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HUGHES
HUGHES
HUGHES
“This excellent book has become a legend over the years. It is, undoubtedly,
the most popular and the most useful book on the subject of electrical
Key features
l New chapter on Electrical Energy Systems
l Extended chapters on: Fibreoptics; Induction Motors;
and Operational Amplifiers
HUGHES
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY
ELEA_A01_Q4.qxd 5/13/08 9:39 Page ii
HUGHES
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY
tenth edition
EDWARD HUGHES
Revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown and
Ian McKenzie Smith
ELEA_A01.qxd 5/19/08 11:38 AM Page iv
The right of Edward Hughes to be identified as author of this work has been asserted
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the
publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS.
ISBN: 978-0-13-206011-0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
12 11 10 09 08
Typeset in 10/11pt Ehrhardt MT by 35
Printed and bound by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport
··
ELEA_A01_Q4.qxd 5/13/08 9:39 Page v
Short contents
··
ELEA_A01_Q4.qxd 5/13/08 9:39 Page vii
Contents
viii CONTENTS
CONTENTS ix
10.5 Mechanical analogy of an inductive circuit 228 13.12 Parallel loads 292
10.6 Resistance and inductance in series 229 Summary of important formulae 294
10.7 Alternating current in a capacitive circuit 232 Terms and concepts 295
10.8 Current and voltage in a capacitive circuit 233
10.9 Analogies of a capacitance in an a.c. circuit 234
14 Resonance in AC Circuits 298
10.10 Resistance and capacitance in series 234
10.11 Alternating current in an RLC circuit 236 14.1 Introduction 299
Summary of important formulae 240 14.2 Frequency variation in a series RLC circuit 299
Terms and concepts 241 14.3 The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit 302
14.4 The current in a series RLC circuit 302
14.5 Voltages in a series RLC circuit 302
11 Single-phase Parallel Networks 243
14.6 Quality factor Q 303
14.7 Oscillation of energy at resonance 305
11.1 Basic a.c. parallel circuits 244 14.8 Mechanical analogy of a resonant circuit 306
11.2 Simple parallel circuits 244 14.9 Series resonance using complex notation 306
11.3 Parallel impedance circuits 248 14.10 Bandwidth 307
11.4 Polar impedances 252 14.11 Selectivity 309
11.5 Polar admittances 255 14.12 Parallel resonance 312
Summary of important formulae 257 14.13 Current magnification 313
Terms and concepts 257 14.14 Parallel and series equivalents 314
14.15 The two-branch parallel resonant circuit 315
Summary of important formulae 318
12 Power in AC Circuits 259
Terms and concepts 318
x CONTENTS
CONTENTS xi
xii CONTENTS
29.4 Convolution sum for discrete-time systems 612 Section 3 Power Engineering 657
29.5 Convolution integral for continuous-time
systems 615
29.6 Deconvolution 616 33 Multiphase Systems 659
29.7 Relation between impulse response and unit
33.1 Disadvantages of the single-phase system 660
step response 617
33.2 Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s 660
29.8 Step and impulse responses of discrete-time
33.3 Delta connection of three-phase windings 661
systems 618
33.4 Star connection of three-phase windings 662
Summary of important formulae 619
33.5 Voltages and currents in a star-connected
Terms and concepts 620
system 665
33.6 Voltages and currents in a delta-connected
system 666
30 Data Transmission and Signals 622 33.7 Power in a three-phase system with a
balanced load 669
33.8 Measurement of active power in a
30.1 Transmission of information 623
three-phase, three-wire system 670
30.2 Analogue signals 623
33.9 Power factor measurement by means of
30.3 Digital signals 624
two wattmeters 672
30.4 Bandwidth 626
33.10 Two-phase systems 675
30.5 Modulation 627
Summary of important formulae 676
30.6 Filters 629
Terms and concepts 677
30.7 Demodulation 630
30.8 Amplifying signals 631
30.9 Digital or analogue? 632 34 Transformers 680
Terms and concepts 633
34.1 Introduction 681
34.2 Core factors 681
34.3 Principle of action of a transformer 682
31 Communications 634
34.4 EMF equation of a transformer 683
34.5 Phasor diagram for a transformer on no load 685
31.1 Basic concepts 635 34.6 Phasor diagram for an ideal loaded
31.2 Information theory for source coding 637 transformer 687
31.3 Data communications systems 639 34.7 Useful and leakage fluxes in a transformer 689
31.4 Coding for efficient transmission 640 34.8 Leakage flux responsible for the inductive
31.5 Source coding 643 reactance of a transformer 691
Summary of important formulae 645 34.9 Methods of reducing leakage flux 691
Terms and concepts 645 34.10 Equivalent circuit of a transformer 692
34.11 Phasor diagram for a transformer on load 693
34.12 Approximate equivalent circuit of a
transformer 694
32 Fibreoptics 647
34.13 Simplification of the approximate equivalent
circuit of a transformer 695
32.1 Introduction 648 34.14 Voltage regulation of a transformer 696
32.2 Fibre loss 648 34.15 Efficiency of a transformer 700
32.3 Refraction 649 34.16 Condition for maximum efficiency of a
32.4 Light acceptance 651 transformer 701
32.5 Attenuation 652 34.17 Open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a
32.6 Bandwidth 652 transformer 703
32.7 Modulation 653 34.18 Calculation of efficiency from the
32.8 Optical fibre systems 654 open-circuit and short-circuit tests 704
Summary of important formulae 655 34.19 Calculation of the voltage regulation from
Terms and concepts 656 the short-circuit test 704
ELEA_A01_Q4.qxd 5/13/08 9:39 Page xiii
CONTENTS xiii
xiv CONTENTS
40.4 The per-unit method 841 44.5 The motor and its environment 900
40.5 Per-unit impedance 842 44.6 Machine efficiency 901
40.6 Base power – SB or MV AB 844 44.7 Hysteresis 902
40.7 Faults in a power system 847 44.8 Current-ring theory of magnetism 902
40.8 Representation of a grid connection 850 44.9 Hysteresis loss 904
Summary of important formulae 852 44.10 Losses in motors and generators 907
Terms and concepts 852 44.11 Efficiency of a d.c. motor 909
44.12 Approximate condition for maximum
efficiency 910
41 Direct-current Machines 855 44.13 Determination of efficiency 910
Terms and concepts 913
41.1 General arrangement of a d.c. machine 856
41.2 Double-layer drum windings 857
41.3 Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature 45 Power Electronics 915
winding 860
41.4 Armature reaction 861 45.1 Introductory 916
41.5 Armature reaction in a d.c. motor 864 45.2 Thyristor 916
41.6 Commutation 865 45.3 Some thyristor circuits 918
Summary of important formulae 867 45.4 Limitations to thyristor operation 920
Terms and concepts 867 45.5 The thyristor in practice 920
45.6 The fully controlled a.c./d.c. converter 920
45.7 AC/DC inversion 921
42 Direct-current Motors 869
45.8 Switching devices in inverters 924
45.9 Three-phase rectifier networks 925
42.1 Armature and field connections 870 45.10 The three-phase fully controlled converter 927
42.2 A d.c. machine as generator or motor 870 45.11 Inverter-fed induction motors 927
42.3 Speed of a motor 872 45.12 Soft-starting induction motors 928
42.4 Torque of an electric motor 873 45.13 DC to d.c. conversion switched-mode
42.5 Speed characteristics of electric motors 875 power supplies 929
42.6 Torque characteristics of electric motors 876 Summary of important formulae 931
42.7 Speed control of d.c. motors 877 Terms and concepts 932
Summary of important formulae 883
Terms and concepts 883
Section 4 Measurements 933
43 Control System Motors 886
CONTENTS xv
John Hiley
Keith Brown
Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh
June 2008
ELEA_A01_Q4.qxd 5/13/08 9:39 Page xviii
This volume covers the electrical engineering syllabuses of the Second and
Third Year Courses for the Ordinary National Certificate in Electrical En-
gineering and of the First Year Course leading to a Degree of Engineering.
The rationalized M.K.S. system of units has been used throughout this
book. The symbols, abbreviations and nomenclature are in accordance with
the recommendations of the British Standards Institution; and, for the con-
venience of students, the symbols and abbreviations used in this book have
been tabulated in the Appendix.
It is impossible to acquire a thorough understanding of electrical principles
without working out a large number of numerical problems; and while doing
this, students should make a habit of writing the solutions in an orderly man-
ner, attaching the name of the unit wherever possible. When students tackle
problems in examinations or in industry, it is important that they express
their solutions in a way that is readily intelligible to others, and this facility
can only be acquired by experience. Guidance in this respect is given by the
106 worked examples in the text, and the 670 problems afford ample oppor-
tunity for practice.
Most of the questions have been taken from examination papers; and for
permission to reproduce these questions I am indebted to the University
of London, the East Midland Educational Union, the Northern Counties
Technical Examination Council, the Union of Educational Institutions and
the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes.
I wish to express my thanks to Dr F. T. Chapman, C.B.E., M.I.E.E., and
Mr E. F. Piper, A.M.I.E.E., for reading the manuscript and making valuable
suggestions.
Edward Hughes
Hove
April 1959
ELEA_A01_Q4.qxd 5/13/08 9:40 Page xix
Publisher’s acknowledgements
FIN
MEKTOUB !… C’ÉTAIT ÉCRIT !…