiovascular drugs.

Slides 8-10: Routes of Toxin Exposure

• Main routes: Ingestion, inhalation, transdermal absorption.


• Absorption factors:
o pH levels, dissolution rates, and resistance to GI degradation.

Slides 11-13: Dose-Response Relationship

• A substance's toxic effect increases with dose escalation.


• Toxicity Rating:
o Super toxic: <5 mg/kg.
o Extremely toxic: 5-50 mg/kg.
o Practically non-toxic: >15 g/kg.

Slides 14-15: Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity

• Acute: Short-term exposure causing immediate effects.


• Chronic: Prolonged exposure, leading to cumulative toxicity.

Slides 16-18: Alcohol Toxicology

• Ethanol: Chronic use causes liver cirrhosis and fetal alcohol syndrome.
• Methanol: Converts to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid, causing blindness or death.
• Ethylene glycol: Forms oxalate crystals, leading to renal damage.

Slides 19-22: Toxicity of Heavy Metals

1. Lead:
o Major sources: Old paint, batteries.
o Symptoms: Nausea, colic, anemia, encephalopathy.
o Tests: Zinc protoporphyrin levels, blood lead levels.
o Treatment: Chelation agents like EDTA.
2. Arsenic:
o Sources: Water, industrial exposure.
o Symptoms: Neurological damage, vascular issues.
o Detection: Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
3. Cadmium:
o Sources: Plastics, batteries.
o Effects: Kidney damage, proteinuria.
o Detection: Blood/urine analysis.
4. Iron:
o Severe GI bleeding, liver necrosis at high levels.
o Antidote: Deferoxamine.
Slides 23-25: Toxicological Analysis Steps

1. Screening Tests: Quick, qualitative, but low specificity.


2. Confirmatory Tests: Use GC-MS for definitive identification.

Slides 26-28: Drugs of Abuse

• Examples: Amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, cannabis.


• Effects: CNS stimulation or depression, euphoria, hallucinations.
• Testing: Immunoassays (screening), GC-MS (confirmation).

Slides 29-30: Special Cases (Cannabis and Cocaine)

1. Cannabis: Causes euphoria but impairs short-term memory.


o Tests detect THC metabolites.
2. Cocaine: Metabolized to benzoylecgonine; overdose can cause MI or seizures.

Slides 31-33: Pesticides and Salicylates

• Pesticides: Cause acute and chronic poisoning.


• Salicylates: Overdose causes metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.

Slides 34-36: Acetaminophen Toxicity

• Overdose leads to hepatotoxicity due to glutathione depletion.


• Antidote: N-acetylcysteine.

Slides 37-39: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning

• Colorless, odorless gas that binds hemoglobin, causing hypoxia.


• Treatment: 100% oxygen therapy.

Slides 40-43: Caustic and Cyanide Agents

1. Caustic agents: Cause esophageal perforations and shock.


2. Cyanide: Blocks heme iron, leading to respiratory depression and death.
Slides 44-46: Analysis Methods

1. Gas Chromatography (GC): Reference method for volatile toxins.


2. Spectrophotometry: Common for detecting blood alcohol levels.

Slides 47-50: Laboratory Indicators of Toxicity

1. Enzymes like GGT: Elevated in alcohol-related toxicity.


2. Protoporphyrin: Increased in lead exposure.

Slides 51-55: Case Study and Summary

• Case Study: A young male overdosed on aspirin, leading to metabolic acidosis.


• Summary: Emphasis on accurate diagnostics and understanding toxic effects.

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