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Download Full Practical Smart Device Design and Construction: Understanding Smart Technologies and How to Build Them Yourself Christopher Harrold PDF All Chapters

Harrold

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Practical Smart
Device Design and
Construction
Understanding Smart Technologies
and How to Build Them Yourself

Christopher Harrold
Practical Smart
Device Design and
Construction
Understanding Smart
Technologies and How to Build
Them Yourself

Christopher Harrold
Practical Smart Device Design and Construction: Understanding Smart
Technologies and How to Build Them Yourself
Christopher Harrold
Denver, CO, USA

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-5613-8 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-5614-5


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5614-5

Copyright © 2020 by Christopher Harrold


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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms,
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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the
date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any
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Table of Contents
About the Author���������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix

About the Technical Reviewer�������������������������������������������������������������xi

Acknowledgments�����������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii

Part I: Smart��������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Smart Things������������������������������������������3
The Computer�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Small���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5
Sensors and Industrial Controls����������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14

Chapter 2: The DIY Smart Era�������������������������������������������������������������15


Instant Gratification���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15
The Minimum DIY Lab�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Software Considerations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������33
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35

Chapter 3: Beyond the Hype – Smart Today and Tomorrow����������������37


The IoT That Wasn’t���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
Taking the I out of IoT������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39
Connected�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Why Not?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
Where We Go Now�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45

v
Table of Contents

Part II: Smart Hardware�������������������������������������������������������������47


Chapter 4: EE for the Total N00b���������������������������������������������������������49
Resistance����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
Circuits����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57
Circuit Diagrams�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������67
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72

Chapter 5: Advanced Circuit Components������������������������������������������73


The Transistor�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������73
BJT Transistors (N-P-N or P-N-P)������������������������������������������������������������������74
FET Transistor�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������77
The Capacitor������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79
Diodes�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������85
Other Common Elements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������91
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������94

Chapter 6: Circuit Building Lab�����������������������������������������������������������97


A Series Circuit���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������98
A Parallel Circuit�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103
A Transistor Controlled Circuit���������������������������������������������������������������������108
A Diode-Based OR Gate�������������������������������������������������������������������������������121
A Capacitor Test Circuit�������������������������������������������������������������������������������128
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������138

Part III: Smart Software�����������������������������������������������������������139


Chapter 7: Touch, See, Hear, Smell, Taste�����������������������������������������141
Touch, See, Hear – The Big Three����������������������������������������������������������������������142
Smell and Taste – The Other Senses�����������������������������������������������������������������146
Sensor Considerations��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147

vi
Table of Contents

Analog vs. Digital�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������148


Advanced Devices���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������150
To the Library!���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������155
Arduino Libraries�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������157
Python Libraries�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159

Chapter 8: The Small Computer��������������������������������������������������������161


Small-ish�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������161
The Magic of GPIO and the Humble Pin������������������������������������������������������������165
A0 or D0������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������168
Digital IO������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������169
Analog���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������170
The Software of Smart��������������������������������������������������������������������������������172
A Brief Word on Tools����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������173
Smart System Basics����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������176
Let’s Get Ready to Rumble!�������������������������������������������������������������������������������178
Raspberry Pi Prep���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������180
Arduino Prep�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������190
A Word on Code�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������195
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������201

Chapter 9: Smart Device Building Lab����������������������������������������������203


What Are You Going to Make in These Labs?����������������������������������������������������214
Let’s Take a Quick Look at That Code����������������������������������������������������������������237
Hello World Recap���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������239
A VERY Brief Look at the Code��������������������������������������������������������������������������260
Again, a VERY Brief Code Recap������������������������������������������������������������������������281
Basic Sensor Recap������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������283

vii
Table of Contents

Chapter 10: Smart System Building Lab�������������������������������������������285


Smart System Recap����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������355

Part IV: Permanence����������������������������������������������������������������357


Chapter 11: Your First Circuit Board�������������������������������������������������359
Locking It Down������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������361
Maintaining Good Iron���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������370
Semi-permanent�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������375
Your First Circuit Board Lab�������������������������������������������������������������������������383
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������395

Chapter 12: Your First Good PCB������������������������������������������������������397


When Bits of Resistor Just Aren’t Good Enough�����������������������������������������������399
On Closer Inspection�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������400
Your First Traces������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������405
Add a Component to Your Board������������������������������������������������������������������407
Add Your First Traces�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������414
A Note on PCB Fails�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������421
Getting Fancy�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������423

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������427

viii
About the Author
Christopher Harrold is a 25-year veteran of IT, starting from help desk
and tech support through to leading technology organizations and
departments. Throughout his career, he has been privileged to witness one
of the most exciting times in technology as the rapid pace of innovation
and growth has driven technology from the realm of the corporation into
the hands of the consumer. This has also spawned a rise in the creation of
smart devices – devices that extend our own abilities and reach through
the application of technology.
As a maker and creator, this ability to build things that can do tasks is
innately exciting to Chris, and so he has stayed close to the smart device
space and has learned and built numerous things in that time. It is that
process of building his skills in hardware, engineering, and product design
that prompted Chris to write this book. While there is no way to convey a
career of learning and study in a single book, his aim in writing this is to
help others like him get started in the smart device space, by giving them
the basic background, context, tools, and guidance to build on as they take
their own projects to the next level.

ix
About the Technical Reviewer
Rebecca Stewart is a lecturer in the School of Electronic Engineering
and Computer Science at Queen Mary University of London, where
she completed her PhD in 2010. She works with e-textiles and signal
processing to build interactive, body-centric wearable computing
systems, often incorporating performance, fashion, music, and/or design.
In 2011, she co-founded Codasign, an arts technology company that
taught children and adults how to use code and electronics in creative
projects. She regularly collaborates with artists and fashion designers and
has had work featured by the BBC, The New York Times, and NPR.

xi
Acknowledgments
As with anything, this book took a village to produce. I would like to thank
my family who tolerated so many hours of writing and the mess of the lab
and was patient to no end as I worked to finish. I would also like to thank
the team at Apress who was so supportive as I went on this journey. Lastly,
building knowledge is never something you do alone, and I am eternally
grateful to everyone who shared knowledge and skills with me along the
way. I especially want to thank Louis Frolio for his support and friendship
in this project. I could not have done it without him.

xiii
PART I

Smart
The real purpose of this book is twofold for you as a reader. First is to
give you a grounding in the basics that are required to build any smart
device. These fundamentals are universal and will not change because of
advances in computers or in new sensor developments. The fundamentals
of smart devices are based in scientific laws and basic engineering, so they
will be effective tools for you for a very long time. The second purpose is
to bring together a background and context for why things are how they
are and where smart devices are going. It is fair, and perhaps even an
understatement, to say that this technology is changing rapidly. This book
is not meant to cover everything ever that is possible, as it could never
hope to do so. It will, however, give you the critical grounding in the basics
of smart device theory and fundamentals so that even as the tools and
capabilities change, you can keep pace with them.
This first section provides a historical context for you to understand
why smart devices have developed the way they have and where they came
from. This historical background is not explicitly needed of course, but as
it is one of the stated purposes of this book, and one of my core beliefs in
building materials for educating others, context matters. Understanding
what has come before and influenced these developments can help you to
understand how to use the results to their best effect.
CHAPTER 1

A Brief History
of Smart Things
Welcome, reader, and I am glad you’ve chosen to pick up this book. I wrote
this book for two reasons: I think that people struggle with approaching
smart devices because the hardware side of the process can be
intimidating if you are unfamiliar with the concepts and basics of working
with hardware like circuits and components. The second is that I have
seen in my speaking and teaching efforts that having a little bit of context
around what you are learning and working on can help inform the process
and make it more relevant. That is what I will take you through in the first
chapter of the book, the context of the smart device: where did they come
from, why are they here, and how they can be used to change and improve
the environment around us.

T he Computer
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of the
word “computer” was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings
by English writer Richard Braithwait: “I haue [sic] read the truest
computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer [sic] breathed,
and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.” This usage of the term
referred to a human computer, a person who carried out calculations or
computations.

© Christopher Harrold 2020 3


C. Harrold, Practical Smart Device Design and Construction,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5614-5_1
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

This usage continued until well into the modern era with “computers”
being literally “people who did calculations.” As the book Hidden Figures
pointed out, these computers were oftentimes women, who were doing
some of the most important mathematical work of their time. In that same
movie, we also see the arrival of the first mainstream modern computer,
the IBM 3070 mainframe, at NASA. This new digital computer promised
the ability to complete complex calculations in a fraction of the time of
human computers. It was not without its flaws, and took an army of human
computer experts to get it installed and working, but it represented a huge
leap forward into the digital age that we now inhabit.
There is an axiom coined by Arthur C. Clarke that states that “any
sufficiently advanced technology is indiscernible from magic.” Certainly, to
anyone not familiar with the operation of those computers they must have
felt like a truly magic device. They were able to take a mundane task and
allow the operator to focus on the inputs and outputs as opposed to all the
dense mathematical operations in the middle part. This is also arguably
the first instance of a digital assistant; something that a human controls,
but that works digitally. Fundamentally all modern computers are really
digital extensions of the controller, providing the ability to perform basic
tasks faster and more easily without having to resort to math on paper,
and by delivering capabilities that far exceed the user’s own. The ability
of these digital assistants to perform complex calculations is not lost on
the business world, and the rise of the tabulating machine and the now
common spreadsheet begins shortly after the appearance of the first
computers in the 1970s.
From that point until the late 1980s, computing power was generally
the domain of academia and large companies, owing to the extreme cost
and complexity of the devices, and the difficulties encountered in building
and maintaining them. During the late 1970s, we do see the beginnings
of the homebuilt movement, where engineers and gifted amateurs begin
assembling and developing their own computers literally in garages and
basements all over the world. These smaller and simpler computers are

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Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

the forerunner of the modern computing age, resulting in the development


of the PC and the Mac that are now the standards of personal computing.
They relied on two basic components to make them functional, the
modern Central Processing Unit, or CPU, and the software that allows a
computer to function, the Operating System, or OS.
Since their creation, CPUs have increased in processing power roughly
every couple of years following Moore’s law. This expansion of capability
has fueled a massive growth of the computing market, and its expansion
into new areas and uses that were never imagined during the earliest
days. Digital medicine, computerized cars, and our smart phones are all
the results of this increasing power in a decreasing physical footprint. In
recent years, the explosion of cloud, virtualization, distributed computing,
miniaturization, and the ubiquity of the connectivity has brought us to an
age where computing power is relatively limitless compared to the large,
monolithic computers of those early times.
We have such a proliferation of “computers” now that there are often
things with computers embedded in them that you would not expect,
or indeed not even want sometimes! This is where the history of the
computer joins up with our smart devices, because it is the combination of
increasing compute capability with the miniaturization of the computers
that allows us to place sensors and controls close to the things we wish to
act on. Without this development, the smart device would still be as much
of a dream as Dick Tracy’s watch phone (which I just replied to a text with).

Small
In April of 1981, a company that is now long since defunct and lost to
computing history, Osborne Computer Corporation, announced what
was the first production portable computer. “Portable” is probably a
stretch as it weighed in at about 25lbs and had a screen that was just
5” wide (marginally smaller than your cell phone today). This was not,
strictly speaking, the first portable; IBM, Apple, and others all had ideas

5
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

or prototypes for portables, but it was the first one you could buy. The
bigger “wow factor” was that it was relatively cheap at only about $1800. As
Osborne himself said in an interview with InfoWorld, “It is not the fastest
microcomputer, it doesn’t have huge amounts of disk space, and it is not
especially expandable.” None of that mattered, because it was functional
and was the first true portable that was semi-practical and worked. Why do
we not have Osborne computers today? Through a series of bad bets and
bad tech, as well as poor management of the company, by 1984 Osborne
had filed for bankruptcy, and the race to miniaturize was fully in effect as
Compaq, IBM, Apple, and others got their early portables into the market.
We continue to see this effect today of course, with small laptops
retailing for under $200 in some cases, with significantly more
functionality than the $1800 luggable of the early 1980s! What’s more, as
this pace of miniaturization has increased, the ability to put a computer
in just about everything has as well. The term “computer” doesn’t always
mean that it is a full-fledged computer system with an OS and display and
peripherals and all that. More that it has computational capability and can
run some level of embedded code to serve a function. Examples abound,
but a simple one is the code in my electric toothbrush. It only operates
the 30 second timer for the brushing cycles and the motor, and that’s all
it needs to do. It doesn’t need to perform complex software tasks like
rendering a display screen or running a web browser. That’s what makes
these programmable controllers the backbone of the Smart Device world.
It has “just enough” capability to perform the function needed to control
the smart device without too much or too little capability.
This idea of true Micro Controller Units, or MCUs, was first realized
in the early 1970s with the creation of the TMS1000 by Texas Instruments
engineers Gary Boone and Michael Cochran. They used an 8-bit
microprocessor and included read-only memory (ROM) , random access
memory (RAM), a processor, and clock all on the single chip that was
designed to be embedded in other things as a control mechanism. Not to
be outdone, Intel released its own 8048 with a processor chip designed

6
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

specifically for the embedded market. Shipping beginning in 1977, and


this little chip would find its way into numerous devices including a billion
PC keyboards alone. Embedding microcontroller units into peripherals
was an easy way to offload some computing from the PC itself and allows
peripherals to gain more functionality without needing extra parts in the
base computer. This is a system that is still used today for peripherals,
and results in the ability to have connected devices with many defined
functions that do not take up resources on the computer itself.
These early microcontrollers had a major limitation in how they
operated, and that was in the concept of programming them using
ROM. ROM stands for “Read-Only Memory,” and unlike regular storage
we are all used to today, it is a form of storage that requires the memory
chip holding the program to literally be “burned in” with the code which
is then read to perform the contained instructions. Early ROM came in
two flavors: OTP-ROM or “One Time Programmable” ROM that came
with the code burned in already and ran what it ran. This was common
for the aforementioned keyboards as they needed a lot of the same set
of instructions. The second was PROM or “Programmable ROM” that
could be programmed exactly once by the user. This meant your code was
perfect or your ROM was trash! Obviously not ideal for prototyping and for
experimentation. There was early reprogrammable ROM called EPROM, or
“Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory,” but even this solution was
not particularly easy to use, requiring the chip to be exposed to UV light to
be erased before reprogramming. I can still remember having a UV light
station in the workshop of several companies for this purpose.
In 1993, however, the introduction of EEPROM, or “Electrically Erasable
Programmable ROM,” meant that the ROM can be reprogrammed by
sending the correct electronic signal to the chip and then reprogrammed
as many times as required. As hardware developers breathe a sigh of relief
at being able to debug and test, the microcontroller chip market explodes
and the embedding of a microcontroller into pretty much everything
booms. By 2002, about 55% of all compute power sold was made up of 8-bit

7
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

microcontrollers and microprocessors. By 2017, the market had shifted to


include 16- and 32-bit MCUs as well, but there is still a staggering number
of microcontrollers sold each year, and they are incredibly inexpensive.
1000 32-bit MCU’s will set you back about $50 – a very small number when
you consider the cost of more powerful computing chips.
Obviously, with this type of cost-per-unit and abundance of
manufacturing, there are now MCUs everywhere. By one account, the
typical home in a developed country has roughly 4 full-blown computers
and at least 40 MCUs. A typical midrange car has around 30 MCUs for
example. I personally do not have a typical home, as I have a ton of tech,
but I put this to the test as I was writing this chapter, and tried to observe
from my couch the number of MCUs I could see:

• TV – My Smart TV has multiple MCUs – I counted 8 on


the picture from the service guide

• Soundbar and subwoofer – Soundbar has 4 and the


sub has 2

• Cable box – I counted 6 on the picture I found of the guts

• Gas fireplace – 3

• Wireless speakers (Sonos Play 1) – I counted 4


• 3D printer – 12 or more

• Wireless router – 20+ and a real Broadcom processor too!

• Game consoles – Easily 20 each plus real processors

• My laptop I am typing on – Another 20 easily and a real


CPU of course

• Thermostat (NEST) – 6 I could see

• Smart lock (also NEST) – 8 I could find on the picture

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Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

So, you can see I am well above the “typical home” (although I suspect
with the rate of computerization you are too!). I have found in a quick look
around without getting up from where I am sitting, almost 100 MCU and
control units. I am sure with a full search I could push that to over 200
easily and that’s before I count all the NodeMCUs and Raspberry Pis I have
for workshops (which feels like cheating a little).
Why does this matter? Because this immense amount of supply and
relentless drive to increased miniaturization have driven down the cost
of small MCUs to the point where they can literally be used for fun. This
tipping point probably really takes hold sometime around the early 2000s
with the advent of the Arduino and associated community of hobbyists,
but there are many families of MCU now that afford the hobbyist the ability
to embed a logic and program into just about anything they could want.
The current smallest MCU was unveiled in June of 2018 and the entire
package clocks in at about 0.3 mm. Yes, 1/3rd of a millimeter from edge to
edge. It is dwarfed by a grain of rice and includes the ability to send and
receive signals and measure temperature. That is some serious Sci-Fi stuff
right there, but in the realm of “things you might actually use” there are
hundreds of practical modules for your own projects, depending on what
you need.

Sensors and Industrial Controls


Departing the computer for a moment, the other part of any smart
device is the humble sensor. Sensors were not always called sensors, in
fact the history of the “sensor,” as we know it, begins with the concept
of the “Industrial Control.” All smart devices today are simply a digital
descendant of these industrial control concepts. If I want to measure
and control an action of a thing, without having to constantly manage it
directly myself, I need a means to measure and report on that thing’s state,
and then react to that state with the appropriate action. That statement,

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Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

more than any other, is what leads to some of our greatest breakthroughs,
and it is the genesis of the modern smart device. If you thought that the
“computer” has a long history, the history of the theory and uses of the
industrial control is mind bogglingly long.
For many centuries, people have sought to measure and manage
things accurately; from time, to capacity, to distances, there is always a
need to keep accurate measures, generally as it applies to commerce.
Knowing the change of seasons, when to harvest and when to plant, the
migrations of animals, these are all critical things early people needed to
measure accurately in order to not just survive but expand as a civilization.
The economic drivers behind invention cannot be ignored, not just in
terms of monetary gain, but in terms of “intangible” assets like time. If I
can reliably know when things are supposed to happen without constantly
checking the soil or the skies or going out and seeing if the herds are where
I think they should be, I free up time to do other things. Time is just as
critical an asset of expansion as money, and the idea of reliably measuring
time is a basic premise of early science.
The biggest hurdle to accurately measuring time on our particular ball
of rock is that it moves. That means that different things are in different
places at different times. This can be staggeringly difficult to overcome,
and early people relied on something that was fixed. They used the sun
and its regular rise and set cycle to measure time passing. This works
pretty well and allows for the sort of “gross” time measurement that would
have been critical to early civilizations: time to plant, time to harvest, time
to hunt. When civilization starts to become more predicated on trade and
the supply of goods to far-flung places, this type of gross timekeeping starts
to fail. Fruits and vegetables go bad in a number of days, not many months.
A more accurate means of keeping time is needed for enabling the next
expansion.

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Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

It is because of this need that the concepts of industrial controls and


the modern smart device are created. It starts with the simplest concept
in automation: the feedback loop. A feedback loop is a system of control
in which the device being controlled responds to a state condition via
some means of feedback. One of the first feedback control devices on
record is believed to be the ancient water clock of Ktesibios, which was
kept in Alexandria, Egypt, around 250 B.C. Ktesibios’s water clock was an
amazing design using water to fuel and regulate an accurate timekeeping
mechanism. The clock kept more accurate time than any clock invented
until the pendulum clock of the 17th century. This is an example of the
answer to “how do I manage this thing without having to check that it has
water a million times a day?” By designing a system that regulated the flow
of water, and the use of a regulating mechanism, the clock could essentially
be self-maintaining as long as it was supplied with water. Move that
concept into the modern age, and apply electricity to replace the water,
and a modern industrial control is born!
Throughout the Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment and into
the Industrial Revolution, the concepts and means of providing these
industrial controls were perfected and refined. In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel
designed a control system based on the volume of mercury in a tube to
operate a furnace, effectively designing the first thermostat. Another early
control mechanism was patented by Edmund Lee in 1745 and was used to
tent the sails of windmills in order to control the gap between the grinding
stones driven by the sails. The concept he introduced in his discovery led
to one of the most fundamental controls for the Industrial Revolution, the
Steam Governor, produced in November 1788 by James Watt and later
improved on by both William Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell.
The Industrial Revolution primarily focused on controlling the
temperatures and pressures of steam to ensure continuous operation of
steam-driven machinery. In the early 1900s, however, the need for control
over increasingly larger and larger machines of war necessitated the rapid

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Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

development of new types of controls and actuators. It is during this period


that the servomotor (servo) is developed, along with huge advances in
pneumatic, hydraulic, and most importantly electrical controls and means
of detecting different states and alerting based on those states. A major
revolution in command and control of industrial systems comes in the
1920s when power plants get central control rooms, and the concept of
color-coded lights is put into common practice to alert operators to issues.
Fast forward a bit, past the World Wars, and into the late 1960s and
early 1970s, the computer is already on the scene (NASA now has several,
and has sent men on the way to the moon with them), and the need for
a more robust and most importantly adaptable system to monitor and
control industrial systems is becoming more and more pressing. It is at
this point that the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, is developed
in 1968. This device allowed a control scheme to be configured, and most
importantly, changed without the need to completely refit the whole
environment with new devices. The PLC was manual, with wires needing
to be connected to different logic points to build the control flow, but this
was far and away better than the idea of ripping out entire manufacturing
lines, for example, just to change the process of one or two steps. This
simple change revolutionized the ability of manufacturers to retool
production lines without having to build an entirely new set of tooling and
processes as well as the monitoring of those steps from scratch every time.
The development of the PLC, along with the advancements in
computing power, memory, and speeds, meant that it was possible now
to incorporate hundreds, and eventually many thousands, of sensors and
actuator controls into a single logic matrix, enabling the control of massive
environments. It is the utility companies that push this forward as the
primary consumers of these networks building out and developing them
in what are known as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition networks,
or SCADA networks. SCADA networks are the most complete progenitor
to the concept of the smart environment we started out describing and are

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Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

still in common use today. They allow a utility company to monitor remote
transformer stations, power stations, power lines, and with the emergence
of smart metering they can even monitor the individual consumer. SCADA
networks allow utilities to pinpoint demand spikes, generation issues, and
device faults from a central location without the need to drive out to the
middle of nowhere and physically look at the devices.
The convergence of all the technologies: the idea of a network of
devices, working together to alert on changing conditions and actively
mitigate them has met up with the growth of computing power, and the
rapid advances in communications and storage capacity, means that we
can now collect and store all the data from anywhere at any time. Now
again enters the eternal question “what if I could do that without having
to manually manage it?” It seems in this telling, a natural offshoot of the
SCADA concept that the smart device would follow-on, but it took many
further decades of development before the underlying technology was
ready for truly smart devices. Primarily the issues were in miniaturization,
communications mechanisms, and the ability to power devices for long
enough to make them functional as portable and remote units.
In wearables, for example, after the introduction of the watch in 1500,
it isn’t until the 1980s that we get the calculator watch and 2009 that we
get the first Fitbit. The first personal use sensors don’t really hit the market
until around 2010, and until we get the Raspberry Pi and Arduino boards
in and around 2012, there isn’t much to do with them on your own, if you
are not building industrial sensing gear. The release of smaller, lighter,
and cheaper computing devices and sensors (both in real dollars and in
terms of their power consumption needs) that allow the assemblage of
devices that we carry around with us in smartphones, watches, our cars,
and increasingly in our homes is the final piece of the Smart Device puzzle.
Once those devices became more mainstream and were readily available
to the general public, the Smart Device era really began to take off.

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Chapter 1 A Brief History of Smart Things

Summary
And so, you have arrived at the end of the history lesson. The rise of
computing and its relentless drive to miniaturize and pack more power
into smaller spaces. The desire for industrial control over processes and
systems so we can manage more without being physically present. And
finally, the advent of our modern, digital age, replete with a variety of small
sensors, computers, and the ability to get them in hand to make your own
smart systems. This history is important in understanding the general why
of smart devices, and from here we will embark into the how. The next
chapter focuses on building up your own lab of hardware to both complete
the later exercises in the book and also to experiment on your own. From
there we will take a brief look at smart systems themselves, and then work
our way through basic EE theory and designs to complex smart systems,
and eventually to building your own circuit boards and PCBs. Let’s start
though by looking at the things you need most to get a well-stocked
workbench of things to build your own smart devices.

14
CHAPTER 2

The DIY Smart Era


What do you need to have to get your own Smart Device journey under
way? While that is obviously a highly subjective question, I have tried to
get the basic sort of starter kit and options together in this chapter to get
you ready and going with a basic home workbench. The options I have
cited will also be required to complete the labs “as built,” but as I will
point out throughout the process, half the fun of the smart device world is
experimentation with new devices and options! So, in this chapter then, a
quick look at the rise of the availability of smart device components, and
then a “shopping list” if you will to get your lab in order.

I nstant Gratification
There have always been the home-brew crowd that was pushing the
boundaries of what computing could do. The emergence of homebuilt
and self-programmable computers in the 1970s and 1980s is evidence of
this and progresses through the 1990s to the early 2000s when the first
Ultra-Portable computing devices emerge. It is easiest to describe them as
the now familiar “Arduino” devices and others like them – small, single-­
board computers with limited capabilities that were designed to support
a single objective of allowing the device to interface with sensors and
actuators. These immediately became the controller of choice for many
industrial systems and were copied and cloned in thousands of different
configurations. The inclusion of wireless, Bluetooth, Bluetooth/Mesh,

© Christopher Harrold 2020 15


C. Harrold, Practical Smart Device Design and Construction,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5614-5_2
Chapter 2 The DIY Smart Era

and an increase in the reliability and availability of these units has created
an opportunity for anyone who wants to make and control devices and
elements with these powerful and small computers. The possibilities
for wearable, personal, home control and automation, manufacturing,
agriculture, medicine, city management, indeed just about anything you
interact with could be instrumented and managed with these types of
devices.
The DIY era of the smart device has benefited from this rapid
proliferation of hardware and software, to be sure, but without a
distribution mechanism to get that hardware into your hands, there is no
DIY smart revolution. No history of the smart device can, therefore, be
complete without mentioning Amazon, Alibaba, MicroCenter, Fry’s, and
every other mega retailer that handles technology components. It is not far
off to make an argument that the ability to buy literally anything under the
sun and have it sent directly to your door in a minimum amount of time
has done more for DIY smart devices than any single other technology.
Certainly, this is a grossly over-simplified way of saying that the global
supply and manufacturing system, the advances in shipping and logistics,
combined with the development of large-scale warehousing and fulfilment
logistics are all the foundation on which the DIY movement depends, but
the most visible and ubiquitous face of that series of developments is the
retail engine that supports this marketplace, and the endless supply of
parts and tools for building smart devices.
Recognizing this market trend, there are also many vendors that have
responded by creating “ready to go” kits with an MCU/Computer and
sensors allowing the DIYer to get up and running in a matter of a few
minutes from the time they crack open the box to the time their first LED
blinks. The need to potentially go to multiple stores to get breadboards,
wires, sensors, MCU or computer, soldering gear, and other tools and
parts requires time and effort, and that creates a logical barrier to entry for
smart devices; if I have to spend a long time gathering the parts, I lose time

16
Chapter 2 The DIY Smart Era

building. Rapid fulfilment is something that makes the DIY movement


more mainstream, and the response is a market that is well stocked with
the tools needed for the assembly of nearly any smart device you can
conceive.
While by no means conclusive, the following is a basic shopping list for
you as you prepare to build your own devices. This is not an endorsement
of any specific manufacturer, or even a recommendation except that I have
used these devices myself and know that they will work in the projects in
the book. The items on the list will give you the basics needed for all of the
projects in this book, as well as many others. Once you get started building
smart devices, I am sure you will find as I do that there is always that “one
more/better/newer sensor/chip/MCU” you need to build the next thing
you dream up. This book will lay the foundation for you to incorporate
any type of sensor or Computer/MCU into your devices, but this list will
give you the bare minimum to get a lab running without a lot of effort or
expense!

The Minimum DIY Lab


A minimal lab for your own prototype projects should not be a barrier to
entry for you to get started with smart devices. There are a variety of all-in-­
one kits that will let you build with a specific MCU and a variety of sensors
that are already included in the kit. There are also many, many sensor kits
with a variety of sensors. I have avoided putting a price on these as I was
mildly surprised when I compared them from 2016/2017 to 2019 when I
looked again at how much they had gone up in price. Because prices can
and do change rapidly, I did not want to put a price here that might be
inaccurate, but I have tried to focus on keeping a total kit an under $100
investment. (Also if you type the first few words of the BOLD description
into the search, you should find the referenced item at the top of the results
list in an Amazon search.)

17
Chapter 2 The DIY Smart Era

MCU Kits
• Elegoo EL-KIT-001 UNO R3 Project Complete Starter
Kit with Tutorial for Arduino

A very good kit for Arduino, with a massive


sensor selection for a starter kit, including some
uncommon ones like a display screen and radio-
frequency identification (RFID) sensor.

• CanaKit Raspberry Pi 3 B+ (B Plus) Ultimate Starter


Kit (32 GB Edition, Clear Case)

Cana Kits are the “gold standard” for Raspberry-


Pi all-­in-­one kits as they give you all the parts to
make the Pi immediately useful, such as a case, SD
card, and power supply. The Pi starter kits are at a
premium however, and as such there are no sensors
in this kit, only LEDs and buttons. Adding a small
sensor starter kit is an inexpensive way to make this
kit more useful.

• OSOYOO NodeMCU IOT Starter Kit 2018 Open


Source Programming Learning with NodeMCU
ESP8266 Wi-Fi Development Board and Free
Tutorial for MQTT Broker

A nice little kit for the NodeMCU (ESP8266–based


MCU) with an emphasis on servos and motors, but
with a couple of regular environmental sensors as well.

Sensor Kits
• KOOKYE 16 in 1 Smart Home Sensor Modules Kit
for Arduino Raspberry Pi DIY Professional (Smart
Home Kit)

18
Chapter 2 The DIY Smart Era

• ELEGOO Upgraded 37 in 1 Sensor Modules Kit with


Tutorial for Arduino UNO R3 MEGA 2560 Nano

• HiLetgo 37 Sensors Assortment Kit 37 Sensors Kit


Sensor Starter Kit Arduino Raspberry pi Sensor
kit 37 in 1 Robot Projects Starter Kits for Arduino
Raspberry Pi

All of these kits have a good variety of sensors and a couple of unique ones
here and there that might make you want one or the other. I have tried
to focus on kits that are affordable, but still offer enough sensors to make
the kit worthwhile. The reality is that, if you get started on building smart
devices and really start to invest, you will spend the bulk of the money on
sensors and devices to connect to your MCU in the long run. These kits are
all designed to give you something to get going with quickly as you get the
basics down and begin to embark on building out your project(s).

Build Your Own


Of course, one of the best things about the DIY Smart Era is that you get to
build your own things from scratch, and your selection of project materials
is no different. To complete the build-along exercises in the labs in this
book, as well as for your own explorations, this is the absolute minimum
requirements for your own home lab kit, and even if you purchase the
starter kits discussed, there may be things in this list they do not include,
so it is worth checking!

• Double A or “AA” battery boxes (see Figure 2-1) – No kit


is ever complete without one!

19
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Lovett, W: Life and struggles of William Lovett.
(S ’20)
Luca Sarto. Brooks, C: S. (Ap ’20)
Lucinda. Hawkins, A. H. (Ja ’21)
Luck of the mounted. Kendall, R. S. (F ’21)
Luck on the wing. Haslett, E. (Ja ’21)
Ludendorff’s own story. Ludendorff, E. von. (Mr
’20)
Luke, Saint
McLachlan, H. St Luke, the man and his work.
(S ’20)
Lure of the manor. Griffiths, G. (Ag ’20)
Lure of the pen. Klickmann, F. (My 20)
Lynch lawyers. White, W: P. (Jl ’20)
Lynching bee. Leonard, W: E. C. (F ’21)

Mabie, Hamilton Wright, 1846–1916


Morse, E. W. Life and letters of Hamilton
Wright Mabie. (Ja ’21)
Mac of Placid. Longstreth, T: M. (O ’20)
Machine-shop practice
Rose, J. Complete practical machinist. (Ap ’20)
Maciel, Antonio Vicente Mendes, 1842?–
1897
Cunninghame Graham, R. B. Brazilian mystic.
(Ag ’20)
Madeline of the desert. Weigall, A. E: P. B. (D ’20)
Maid of Mirabelle. Robinson, E. H. (O ’20)
Maid of Orleans. Smith, M. S. (F ’21)
Main street. Lewis, S. (N ’20)
Maintenance of peace. Vestal, S: C. (Jl ’20)
Mainwaring. Hewlett, M. H: (N ’20)
Make your will. Blakemore, A. W. (F ’21)
Maker of saints. Drummond, H. (S ’20)
Making advertisements. Durstine, R. S. (Ja ’21)
Making of a nation. Stewart, W. (My ’20)
Making of Herbert Hoover. Lane, R. (N ’20)
Making of modern Wales. Williams, L. W. (O ’20)
Making of the reparation and economic sections of
the treaty. Baruch, B. M. (D ’20)
Making tin can toys. Thatcher, E: (My ’20)
Malet, Lucas, pseud. See Harrison. M. S.
Malleable cast iron. Parsons, S. J. (S ’20)
Mammy’s white folks. Sampson, E. S. (S ’20)
Man and his lesson, Eng title of Glamour.
Maxwell, W: B. (Ap ’20)
Man from Ashaluna. Dowst, H: P. (F ’21)
Man of the forest. Grey, Z. (Mr ’20)
Man of the people. Dixon, T: (S ’20)
Man of tomorrow. Richards, C. (Ag ’20)
Man on horseback. Abdullah, A. (Ap ’20)
Man to man. Gregory, J. (D ’20)
Man who convicted himself. Fox, D: (O ’20)
Man with three names. MacGrath, H. (Mr ’20)
Manchester grammar school. Mumford, A. A. (N
’20)
Man’s survival after death. Tweedale, C: L. (D ’20)
Man’s unconscious passion. Lay, W. (F ’21)
Manual of the timbers of the world. Howard, A. L.
(Ja ’21)
Manual of tropical and subtropical fruits.
Popenoe, W. (Ja ’21)
Manual training
Baxter, L. H. Boy bird house architecture. (My
’20)
Griffith, I. S: Teaching manual and industrial
arts. (Ag ’20)
Kunou, C: A. American school toys and useful
novelties in wood (My ’20)
Manuscripts
Hine, R. L. Cream of curiosity. (F ’21)
Many Junes. Marshall, A. (Je ’20)
Many many moons. Sarett, L. (M ’20)
Marbeck inn. Brighouse, H. (Ap ’20)
March on Paris and the battle of the Marne, 1914.
Kluck, A. von. (S ’20)
Marching sands. Lamb, H. (My ’20)
Marching years. Bridge, N. (Ja ’21)
Margaret book. Clark, A. (Je ’20)
Margaret Fuller. Anthony, K. (N ’20)
Margot Asquith, an autobiography. Asquith, M. (D
’20)
Margot’s progress. Goldring, D. (Jl ’20)
Marian Frear’s summer. Ashmun, M. E. (S ’20)
Marie Claire’s workshop. Audoux, M. (D ’20)
Marine engineering
Sothern, J: W: M. Oil fuel burning in marine
practice. (F ’21)
Marine insurance. Huebner, S. S. (D ’20)
Marionettes
Joseph, H. H. Book of marionettes. (Jl ’20)
Marqueray’s duel. Pryde, A. (Jl ’20)
Marriage
Galbraith, A. M. Family and the new democracy.
(Mr ’20)
Marriage customs and rites
Holliday, C. Wedding customs then and now.
(Ap ’20)
Married life. Edginton, H. M. (Ag ’20)
Marty lends a hand. Latham, H. S. (My ’20)
Martyrdom of man. Reade, W. (Ag ’20)
Marx, Karl, 1818–1883
Loria, A. Karl Marx. (D ’20)
Mary-girl. Merrick, H. (S ’20)
Mary Marie. Porter, E. (Je ’20)
Mary minds her business. Weston, G: (Ap ’20)
Mary Wollaston. Webster, H: K. (D ’20)
Mask. Cournos, J: (Mr ’20)
Masks. Middleton, G: (My ’20)
Massachusetts
Budget
Gulick, L. H. Evolution of the budget in
Massachusetts. (Jl ’20)
Description and travel
Chatham, D. and M., pseuds. Cape Coddities.
(Jl ’20)
Packard, W. Old Plymouth trails. (Jl ’20)
History
Rothery, A. E. Old coast road from Boston to
Plymouth (Jl ’20)
Massage and exercises combined. Jensen, A. (N
’20)
Massinger, Philip, 1583–1640
Cruickshank, A. H. Philip Massinger. (D ’20)
Master Eustace. James, H: (D ’20)
Master Frisky. Hawkes, C. (O ’20)
Masters of capital. Moody, J: (D ’20)
Masters of the guild. Lamprey, L. (N ’20)
Mating in the wilds. Binns, O. (S ’20)
Matrix. Daviess, M. T. (Ap ’20)
Maude, Sir Frederick Stanley, 1864–1917
Callwell, C: E: Life of Sir Stanley Maude. (Ja.
’21)
Maureen. MacGill. P. (Je ’20)
Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens, 1840–1916.
Mottelay, P. F., comp. Life and work of Sir
Hiram Maxim. (Ag ’20)
Mayflower (ship)
Harris, J. R. Last of the Mayflower. (D ’20)
Mayflower maid. Knipe, E. and A. A. (O ’20)
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 1805–1872
Mazzini, G. Mazzini’s letters to an English
family, 1844–1854. (Ja ’21)
Mazzini’s letters to an English family, 1844–1854.
Mazzini, G. (Ja ’21)
Meaning of democracy. Brown, I. J: C. (F ’21)
Meaning of socialism. Glasier, J: B. (O ’20)
Mears, David Otis, 1842–1915
Mears, D: O. David Otis Mears, D. D. (O ’20)
Measure your mind. Trabue, M. R., and
Stockbridge, F. R. (My ’20)
Measures of the poets. Bayfield, M. A. (D ’20)
Meats, poultry and game. Panchard, E. (Je ’20)
Mechanical drawing
Bishop, C. T: Structural drafting and the design
of details. (F ’21)
French. T: E.. and Svensen, C. L. Mechanical
drawing for high schools. (My ’20)
Medal collector. Johnson, S. C. (Ja ’21)
Medals
Johnson, S. C. Medal collector. (Ja ’21)
Medical missions. Lambuth, W. R. (F ’21)
Medicine
Mackenzie, J. Future of medicine. (D ’20)
History
Buck, A. H: Dawn of modern medicine. (D
’20)
Walsh, J. J. Medieval medicine. (N ’20)
Medieval medicine. Walsh, J. J. (N ’20)
Mehitable. Adams, K. (Ja ’21)
Melcombe, George Bubb Dodington, baron,
1691–1762
Sanders, L. C: Patron and place-hunter. (My
’20)
Melwood mystery. Hay, J. (My ’20)
Memmo. Kennard, J. S. (Ja ’2l)
Memoirs of Edward, eighth earl of Sandwich,
1839–1916. Sandwich, E: G: H: M. (O ’20)
Memoirs of life and literature. Mallock, W: H. (O
’20)
Memoirs of the Count de Rochechouart.
Rochechouart, L: V: L. (F ’21)
Memoirs of the Empress Eugénie. Fleury, M. (S
’20)
Memories and records. Fisher, J: A. F. (Ap ’20)
Memories of a marine. Aston, G: (D ’20)
Memories of Buffalo Bill. Cody, L. (Mr ’20)
Memories of George Meredith. Butcher, A. M. (Ap
’20)
Memories of my son, Sergeant Joyce Kilmer.
Kilmer, A. K. (D ’20)
Men and books and cities. Holliday, R. C. (Ja ’21)
Men and steel. Vorse, M. M. (F ’21)
Men, manners and morals in South America.
Bland. J: O. P. (Ag ’20)
Menace of immorality in church and state.
Straton, J: R. (Jl ’20)
Menace of spiritualism. O’Donnell, E. (Je ’20)
Mennonites
Smith, C: H: Mennonites. (F ’21)
Mental hygiene
Ingalese, R: History and power of mind. (Ag
’20)
Merchant marine
Phelps, E. M., comp. Selected articles on the
American merchant marine. (Mr ’20)
United States
Hurley, E: N. New merchant marine. (Ag ’20)
Krafft, H. F:, and Norris, W. B. Sea power in
American history. (F ’21)
Mercier, Desiré Félicien François Joseph,
cardinal, 1851–
Kellogg, C. Mercier, the fighting cardinal of
Belgium. (My ’20)
Meredith, George, 1828–1909
Butcher, A. M. Memories of George Meredith.
(Ap ’20)
Ellis, S. M. George Meredith. (N ’20)
Mermaid. Overton, G. M. (Mr ’20)
Meslom’s messages from the life beyond.
McEvilly, M. A. (Jl ’20)
Metal work
Dooley, W: H: Applied science for metal
workers. (Mr ’20)
Metaphysics
Cannan, G. Release of the soul. (Ag ’20)
Hoernlé, R. F. A. Studies in contemporary
metaphysics. (Ap ’20)
Methods and materials of literary criticism.
Gayley, C: M., and Kurtz, B: P. (S ’20)
Methods of teaching in high schools. Parker, S: C.
(Jl ’20)
Mexico
History
O’Shaughnessy, E. L. Intimate pages of
Mexican history. (N ’20)
Revolution, 1910–
Blasco Ibáñez, V. Mexico in revolution. (O
’20)
Meyer, George von Lengerke, 1858–1918
Howe, M. A. D. George von Lengerke Meyer.
(Ap ’20)
Middle passage. Tooker, L: F. (N ’20)
Militarism in education. Langdon-Davies, J: (Mr
’20)
Military art and science
Fiske, B. A. Art of fighting. (Je ’20)
Foch, F. Precepts and Judgments. (O ’20)
Foch, F. Principles of war. (O ’20)
Military training, Compulsory
Langdon-Davies, J: Militarism in education.
(Mr ’20)
Millions from waste. Talbot, F: A. A. (F ’21)
Mind and body
Walsh, J. J. Religion and health. (F ’21)
Mind-energy. Bergson, H. L: (N ’20)
Minstrel weather. Storm, M. (Ja ’21)
Miscellany of American poetry. (O ’20)
Miscellany of British poetry. Seymour, W: K., ed.
(Ap ’20)
Miser’s money. Phillpotts. E. (Je ’20)
Miss Eden’s letters. Eden, E. (My ’20)
Miss Lulu Bett. Gale, Z. (My ’20)
Missionary outlook in the light of the war.
Committee on the war and the religious outlook.
(Je ’20)
Missions
Moore, E: C. West and East. (F ’21)
Africa
Baker, E. Life and explorations of Frederick
Stanley Arnot. (D ’20)
India
Carey, W:, and others. Garo jungle book. (Mr
’20)
Korea
Cynn, H. H. Rebirth of Korea. (Ja ’21)
Labrador
Grenfell, A. E., and Spalding, K. Le petit nord.
(Ap ’20)
Syria
Bliss, D. Reminiscences of Daniel Bliss. (D
’20)
Missions, Medical
Lambuth, W. R. Medical missions. (F ’21)
Missy. Gatlin, D. (D ’20)
Mr Dimock. O’Sullivan, Mrs D. (F ’21)
Mr Preston’s daughter. Cobb, T: (D ’20)
Mr Wu. Miln, L. J. (Ap ’20)
Mrs Craddock. Maugham, W: S. (Ag ’20)
Mrs Gladstone. Drew, M. (Je ’20)
Mrs Warren’s daughter. Johnston, H. H. (Jl ’20)
Mrs Wilson’s cook book. Wilson, M. A. (N ’20)
Mitch Miller. Masters, E. L. (D ’20)
Mitford, Mary Russell, 1787–1855
Hill, C. Mary Russell Mitford and her
surroundings. (S ’20)
Model T Ford car. Pagé, V: W. (D ’20)
Modern American plays. Baker, G: P. (O ’20)
Modern American poetry. Untermeyer, L:, ed. (My
’20)
Modern American prose selections. Rees, B. J., ed.
(Ag ’20)
Modern book of criticism. Lewisohn, L., ed. (Jl
’20)
Modern book of French verse. Boni, A., ed. (Ag
’20)
Modern British poetry. Untermeyer, L:, ed. (S ’20)
Modern China. Cheng. S. (My ’20)
Modern explosives. Levy, S. I. (F ’21)
Modern Greek stories. Brown, D., and Phoutrides,
A., trs. (S ’20)
Modern Japan. McGovern, W: M. (Je ’20)
Modern political tendencies. Burton, T. E. (Mr
’20)
Modern pulp and paper making. Witham, G: S. (O
’20)
Modern reader’s Bible for schools. Moulton, R: G.,
ed. (Je ’20)
Modern roads. Boulnois, H: P. (D ’20)
Modern science and materialism. Elliot, H. S: R.
(Mr ’20)
Modern spiritism. Schofield, A. T. (Je ’20)
Modes and morals. Gerould, K. (Mr ’20)
Mohammedanism
Bury, G: W. Pan-Islam. (Je ’20)
Zwemer, S: M. Influence of animism on Islam.
(Ag ’20)
Mollie’s substitute husband. McConn, M. (O ’20)
Moments with Mark Twain. Clemens, S: L. (My
’20)
Momma. Hughes, R. (Ja ’21)
Money
Fisher, I. Stabilizing the dollar. (My ’20)
Hawtrey, R. G. Currency and credit. (F ’21)
Mongolia
Bulstrode, B. Tour in Mongolia. (Ja ’21)
Monroe doctrine
Hall, A. B. Monroe doctrine and the great war.
(Jl ’20)
Montessori method
Radice, S. New children. (O ’20)
Moon-calf. Dell, F. (D ’20)
Moons of grandeur. Benet, W: R. (D ’20)
Moral education
Bryant, S. Moral and religious education. (Ag
’20)
Morale
Hall, G. S. Morale. (S ’20)
Morals of economic internationalism. Hobson, J:
A. (Ja ’21)
More Christian industrial order. Coffin, H: S. (Jl
’20)
More literary recreations. Cook, E: T. (My ’20)
More magic pictures of the long ago. Chandler, A.
C. (My ’20)
More truth than poetry. Montague, J. J. (D ’20)
Morgan, Emanuel, pseud. See Bynner, W. (Jl
’20)
Morning knowledge. Shannon, A. (S ’20)
Morocco
Description and travel
Wharton, E. N. In Morocco. (D ’20)
Motion study for the handicapped. Gilbreth, F. B.
and L. E. (N ’20)
Motor boats
Pagé, V: W., ed. Motor boats and boat motors.
(Ja ’21)
Motor boats and boat motors. Pagé V: W., ed. (Ja
’21)
Motor car starting and lighting. Collins, A. F: (S
’20)
Motor truck design and construction. Schaefer, C.
T. (Mr ’20)
Mount Music. Somerville, E. A. O., and Martin, V.
F. (Je ’20)
Mountain. Wood, C. (S ’20)
Mountain craft. Young, G. W., ed. (F ’21)
Mountaineering
Mills, E. A. Adventures of a nature guide. (Mr
’20)
Raeburn, H. Mountaineering art. (Ja ’21)
Young, C. W., ed. Mountain craft. (F ’21)
Mountaineering art. Raeburn, H. (Ja ’21)
Moving picture plays
Patterson, F. T. Cinema craftsmanship. (D ’20)
Moving pictures
Lang, E., and West, G: Musical accompaniment
of moving pictures. (Jl ’20)
Lutz, E. G: Animated cartoons. (Je ’20)
Municipal landing fields and air ports. Wheat, G:
S., ed. (F ’21)
Murray, John, 1808–1892
Murray, J: John Murray III. (F ’21)
Music
Newman, E. Musical motley. (My ’20)
Seymour, H. A. What music can do for you. (D
’20)
Van Vechten, C. In the garret. (Mr ’20)
Dictionaries
Grove, G: Dictionary of music and musicians.
(F ’21)
Instruction and study
Farnsworth, C: H. How to study music. (D
’20)
Music, American
Simpson, E. E. America’s position in music. (Ag
’20)
Music, French
Jean-Aubry, G. French music of today. (Je ’20)
Musical accompaniment
Lang, E., and West, G: Musical accompaniment
of moving pictures. (Jl ’20)
Musical memories. Saint-Saëns, C. (My ’20)
Musical motley. Newman, E. (My ’20)
Musical portraits. Rosenfeld, P. (Je ’20)
Musicians
Bispham, D: S. Quaker singer’s recollections.
(Ap ’20)
Rosenfeld, P. Musical portraits. (Je ’20)
Saint-Saëns, C. Musical memories. (My ’20)
Smyth, E. Impressions that remained. (My ’20)
Dictionaries
Grove, G: Dictionary of music and musicians.
(F ’21)
Mutineers. Hawes, C: B. (D ’20)
My A. E. F. Noyes, F. N. (Ag ’20)
My campaign in Mesopotamia. Townshend, C: V.
F. (N ’20)
My chess career. Capablanca, J. R. (Jl ’20)
My escape from Germany. Keith, E. A. (Mr ’20)
My kingdom for a horse! Allison, W: (D ’20)
My life and friends. Sully, J. (Ja ’21)
My neighbor the workingman. Day, J. R. (F ’21)
My neighbors. Evans, C. (My ’20)
My quarter century of American politics. Clark, C.
(Ap ’20)
My recollections. Massenet, J. E. F. (My ’20)
My rest cure. Robey, G: (Ap ’20)
My second country. Dell, R. E: (Je ’20)
My three years in America. Bernstorff, J. H. A. H.
A. (Ag ’20)
My war experiences in two continents.
Macnaughtan, S. B. (My ’20)
Myself and dreams. Constable, F. C. (Ap ’20)
Mystery at the Blue villa. Post, M. D. (Ap ’20)
Mystery in the Ritsmore. Johnston, W: A. (Ag ’20)
Mystery of space. Browne, R. T. (Mr ’20)
Mystery of the Sea-Lark. Barbour, R. H:, and Holt,
H. P. (O ’20)
Mystery of the silver dagger. Parrish, R. (Je ’20)
Mysticism
Böhme, J. Confessions of Jacob Boehme. (F ’21)
Böhme, J. Six theosophic points, and other
writings. (My ’20)
Watkin, E: I. Philosophy of mysticism. (O ’20)
Mythical bards, and the life of William Wallace.
Schofield, W: H: (D ’20)
Mythology
Bailey, C. S. Wonder stories. (O ’20)
Mythology, Latin American
Alexander, H. B. Latin American [mythology].
(F ’21)

Nancy goes to town. Sterrett, F. R. (Ja ’21)


Napoleon. Trench, H. (Ap ’20)
Narcotic drug problem. Bishop, E. S. (Ap ’20)
Narcotics
Bishop, E. S. Narcotic drug problem. (Ap ’20)
National characteristics, American
Canby, H: S. Everyday Americans. (O ’20)
Erskine, J: Democracy and ideals. (Ag ’20)
Nathan, G: J., and Mencken, H: L: American
credo. (Ap ’20)
Pinochet, T. Gulf of misunderstanding. (Ja ’21)
Rhodes, H. G. American towns and people. (Ja
’21)
Santayana, G: Character and opinion in the
United States. (F ’21)
National defense, Selected articles on. Johnsen, J.
E., comp. (F ’21)
National evolution. Davies, G: R. (Jl ’20)
National government of the United States.
Kimball, E. (My ’20)
National guilds and the state. Hobson, S. G. (S
’20)
National nonpartisan league
Gaston, H. E. Nonpartisan league. (My ’20)
Russell, C: E: Story of the nonpartisan league.
(Ag ’20)
National parks
Reik, H: O. Tour of America’s national parks. (F
’21)
National system of education. Athearn, W. S. (Jl
’20)
Nationalism and nationality
Oakesmith, J: Race and nationality. (Mr ’20)
Pillsbury, W. B. Psychology of nationality and
internationalism. (Ag ’20)
Nationalisation of the mines. Hodges, F. (D ’20)
Nation’s food. Pearl, R. (F ’21)
Natural history
Collins, A. F: and V. D. Wonders of natural
history. (Ja ’21)
Eaton, W. P. In Berkshire fields. (N ’20)
Ingersoll, E. Wit of the wild. (D ’20)
Pitt, F. Wild creatures of garden and hedgerow.
(N ’20)
Scoville, S:, jr. Everyday adventures. (N ’20)
Stebbing, E: P. Diary of a sportsman naturalist
in India. (Ja ’21)
Natural history of the child. Dunn, C. F: W: (My
’20)
Natural theology
Burroughs, J: Accepting the universe. (N ’20)
Naturalism in English poetry. Brooke, S. A. (Ja
’21)
Naturalization
Beck, H. M. Aliens’ text book on citizenship. (O
’20)
Nature
Burroughs, J: Accepting the universe. (N ’20)
Koons, F. T: Outdoor sleeper. (N ’20)
Mills, E. A. Adventures of a nature guide. (Mr
’20)
Storm, M. Minstrel weather. (Ja ’21)
Nature study
Hawkes, C. Trails to woods and waters. (My ’20)
Naval history
Stevens, W: O., and Westcott, A. F. History of
sea power. (Ja ’21)
Naval operations. Corbett, J. S. (S ’20)
Negro migration during the war. Scott, E. J. (O
’20)
Negroes
Du Bois, W: E: B. Darkwater. (Ap ’20)
Fleming, W: H: Slavery and the race problem in
the South. In Treaty-making power. (O ’20)
Graham, S. Soul of John Brown. (Ja ’21)
Kerlin, R. T: Voice of the negro, 1919. (Ja ’21)
Morel, E. D. Black man’s burden. (Ja)
Moton, R. R. Finding a way out. (Jl ’20)
Pritchard, M. T:, and Ovington, M. W., comps.
Upward path. (O ’20)
Sandburg, C. Chicago race riots, July, 1919 (Mr
’20)
Seligmann, H. J. Negro faces America. (Ag ’20)
Storey, M. Problems of today. (N ’20)
Colonization
Fox, E. L. American colonization society,
1817–1840. (D ’20)
Fiction
Martin, G: Children in the mist. (S ’20)
Migration
Scott, E. J. Negro migration during the war.
(O ’20)
Neighbors. Gibson, W. W. (F ’21)
Neither dead nor sleeping. Sewall, M. (S ’20)
Nervous housewife. Myerson, A. (F ’21)
Nervous system
Ash, E. L. Problem of nervous breakdown. (Ag
’20)
Carroll, R. S. Our nervous friends. (My ’20)
Myerson, A. Nervous housewife. (F ’21)
Never grow old. Goizet, L: H. (N ’20)
New Adam. Untermeyer, L: (N ’20)
New children. Radice, S. (O ’20)
New Decameron. (D ’20)
New England
Social life and customs
Peabody, R. S. and F. G. New England
romance. (F ’21)
New England in France, 1917–1919. Taylor, E. G.
(D ’20)
New England romance. Peabody, R. S. and F. G.
(F ’21)
New Europe. Allen, N. B. (Je ’20)
New frontier. Emerson, G. (Ag ’20)
New frontiers of freedom. Powell, E. A. (Je ’20)
New Germany. Young, G: (Je ’20)
New Guinea
Beaver, W. N. Unexplored New Guinea. (Mr
’20)
New ideals in the planning of cities, towns and
villages. Nolen, J: (Ap ’20)
New industrial unrest. Baker, R. S. (Je ’20)
New Italy. Zimmern, H., and Agresti, A. (Jl ’20)
New land. Levinger, E. E. (F ’21)
New merchant marine. Hurley, E: N. (Ag ’20)
New Mexico
James, G: W. New Mexico. (Je ’20)
New poems. Lawrence, D: H. (Ag ’20)
New psychology and its relation to life. Tansley, A.
G: (O ’20)
New Robinson Crusoe. Gardner, G. (S ’20)
New social order. Ward, H. F: (My ’20)
New South. Thompson, H. (D ’20)
New unionism in the clothing industry. Budish, J.
M., and Soule, G: H: (S ’20)
New world. Comerford, F. (N ’20)
New world of science. Yerkes, R. M., ed. (D ’20)
New world order. Hicks, F: C: (S ’20)
New York
Politics and government
Fox, D. R. Decline of aristocracy in the
politics of New York. (D ’20)
New York (city)
Harbor
Rush, T. E: Port of New York. (Jl ’20)
Poetry
Guiterman, A. Ballads of old New York. (Mr
’20)
Newspapers
Payne, G: H: History of journalism in the
United States. (Ag ’20)
Newton chapel. Newton theological institution. (Jl
’20)
Next-besters. Ragsdale, L. (S ’20)
Nicholas II, czar of Russia, 1868–1918
Telberg, G: G., and Wilton, R. Last days of the
Romanovs, (F ’21)
Niels Lyhne. Jacobsen, J. P. (Jl ’20)
Nigeria
Social life and customs
Basden, G: T: Among the Ibos of Nigeria. (Ja
’21)
Night and day. Woolf, V. (N ’20)
Night’s lodging. Gorky, M., pseud. (Ap ’20)
Nile to Aleppo. Dinning, H. W. (D ’20)
Ninth man. Vorse, M. M. (O ’20)
“No clue!” Hay, J. (N ’20)
No defence. Parker, G. (N ’20)
No. 26 Jayne street. Austin, M. (Je ’20)
Nonpartisan league. Gaston, H. E. (My ’20)
Noon mark. Watts. M. S. (F ’21)
North, Anison, pseud. See Wilson, M.
North America
History
Colonial period
Bolton, H. E., and Marshall. T: M.
Colonization of North America. (F ’21)
North door, MacDonald, G. (O ’20)
Not that it matters. Milne, A. A. (O ’20)
Notes on a cellar-book. Saintsbury, G: (Ja ’21)
Now it can be told. Gibbs, P. H. (My ’20)
Nuova. Kellogg, V. L. (N ’20)
Nursery-manual. Bailey, L. H. (Je ’20)
Nurses and nursing
Hill, H. W. Sanitation for public health nurses.
(F ’21)

Occasional papers and addresses of an American


lawyer. Taft, H: W. (Ag ’20)
Occult sciences
Bland, O. Adventures of a modern occultist. (N
’20)
Ingalese, R: History and power of mind. (Ag
’20)
Occupations, Choice of
Mathews, B. J. Essays on vocation. (Ja ’21)
Ocean shipping. Annin, R. E. (Ag ’20)
Ocean steamship traffic management. Huebner,
G. G. T. (Ag ’20)
Oceania
Freeman, L: R. In the tracks of the trades. (N
’20)
October. Bridges, R. (O ’20)
Oh, well, you know how women are! and Isn’t that
just like a man! Cobb, I. S., and Rinehart, M.
(My ’20)
Oh, you Tex! Raine, W: M. (Ag ’20)
Ohio
Social life and customs
Hayes, E. Wild turkeys and tallow candles. (D
’20)
Oil as fuel
Sothern, J: W: M. Oil fuel burning in marine
practice. (F ’21)
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