HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY -1

1.Examples for membraneless

Organelles:
Ribosomes,Centrosomes, Centrioles, Microtubules,Basal bodies and Microfilaments
2.Examples for Single membrane bound organelles:
Vacuole, Lysosome,Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic reticulum (RER and SER), Peroxisomes and
Sphaerosomes.
3.Double Membrane Bound Organelles:
Mitochondria, Chloroplast and Nucleus.
4.Nick names of Cell Organelles:
Power Houses of the cell -Mitochondria,Protein Factories of the cell - Ribosomes, Ribosome
Factory- Nucleolus, Suicidal bags of the cell(or) Garpage man of cell(or) Digestive sacks of the
cell- Lysosomes,Site of Photosynthesis-Chloroplasts,Stacks of sacks-Golgi Bodies, Cytoskeleton
of the cell -Endoplasmic reticulum, Delivery trucks of the cell- Vesicles,Brain of the cell- Nucleus,
Assistant to Nucleus -Centrosome,Gate keeper of the cell-Cell membrane or plasma membrane
5.Examples for Insectivorous plants(or) Carnivorous plants which lives in Nitrogen deficit area.
Nepenthes(Pitcher plant ),Drosera(Sundew plant),Utricularia(Bladder wort),Dionaea(Venus fly
trap),Sarracenia(Trumpet pitchers), Darlingtonia(Cobra plant),Brocchinia reducta,Aldrovanda
vesiculosa(Water wheel plant),Cephalotus(Australian pitcher plant ),Catopsis(Powdery strap
airplant )and Byblis(Rainbow plant).
6.Examples for special mode of nutrition in plants
*Saprophytic angiosperms-Monotropa(Indian pipe)and Neottia (Bird's nest orchid)*Total stem
parasite-Cuscuta(Dodder),*Total root parasite-Rafflesia,Orobanche and Balanophora*Partial stem
parasite-Viscum(Mistletoe) and Loranthus,*Partial root parasite -Santalum album(Sandal wood
tree).
7.Examples for Gram Positive Bacteria
*Mycobacterium, *Streptococcus,*Staphylococcus,*Clostridium and* Lactobacillus.
8.Examples for Gram Negative Bacteria
*E.coli,*Pseudomonas,*Neisseria,*Salmonella,*Shigella,*Rhizobium and *Azotobacter.
9.Examples for Mangrove plants with Respiratory roots or Breething roots (Pneumatophores) with
Pneumathodes having negatively geotropic property.
*Rhizophora,*Avicennia,*Sonneratia,*Heritiera,*Aegiceras,*Salicornia,*Lumnitzera,*Bruguiera,*Ta
marix,*Nypa,*Conocarpus,*Laguncularia,*Ceriops,*Kandelia,*Acanthus and *Salicornia.
10.IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL DAYS
*Feb 2 : World Wetland Day
*March 3 : World Wildlife Day
*March 21: World Forest Day
*March 22: World Water Day
*April 22: World Earth Day
*May 22: World Biodiversity Day
*June 5:. World Environment Day
*June 8: World Ocean Day
*July 1 to 7: Van Mohotsav Day
*August 10: Biofuel Day
*September 16 :World Ozone Day
*December 5 : Word Soil Day .

[6/20, 9:15 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET: DAY-2

1.Minerals Deficiency Diseases in Plants:
*Die back of Citrus - Copper
*Reclamation disease -Copper
*Yello tip of Oat-Copper
*Exanthema in Citrus-Copper
*Hooked leaf tip -Calcium
*Little leaf of grape veins- Zinc
*Mottle leaf of Citrus-Zinc
*Rosette of Apple-Zinc
*Khaira disease of Rice-Zinc
*Brown Heart rot of Turnip-Boron
*Internal Cork of Apple-Boron
*Whiptail of Cauliflower -Molybdenum
*Whiptail of Cabbage- Molybdenum
*Curled leaf margin-Potassium
*Yellow disease of Tea- Sulphur
*Chlorosis of Pine apple -Iron
2.Facts on Plant Hormones or Phytohormones:
*Gaseous plant hormone is Ethylene(a liquid called ETHEPHON is used to release Ethylene).
*Artificial ripening of fruits is done by Ethylene.
*Epinasty is caused by Ethylene.
* Stress hormone in plant(Stress phyto hormone) is Abscisic acid.
*Plant hormone promote abscission and senescence is ABA.
*Closing of the stomata is caused by a plant hormone Abscisic acid (ABA)
*Examples for Natural Auxin : Indole Acetic acid (IAA),Phenyl Acetic acid(PAA),Indole Butyric acid
(IPA)
*Examples for Synthetic Auxin:2,4-Dichloro Phenoxy Acetic acid (2,4-D),Napthalene Acetic acid
(NAA),2,4,5-Trichloro Phenoxy Acetic acid (2,4,5-5)
*Apical dominance is by Auxins
*Auxins used to eradicate weeds(weed killer).
*Avena seedlings curvature Test is a Bioassay for Auxin (or)IAA.
*Bolting (sudden elongation of stem followed by flowering) is caused by Gibberellins
*Bakanae disease or Foolish Seedling disease is caused by a fungus ,Gibberella fujikurai.(Studied
in Japan by Eiichi Kurusowa in1926)
*Abscission is prevented by Auxin.
*Anti-gibberellin and Anti- auxin hormone is Abscisic acid.
*Substitute for low temperature for flowering is given by Gibberellins.
*Gibberellin breaks dormancy in potato tubers.
*Auxins were isolated initially from human urine.
*GA3 is the first discovered gibberellin.
*Gibberellin was crystallized by Yabuta and Suniki in 1938.
*Gibberellin initiates to produce male flowers in Cucurbits.
*Gibberellin called as gibberellic acid by Brain et al.
*Richmond Lang Effect (delaying the process of ageing in plants) is promoted by Cytokinin.
*Cytokinin promotes cell division .
*Auxin (IAA) and Cytokinin (Kinetin) collectively initiates bud and root development in
Callus(unorganised mass of undifferentiated tissue in tissue culture).
*Cytokinin found in Zea mays is called Zeatin.
*The plant hormone found in endosperm of coconut is Cytokinin.
*The hormone abundantly found in embryos ,developing fruits and roots is Cytokinin.
*Cytokinin was first isolated from Herring fish sperm DNA by Miller and Skoog.
*Chemical name of Kinetin is 6- Furfuryl Amino acid .
*Free auxin is IAA.
*Bound auxin is IAA-Aspartic acid .
*Precursor of IAA is amino acid Tryptophan .
*Zinc is essential for synthesis of Tryptophan.
*Anti- auxins are 2,4,5-Tri Iodine Benzoic Acid(TIBA) and Napthylpthalamine.
*The term auxin is first used by F.W.Went in 1926 and isolated auxin from Oats(Avena).
*The unilateral growth and curvature of Canary grass (Phalaris canariensis) coleoptile to light is
observed in 1880 by Charles Darwin.
*Mixture of two Phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T is given the name "AGENT ORANGE"
which was used by USA in Vietnam War for defoliation of forest (Chemical warfare).
3.Important Vital Stains used in Cytological Techniques:
*EOSIN is used to stain Cytoplasm (Pink).
*FEULGEN'S STAIN is used to stain DNA(Purple).
*JANUS GREEN B is used to stain Mitochondria and Fungi(Green).
*METHYLENE BLUE is used to stain Golgi bodies and Yeast (Blue).
*TOLUDINE BLUE is used to stain RNA(Blue).
*HEMATOXYLINE is used to stain Nucleus and Cell Wall (Violet).
4.Absent (devoid of / lack of /not found )cases in plants :
*Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres Vascular cambium, Secondary growth and Shoot hairs(
Trichomes) are absent in MONOCOTS.
*Xylem vessels or Trachae are absent in Gymnosperms EXCEPT Gnetum ,Ephedra and
Welwitschia.
* Xylem fibres , Companion cells and Sieve tubes are absent in GYMNOSPERMS.
*Phloem fibres,Xylem fibres and Tracheids are absent in Dicot leaves.
* Vessels are absent in few angiopermic families Winteraceae,Tetracentraceae and
Trochodendracae.

[6/20, 9:17 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY -3

1.Important Vital Stains used in Cytological Techniques:
*EOSIN is used to stain Cytoplasm (Pink).
*FEULGEN'S STAIN is used to stain DNA(Purple).
*JANUS GREEN B is used to stain Mitochondria and Fungi(Green).
*METHYLENE BLUE is used to stain Golgi bodies and Yeast (Blue).
*TOLUDINE BLUE is used to stain RNA(Blue).
*HEMATOXYLINE is used to stain Nucleus and Cell Wall (Violet).
2.Absent (devoid of / lack of /not found )cases in plants :
*Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres Vascular cambium, Secondary growth and Shoot hairs(
Trichomes) are absent in MONOCOTS.
*Xylem vessels or Trachae are absent in Gymnosperms EXCEPT Gnetum ,Ephedra and
Welwitschia.
* Xylem fibres , Companion cells and Sieve tubes are absent in GYMNOSPERMS.
*Phloem fibres,Xylem fibres and Tracheids are absent in Dicot leaves.
* Vessels are absent in few angiopermic families Winteraceae,Tetracentraceae and
Trochodendracae.
3.Terminology used in Pollination based on its agents :
*ANEMOPHILY: Pollination by Wind
*HYDROPHILY: Pollination by Water
*CANTHAROPHILY: Pollination by Beetle
*PHALAENOPHILY: Pollination by Moths
*MELLITOPHILY: Pollination by Bees
*PSYCHOPHILY: Pollination by Butterflies
*MALACOPHILY: Pollination by Snails
*ORNITHOPHILY: Pollination by Birds
*CHIEROTEROPHILY: Pollination by Bats
*MYRMECOPHILY: Pollination by Ants.
4.Common Mendelian Genetic Ratios:
*Mendelian Monohybrid phenotypic ratio= 3:1
*Mendelian Monohybrid genotypic ratio=1:2:1
*Mendelian Monohybrid Test cross ratio (or) Recessive Back cross ratio ( Both phenotypic and
genotypic ratios )=1:1
*Mendelian Dihybrid Test cross ratio(Both phenotypic and genotypic ratio)= 1:1:1:1
*Mendelian Dihybrid phenotypic ratio=9:3:3:1
*Mendelian Dihybrid genotypic ratio =1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
* Mendelian Trihybrid phenotypic ratio=
27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
5.Different types of plants based on its Habitat.
*CALCIPHYTES:Plants living in calcium rich alkaline soil.
*CRYOPHYTES:Plants living in ice surface.
*CRYPTOPHYTES: Plants living below the soil surface.
*CHASMOPHYTES:Plants living in rocky crevices .
*HALOPHYTES:Plants living in saline soils.
*HELIOPHYTES:Plants living in well lighted areas.(eg: Angiosperms)
*LITHOPHYTES:Plants living on rocky surfaces.
*OXYLOPHYTES:Plants living in acidic soils
*PSAMMOPHYTES: Plants living in sandy soils.
*SCIOPHYTES:Plants living in shadow areas ( eg: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes)
*HYDROPHYTES:Plants living in water.
*XEROPHYTES:Plants living in dry or xeric condition .
*MESOPHYTES: Plants living in moderate condition.
*EPIPHYTES: Plants living on another plant.
*HYGROPHYTES: Plants living in moist damp and shady places.Eg: Habenaria(Orchid) and
Mosses(Bryophytes).

[6/20, 9:18 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY -4

1. SPECIFIC HYBRID VARIETIES IN PLANT BREEDING:
*SHARBATI SONARA =Wheat variety.
*ATOMITA 2 RICE =Saline tolerance and pest resistance of Rice
*THICK SHELL GROUND NUT=Mutant variety of Ground nut
*SONALIKA =Semi Dwarf variety of Wheat.
*KALYAN SONA=Semi Dwarf variety of Wheat.
*IR-8="Miracle Rice ",Semi -Dwarf rice variety.(developed at International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI,Philippines),introduced in1966.
*JAYA and RATNA= Semi Dwarf variety of Rice developed in India.
*Taichung Native -1(from Taiwan)= Semi Dwarf variety of paddy.
*NORIN 10 Wheat = Semi Dwarf Wheat cultivar( having Rht1and Rht2 genes) with large ears
developed in Japan.
*Hybrid variety of Sugar cane with high yield, thick stems,higher sugar obtained by crossing
Saccharum barberi of North India and Saccharum officinarum of South India.
*PROTINA,SHAKTI and RATTAN= Lysine rich maize hybrids.
*ATLAS 66 = Protein rich Wheat variety.
*TMV-2 and AK-10= Ground nut varieties.
*TV-29= Triploid variety of Tea(Polyploid breeding).
*TRITICALE=An hexaploid hybrid of Wheat(Triticum durum,2n=28) and Rye(Secale cecale ,2n=14
and the First man made cereal.
*Raphanobrassica(2n=4X=36)= An allotetraploid between Radish (Raphanus sativus,2n=18) and
Cabbage(Brassica oleracea,2n=18).

2.DISEASE RESISTANT VARITIES IN PLANT BREEDING:

*HIMGIRI=Wheat (Leaf and stripe rust and Hill bunt )
*PUSA SWARNIM(or)KARAN RAI)=Brassica(White rust)
*PUSA SHUBHRA and PUSA SNOWBALL K-1=Cauliflower (Black rot ,Curl blight black rot )
*PUSA KOMAL=Cowpea(Bacterial blight)
*PUSA SADABAHAR=Chilli ( Chilli mosaic disease, Tobacco mosaic disease and leaf curl.

3.PEST RESISTANT VARITIES IN PLANT BREEDING:

*PUSA GAURAV = Brassica or rapeseed mustard(Aphids)
*PUSA SEM 2 and PUSA SEM 3 =Flat bean(Jassids,aphids and fruit borer)
*PUSA SAWANI and PUSA A-4=Okra/Bhindi/Lady's finger(Shoot and Fruit borer).

4.NICK NAMES USED IN ECONOMIC BOTANY:

*National fruit of India=Mango(Mangifera indica).
*State fruit of Tamilnadu=Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophylla).
*"Queen of Spices"=Cardamom(Elettaria cardamomum).
*"King of Spices"and "Black Gold of India"=Pepper(Piper nigram).
*Cayenne pepper=Chillies (or )Red Pepper(Capsicum annuum).
*"Madurai malli"=Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum).
"King of Bitters"=Nilavembu (Andrographis paniculata).

5. COMMONLY USED OTHER NAMES IN BOTANY:

*Xylem fibres = Libriform fibres
*Phloem fibres=Bast fibres (or)Extra Xylary fibres
*Xylem=Hadrome
*Phloem=Leptome
*Brachysclereids=Stone cells
*Osteosclereids=Bone cells
*Astrosclereids= Star cells
*Macrosclereids=Rod cells
*Subsidiary cells =Accessory cells
*Bulliform cells=Motor cells
*Pith= Medulla(or)Intra stelar ground tissue.
*Cortex= Extra Stelar ground tissue
*Albuminous cells=Strasburger cells
*Rib meristem= File meristem
*Xylem vessels= Trachea
*Root Epidermis =Piliferous layer (or)Epiblema.
*Bundle cap=Hardbast
*Respiratory cavity= Substomatal cavity
*Bundle Sheath of Dicot leaf= Border parenchyma.
*Bundle Sheath of C4 grasses=Kranz sheath.
*Porous wood= Hard wood
*Non-Porous wood= Soft wood
*Cork=Phellem
*Cork cambium=Phellogen
*Secondary cortex=Phelloderm
*Sap wood=Alburnum
*Heart wood= Duramen
*Hydathodes= Water Stomata.
*Dark Reaction=C3Cycle (or)Biosynthetic phase (or)Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction(PCR)
Cycle.
*Hatch and Slack Pathway =C4 Cycle (or)Dicarboxylic Acid pathway (or)Dicarboxylation pathway.
*Crassulacean Acid Metabolism=CAM cycle.
*Photorespiration=C2 Cycle(or)Photosynthetic Carbon Oxidation (PCO) Cycle.
*Glycolysis= EMP pathway
*Krebs Cycle=Citric acid cycle or TCA Cycle (or) Tri Carboxylic Acid cycle
*Penrose Phosphate Pathway =Phospho Gluconate Pathway(or)Warburg -Dickens Lippmann
pathway (or)Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP Shunt).
*Amphicribral vascular=Hadrocentric vascular concentric bundle.
*Amphivasal vascular bundle = Leptocentric vascular bundle.
*Plant taxonomy=Systematic Botany.
*Herbarium= Dead Garden
*Malvaceae=Cotton Family
*Solanaceae=Potato Family
*Euphorbiaceae= Castor Family
*Musaceae= Banana Family
* DNA duplex= "Coil of life"
*Chargaff's law= Base pair rule.
*Transfer RNA= Soluble RNA(sRNA)
*Ribosomal RNA= Stable RNA
*Restriction Endonucleases=Molecular Scissors
*DNA ligase=Molecular paste.
*Heterosis=Hybrid vigour.

6. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF PLANTS IN DIPLOID STATE:

*Papaya(Carica papaya)=36
*Radish(Raphanus sativus)=18
*Cabbage(Brassica oleracea)=18
*Pisum sativum (Garden pea)=14
*Arabidopsis thaliana =10
*Apple=34
*Ophioglossum(Adder's tongue fern)=1262
*Equisetum((Horsetail)=216
*Sugarcane=80
*Rice= 24
*Potato=48
*Maize=20
*Onion=16
*Giant Sequoia=22
*Haplopappus gracilis=4

[6/20, 9:24 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET: DAY-5

1.CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF PLANTS IN DIPLOID STATE:
*Papaya(Carica papaya)=36
*Radish(Raphanus sativus)=18
*Cabbage(Brassica oleracea)=18
*Pisum sativum (Garden pea)=14
*Arabidopsis thaliana =10
*Apple=34
*Ophioglossum(Adder's tongue fern)=1262
*Equisetum((Horsetail)=216
*Sugarcane=80
*Rice= 24
*Potato=48
*Maize=20
*Onion=16
*Giant Sequoia=22
*Haplopappus gracilis=4

2.COMMON FRUITS AND THEIR EDIBLE PARTS :

*Papaya/Carica papaya(Berry)=Mesocarp
*Pomegranate /Punica granatum (Balastula)=Aril(Testa (or) outer seed coat )
*Tomato/Lycopersicon esculentum(Berry)=Pericarp and Placenta.
*Mustard(Siliqua)=Seed
*Orange /Citrus reticulata(Hesperidium)=Juicy placenta
*Pear/Pyrus communis (Pome)=Fleshy thalamus
*Pea(Legume)= Cotyledons
*Maize(Caryopsis)=Endosperm
*Mango/Mangifera indica(Drupe)=Mesocarp
*Wheat(Caryopsis)=Endosperm
*Litchi/Litchi chinensis(Nut)=Aril
*Lemon/Citrus limon(Hesperidium)=Juicy placental hairs
*Grapes/Vitis vinifera(Berry)=Pericarp and placenta
*Jackfruit/Artocarpus integrifolia(Sorosis)=Perianth and Bracts
*Gram(Legume)=Cotyledons
*Fig/Ficus Carica(Syconus)=Fleshy thalamus or Fleshy receptacle
*Date palm/Phoenix dactylifera(Berry)=Pericarp
*Cucumber(Pepo)=Mesocarp
*Coconut/Cocos nucifera(Drupe)=Endosperm
*Cashew nut(Nut)=Fleshy thalamus
*Banana/Musa paradisiacal(Berry)=Pulp of Mesocarp and Endocarp.
*Apple/Pyrus maleus(Pome)=Thalamus
*Guava/Psidium guajava= Whole fruit
*Custard apple/Anona squamosa(Etaerio of Berries)=Pericarp
*Pine apple/Ananas comosus(Sorosis)=Juicy Mesocarp and Endocarp.

3.PLANTS ACT AS POLLUTION INDICATORS:

*SO2 POLLUTION= Lichens,Ficus,Pinus and Rose.
*NITRATE POLLUTION= Petunia and Chrysanthemum.
*FLUORIDE POLLUTION= Gladiolus
*HEAVY METAL POLLUTION=Robina pseudoacacia (Black locust tree).

4.ORGANIC ACIDS AND ITS SOURCES:

*CITRIC ACID= Aspergillus niger(Black mold)
*ACETIC ACID=Acetobacter aceti
*FUMARIC ACID=Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus stolonifer.
*BUTYRIC ACID=Clostridium butyricum.
*LACTIC ACID= Lactobacillus acidophilus, Rhizopus stolonifer.
*ITACONIC ACID=Aspergillus terreus.
*KOJIC ACID=Aspergillus flavus.
*GALLIC ACID=Aspergillus allomyces.

5.TERMINOLOLOGY of Water and Plants:

*CHRESARD=Water available to plants.
*ECHARD=Water not available to plants.
*HOLLARD= Total soil water content.
*CAPILLARY WATER= Water available to plants.
*GRAVITATIONAL WATER and HYGRASCOPIC WATER= Non available water to Plants.

6.INTER-GENIC(or)non -allelic interaction phenotypic ratio (EPISTATIC INTERACTION)

*Dominant epistasis in fruit colour in Summer squash =12:3:1
*Recessive epistasis in flower colour of Antirrhinum spp.= 9:3:4
*Duplicate genes with cumulative effect in fruit shape in summer squash=9:6:1
*Complementary genes in flower colour in sweet peas(Lathyrus)=9:7
*Supplementary genes in grain colour in maize=9:3:4
*Inhibitor genes in leaf colour in rice plants =13:3
*Duplicate genes in seed capsule shape(Fruit shape)in Shepherd's purse Bursa bursa-
pastoris=15:1

7.INTRA-GENIC(or)ALLELIC INTERACTION Phenotypic Ratios:

*Incomplete dominance in flower colour in Mirabilis jalapa=1:2:1
*Incomplete dominance in flower colour in Antirrhinum spp (Snapdragon)=1:2:1
*Codominance in ABO Blood Group system in humans,Roan Coat colour of Horse and Sickle Cell
Anaemia=1:2:1
6/20, 9:21 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET: DAY-6
1. VARIOUS BLOOD PIGMENTS IN ANIMALS:
*HAEMOGLOBIN (Red)=Humans,other vertebrates like mammals and in Invertebrates(In
Earthworm the pigment is dissolved in blood plasma).
*HAEMOCYANIN(Blue on oxygenation)=Arthropods (Spiders, Crustaceans like Limulus,
Horseshoe Crab and Molluscs like Octopus and Squid.
*HEMERYTHRIN(Violet)=Marine invertebrates like Magelona,Peanut worm,Penis worm and
Brachiopods.
*CHLOROCRUORIN(Green)=Annelids like Leech and marine polychaetes.
*VANADIUM(Green,Functionally less effective)=Herdmania.
*MYOHEMERYTHRIN( Violet in oxygenation)=Muscles of marine invertebrates.

2.TYPES OF SEX DETERMINATION IN ANIMALS:

*XX-XY type/System (Lygaeus Type)=Human beings and Drosophila (Fruit fly).
*XX-XO type=Crickets,Bugs,Cockroaches and Grasshoppers.
*ZO-ZZ type=Butterflies,certain moths and domestic chickens.
*ZW-ZZ type=Gypsy moth,Birds,Fishes and Reptiles like Komodo dragons.

3. IMPORTANT BIRTH CONTROL METHODS ADOPTED IN INDIA:

* ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS=SAHELI( contains non -steroidal CENTCHROMAN, produced
by CDRI, Lucknow).
*Most successful and popular contraceptive method in India with success rate of 95 to 99% is
=Intra Uterine Devices(IUDs).
*COPPER RELEASING IUDs=Multilode 375,Nova T,Cu T-380 A and CuT 380 Ag.
*HORMONE RELEASING IUDs(often called as Intrauterine systems (IUD)=Progestasert and
LNG-20
*NON MEDICATED IUDs=Lippes loop
*VASECTOMY=Permanent birth control method in male.
*TUBECTOMY=Permanent birth control method in female.

4.SPECIAL CELLS FOUND IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS:

*Sertoli cells(or)Supporting cells(Testes)=Nourishes the developing sperms,Secret Inhibin and
Androgen binding protein.
*Leydig cells(or)Interstitial cells(Testes)=Secrete Testosterone,Androstenedione and
Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA).
*Oxyntic cells(or)Parietal cells(Stomach)=Secrete HCl.
*Kupffer cells(or)Kupffer-Browicz cells(Liver)=involved in phagocytosis and protect the liver cells.
*Alpha cells (Pancreas)=Secrete Glucagon.
*Beta cells (Pancreas)=Secrete Insulin
*Chromaffin cells(Adrenal medulla)=Secrete Adrenaline (Epinephrine), Noradrenaline
(norepinephrine),Dopamine and Enkephalin.
*Glial cells(or)Neuroglia cells (Nervous system)= support and provide nutrients to nervous system.
*Mast cells(Wall of blood vessels)=Secrete Heparin and Histamine.
*Zymogenic cells (or)Peptic cells (or)Chief cells(Stomach)=Secrete gastric juice with Pepsinogen
and Chymosin.
*Goblet cells(Respiratory and Digestive tracts)=Secrete mucus.
*Schwann cells (or)Neurilemma cells=Produce myelin sheath around neuronal axons.
*Chlorogogen cells (or) Y cells(Annelids like Earthworm)=Store glycogen,help in excretion and
neutralize toxins like liver.
*Delta cells (D cells) or PP cells of Pancreas= Secrete Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
*Ito cells (or) Hepatic Stellate cells(or)Lipocytes of liver = Stores fat or and store Vitamin A as lipid
droplets.
*Nephrocyte cells(or) C cells of Herdmania
= Help in excretion.
*Parafollicular cells (Thyroid gland)= Secret Thyrocalcitonin(or) Calcitonin.
*Clara cells(Lungs)=Provide secretary surfactants.
*Club cells(Lungs)=Secrete pulmonary surfactant,Uteroglobin.
*T-Cells(or)T-Helper cells(or )T4 cells (or) CD4 cells=Involved in Cell Mediatted
Immunity(CMI),also send signals to immune cells and destroy infectious particles.
*Cytotoxic T cells(CTLs)of Thymus=Helps in host defence against viral infection.
*B Cells (Bone marrow)=Involved in Humoral immunity (or) Antibody mediated immunity.

5.CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF ANIMALS AND INSECTS:

*Man(Homo sapiens)=46
*Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)=8
*Gorilla(Gorilla gorilla) =48
*Horse=64
*Donkey=62
*Mule=63
*Mosquito (Aedes)=6
*Bull/Cow =60
*Starfish=36
*Earthworm=36
*Pigeon (Columba livia)=80
*House fly(Musca domestica)=12
*Hydra(Hydra vulgaris)=32
*Ascaris (Round worm)=2
*Lion=38
*Tiger=38
*Domestic Cat=38
*Mouse=40
*Platypus=52
*Dolphin=44
*Monkey=54
*Dog=78
*Chicken=78
*Cray fish =200.

[6/22, 12:40 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET: DAY -7

1.SPECIFIC CHEMICAL AGENTS IN BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES:

*Anticoagulant=Heparin (or) Antithrombin.
*Antiviral=Interferon
*Antibacterial=Lysozyme
*Antidiuretic=Vasopressin
*Antidiabetic=Insulin
*Anti-inflammatory=Cortisol
*Antimalarial=Quinine.
*Antihistamine=Cetirizine
*Anticancerous=Azithromycin and Anthromycin group of antibiotics.
*Antiallergic=Flavonoids
*Antisterilitic Vitamin= Vitamin E
*Antihaemorrhagic Vitamin= Vitamin K
*Antiscorbutic Vitamin= Vitamin C

2.TEMMINOLOGY USED IN REMOVAL OF ORGANS:

*HYSTERECTOMY=Removal or Uterus
*THYMECTOMY=Removal of Thymus gland.
*ORCHIDECTOMY(or)ORCHIECTOMY= Removal of Testes.
*CHOLECYSTECTOMY=Removal of Gall bladder.
*SALPINGECTOMY=Removal of Fallopian tube.
*SALPINGO-OOPHORECTOMY=Removal of an Ovary together with Fallopian tube.
*MASTECTOMY=Removal of Breast.
*LUMPECTOMY=Removal of Cancer tissue in the Breast.
*VASECTOMY=Removable of a portion of Vas defe lookrence and cut ends are ligated.
*TUBECTOMY= A portion of Fallopian tube is cut and ligated.
*PROSTATECTOMY= Romoval of Prostate gland.
*TONSILLECTOMY= Removal of Tonsils.
*PANCREATECTOMY=Removal of Pancreas.
*TENOTOMY=Removal of Tendon.
*APPENDECTOMY= Removal of Appendix.

3.CHEMICAL NAME OF VITAMINS:

*Vitamin A = Retinol
*Vitamin D = Calciferol
*Vitamin E = Tocopherol
*Vitamin K = Phylloquinone (or) Phytonadione.
*Vitamin B1 = Thiamin
*Vitamin B2 = Riboflavin
*Vitamin B3= Niacin (or) Nicotinic acid
*Vitamin B5 = Pantothenic acid
*Vitamin B6 = Pyridoxine
*Vitamin B7 = Biotin
*Vitamin B9 = Folic acid
*Vitamin B12= Cyanocobalamine (or) Cobalamin.
*Vitamin C = Ascorbic acid

4.VITAMINS AND DEFICIENCY DISEASES:

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
*Xerosis = Vitamin A
*Xerophthalmia = Vitamin A
*Keratomalacia = Vitamin A
*Nyctalopia = Vitamin A
*Rickets in Children= Vitamin D
*Osteomalacia in Adults = Vitamin D
*Sterility in adults = Vitamin E( experimentally proved in rats )
*Haemorrhagic manifestation=Vitamin K
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
*Beri beri = Vitamin B1
*Gastro intestinal problems and Angular Stomatitis= Vitamin B2
* Pellagra= Vitamin B3(or) Niacin (or) Nicotinic acid.
*Dermatitis=Vitamin B6 (or) Pyridoxine
*Anaemia = Vitamin B6 (or) Pyridoxine
*Pernicious anaemia =Vitamin B12
*Sailor's disease = Vitamin C (or) Ascorbic acid.
*Scurvy = Vitamin C (or ) Ascorbic acid.

5.IMPORTANT HORMONE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS:

*Dwarfism=Hyposecretion of Growth hormone.
*Gigantism=Hypersecretion of Growth hormone in Children.
*Acromegaly=Hypersecretion of Growth hormone in Adults.
*Simple goitre (or) Endemic goitre=Hyposecretion of Thyroxine
*Cretinism=Hypothyroidism in infants.
*Myoedema= Hypothyroidism in Adults.
*Grave's disease (or)Thyrotoxicosis (or)Exopthalmic goitre =Hypersecretion of Thyroxine.
*Tetany=Hyposecretion of Parathormone.
*Bone Cyst = Hyperparathyroidism.
*Addison's disease=Hyposecretion of Adrenal Cortex hormones.
*Cushing's Syndrome=Excess secretion of Cortisol,a Glucocorticoid.
*Hypoglycemia=Increased secretion of Insulin.
*Hyperglycemia =Increased secretion of Glucagon.
*Diabetes mellitus = Decreased secretion of Insulin.
*Diabetes insipidus= Decreased secretion of Vasopressin or Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

6.BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT DAYS:

*JANUARY 30=Anti Leprosy Day
*MARCH 20=World Sparrow Day
*MARCH 24=World Tuberculosis Day
*APRIL 17= World Haemophilia Day
*MAY 31=World Anti Tobacco Day
*JUNE14= World Blood Donor Day
*JUNE 11=World Population Day
*AUGUST 1 = World Breast Feeding Day
*AUGUST 20= World Malaria Day
*SEPTEMBER 21= World Alzheimer's Day
*OCTOBER 15 = Global Handwashing Day
*OCTOBER 21 =Global Iodine deficiency Day
*NOVEMBER 14 =World Diabetes Day
*DECEMBER 1 = World AIDS Day
*DECEMBER 2 = Bhopal Tragedy Day.

[6/22, 12:45 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY -8

1.SPECIAL DUCTS OF SALIVARY GLANDS IN HUMAN:
*STENSON'S duct = Paratid gland
*WHARTON'S duct = Submaxillary gland (or) Submandibular gland
*BARTHOLIN'S duct (or)
DUCT of RIVINIS = Sublingual gland

2.FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN LOBES:

*FRONTAL LOBE = Behaviour, Intelligence, Memory, Controls involuntary and voluntary
movement of muscles and motor speech area.
*PARIETAL LOBE = Language, Reading, Sensation,Sense of taste
*TEMPORAL LOBE= Understanding speech,Hearing, Sense of smell
*OCCIPITAL LOBE = Visual perception.

3.THREE GROUPS OF NEURONS:

*MUTIPOLAR = It is with one axon with two or more dendrites ( found in Cerebral Cortex )
*BIPOLAR = It is neuron with one axon and one dendrite.(found in the retina of eye).
*UNIPOLAR= The cell body is with one axon only(found in the embryonic stage).

4.TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS (or ) ANTIBODIES AND FUNCTIONS:

*Ig G ( Gamma )=Passes placenta ,found in human blood serum and extra cellular fluid and
protect the body from infections.
*Ig A (Alpha)= Found in mucous secretions like tears, saliva sweat and abundant in Colustrum
(mother's milk )and provide Immunity to infants.Also confers protections from many enteric and
respiratory infections.
*Ig M (Mu)=Present on B Cells and control of B Cell activation.
*Ig D (Delta)= Found on the surface of B Lymphocytes and involved in B Cell activation.
*Ig E (Epsilon)=Produced by immune system, manifestation of allergy including Asthma (First
Symptom),Utricaria(Skin rash ) and Rhinitis( Stuffy nose).Also provide immunity to parasites such
as Plasmodium falciparum and helminths like Schistosoma,Trichinella and Fasciola.

5.SPECIFIC ENZYMES ,CHEMICALS AND FUNCTIONS :

*CYCLOSPORIN A = Produced from the fungus Trichoderma polysporum and act as an
immunosuppressant used in organ transplantation.
*STATINS= Produced by an Yeast Monascus purpureus and used to lower blood
CHOLESTEROL levels.
*HUMAN INSULIN (HUMULIN) = E.coli bacterium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Yeast ) are
articulated by genitic engineering (or) recominant DNA technology and used to treat diabetes
mellitus.
*RENNET= used to separate milk into solid curds for CHEESE making.
*STREPTOKINASE= made from genetically engineered Streptococci and used as "CLOT
BUSTERS" for removing blood clots in blood vessels which causes Myocardial infarction.
*LIPASES= used in detergents and remove oily stains from the laundry.
*PECTINASE,PROTEASE and CELLULASE=used in clarification of bottled juices.

6.SPECIAL LAYERED STRUCTURES FOUND IN VARIOUS ORGANS:

*LAYERS OF BLOOD VESSELS = Outer Tunica externa, middle Tunica media and inner Tunica
intima.
*LAYERS OF UTERUS=
*LAYERS OF ALIMENTARY CANAL=Muscular externa (Outer first Serosa,Outer second
Longitudinal muscle and Outer third Circular muscle), Middle submucosal layer and inner Mucosa.
*LAYERS OF EYE BALL=Outer fibrous SCLERA, Middle vascular CHOROID and Inner sensory
RETINA.
*LAYERS OF ADRENAL CORTEX=
Outer Zona glomerulosa, Middle Zona fasciculata and Inner Zona reticularis.
*LAYERS OF MENINGES IN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD=Outer Thick Duramater, Middle Thin
Arachnoid mater and Inner Piamater.
*LAYERS OF UTERUS=Outer Perimetrium, Middle Myometrium(Smooth muscles which exhibit
strong contraction)and Inner Endometrium (Vascular and glandular mucous layer).

7.IMPORTANT FOSSILS:
*ICHTHYOSTEGA= Interconnecting link between fishes and amphibians.
*SEYMOURIA=Interconnecting link between Amphibians and Reptiles.
*ARCHAEOPTERYX=Ancestral form of birds having reptilian and avian characteristics.
*DINOSAURS= Extinct group of reptiles.
*HYRACOTHERIUM=Early ancestor of horses.

8.IMPORTANT VACCINE USED IN INDIA:

*BCG= Tuberculosis vaccine
*DPT=Diphtheria, Pertussis (Whooping cough)and Tetanus vaccine ( Trible antigen)
*MMR=Mumps,Measles(Rubeola) and Rubella(German measles)
*DT=Diphtheria and Tetanus (Dual antigen)
*TT=Tetanus Toxoid
*Hepatitis B vaccine (with purified HBVAg,an Australian antigen)=Hepatitis B.

[6/22, 12:51 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 9

1.DIFFERENT TYPES OF NATURAL PARTHENOGENESIS:

*ARRHENOTOKY= In this type only males are produced by parthenogenesis.(eg:Honey bees).
*AMPHITOKY= In this type parthenogenetic egg may develop into individuals of any sex
(eg:Aphid).
*THELYTOKY=In this type of parthenogenesis only females are produced by parthenogenesis
(eg:Solenobia).

2.RESPIRATORY VOLUMES:
*Tidal Volume (TV)=500 ml
*Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)=2500-3000 ml
*Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)=1000-1100 ml
*Residual Volume (RV)=1100-1200

3.RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES:
*Vital Capacity(VC):VC=ERV+TV+IRV
*Inspiratory Capacity(IC):IC=TV+IRV
*Expiratory Capacity(EC):EC=TV+ERV
*Total Lung Capacity (TLC):TLC=VC+RV
*Minute Respiratory Volume (MRV):MRV= 6 Litres /minute
*Normal Respiratory Rate:12 times per minute
*Dead Space: 150 ml.

4.PATHOGENS AND DISEASES

*Treponema palladium= Syphilis
*Neisseria gonorrhoea= Gonorrhoea
*Leishmania donovani= Kala azar
*Trepanosoma gambiens= African sleeping sickness
*Entamoeba histolytica= Amoebic dysentery (or) Amoebiasis
*Plasmodium vivad= Terian,Benign Tertian (or) Vivax malaria
*Plasmodium malariae= Quartan malaria
*Plasmodium ovale= Mild Tertian or Ovale malaria
*Plasmodium falciparum= Malignant Tertian (or) Pernicious malaria
*Leishmania tropica= Skin leishmaniasis
*Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)=
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
*Hepatitis B Virus(HBV)= Hepatitis B
*Human papilloma virus(HPV)=Genital warts
*Herpes simplex virus= Genital herpes
*Chlaydia trachomatis= Chlamydiasis and Lymphogranuloma venereum
*Candida albicans=Candidiasis
*Trichomonas vaginalis= Trichomoniasis
*Salmonella typhi=Typhoid(Enteric fever)
*Salmonella Choleraesuis= Gastroenteritis
*Vibrio cholerae= Cholera
*Yersinia pestis=Pubonic plague (Black death)
*Giardia intestinalis= Diarrhoea in children
*Trichomonads= Gingivitis
*Rabies virus= Rabies(Hydrophobia)
*Variola virus= Small pox
*Shigella spp.= Bacillary dysentery (or)Shigellosis
*Corynebacterium diphtheriae= Diphtheria
*Streptococcus pneumoniae=Pnemonia
*Mycobacterium tuberculosis= Tuberculosis
*Rhino viruses= Common cold
*Paramyxo virus((RNA virus)= Mumps
*Rubella virus= Measles
*Varicella zoster virus(DNA virus)= Chicken pox
*Polio virus(RNA virus)= Poliomyelitis (or) Polio
*Dengue virus (or) Flavi virus (or) DENV 1-4 virus= Dengue fever(or) Break bone fever
*Alpha virus(or) Toga virus= Chikungunya
*Nipah virus= Fatal encephalitis (Brain fever)
*Trypanosoma cruzi= Chagas disease (or) American trypanosomiasis
*Tinea pedis = Athelete's foot
*Ascaris lumbricoides= Ascariasis
*Taenia solium= Teaniasis
*Trichophyton,Microsporum and Epidermophyton(Fungi)= Dermatomycosis.
*Borrelia spp.=Relapsing fever
*Rickettsia spp.=Typhus fever and Trench fever.
*Clostridium tetani= Tetanus(or) Lock jaw
*Wuchereria bancrofti( larvae called microfilariae)= Filariasis (or)Elephantiasis.

5.EXAMPLES FOR CONNECTING LINKS:

*Virus= Non-living and living
*Euglena= Plants and animals
*Proterospongia=Protozoa and Porifera
*Peripatus= Annelida and Arthropoda
*Neopilina= Annelida and Mollusca
*Chimaera= Bony fishes and Cartilaginous fishes
*Archaeopteryx= Reptiles and Aves.

[6/22, 12:56 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 10

1.ABO BLOOD GROUP CAN GIVE AND GET DURING TRANSFUSION:

*O+ can give to O+,A+,B+and AB+
*A+ can give to A+ and AB+
*B+ can give to B+ and AB+
*AB+ can give to AB+
*O- can give to Everyone
*A- can give to A+,A-and AB+
*B- can give to B+,B-,AB+and AB-
*AB- can give to AB+ and AB -
*ABO Blood Group was discovered by Karl Landsteiner.
*Rh Factor was discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner(1940) in Rhesus monkey.
*"AB" Blood group is called as "Universal recipient".
*"O" Blood group is called as "Universal donar".
*AB Blood Group is the rarest Blood group.
*AB Blood Group was discovered by Von De Castello and Sturli in 1902.
*O+ can get from O+ and O-
*A+ can get from A+,A-,O+and O-
*B+ can get from B+,B-,O+and O-
*AB+ can get from Everyone
*O- can get from O-
*A- can get from A- and O-
*B - can get from B- and O-
*AB- can get from AB-, A-,B-and O-

2.BLOOD TYPE OF PARENTS AND BLOOD GROUPS IN THEIR CHILDREN(HOMOZYGOUS

AND HETEROZYGOUS):
*O×O Parent = Possible Blood type of Children is O
*O×A=O and A
*O×B= O and B
*O×AB=A and B
*A×A= A and O
*A×B=O,A,B and AB
*B×B=B and O
*A×AB= A,B and AB("O" Blood group is impossible)
*B×AB= A,B and AB("O" Blood group is impossible)
*AB×AB =A,B and AB( "O" Blood group is impossible).

3.IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE FOLLOWED IN INDIA:

*New born = BCG (1st dose)

*15 days = Oral polio(1st dose)
*6th week =DPT and Polio (1st dose)
*10th week =DPT and Polio (2nd dose)
*14th week =DPT and Polio (3rd dose)
*9-12 months = Measles (1st dose)
*18-24 months = DPT and Polio (1st Booster)
*15 months - 2 Years = MMR vaccine (1st dose)
*2-3 Years = Typhoid vaccine (2doses at 1 month gap)
*4-6 Years = DT and Polio (2nd Booster)
*10th Year = TT and Typhoid (1st dose)
*16th Year = TT and. Typhoid (2nd Booster).

4. TYPES OF IMMUNITY:
*NATURAL (or) INNATE IMMUNITY (or) NON- SPECIFIC= Naturally available right from birth
*ACQUIRED (or) SPECIFIC (or) ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY= Developed in the body after birth,Found
only in Vertebrates,Unique features are Specificity, Diversity, Discrimination between self and non-
self and Memory.
*ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY=Antibodies are produced by antigenic stimulus.
*NATURAL ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY=developed after recovering from a disease.
*ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY=developed by immunization by introducing
vaccines
*PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY=Pre-formed Antibodies bring forth immunity.
*NATURAL PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY= through mother's breast milk , Antibodies of
mother enter the child.
*ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY= antibodies extracted from other animals are
introduced.

5. IMPORTANT NATIONAL PARKS , WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES AND RESERVES IN INDIA:

*KARNATAKA=Bandipur National Park( a Tiger Reserve)
*UTTRANCHAL=Corbett National Park ( India's First National Park and a Tiger Reserve)
*GUJARAT=Gir National Park
*MADHYAPRADESH=Kanha National Park (Tiger Reserve)
*RAJASTHAN=Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary
*ASSAM=Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (Tiger Reserve)
*WEST BENGAL=Sunderbans National Park
*TAMIL NADU= Guindy National Park, Chennai,Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Coastal
areas of Ramnad and Tuticorin district,Mukurthi National Park ,Vedanthangal Lake Birds
WLS(Chengalpet), Mudumalai WLS(Nilgiris), Point Calimere WLS(Nagapattinam),Indira Gandhi
(or)Anaimalai WLS(Coimbatore), WLS(Tirunelveli) and Aringnar Anna Zoological Park,Vandalur,
Chennai.

6. EXAMPLES FOR INSITU AND EXSITU CONSERVATION:

*INSITU CONSERVATION=National Parks, Biosphere Reserve and Wild
Life Sanctuaries.
*EXSITU CONSERVATION=Zoological Parks and Botanical gardens.

7. EXCRETORY ORGANS IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS:

*Plasmalemma= Amoeba
*General body surface=Sponges and Hydra
*Flame cells(or)Protonephredia(or)
Solenocytes=Platyhelminthes like Taenia and Fasciola
*Nephridia= Annelida like Earthworm
*Malpighian tubules= Arthropods like Cockroach
*Coxal gland= Arachnids like Spiders
*Antennal gland (or) Green glands=Crustaceans like Prawns,Crayfishes and lobsters.

8. EXAMPLES FOR INTER AND INTRA SPECIFIC ASSOCIATIONS OR INTERACTIONS:

*AMENSALISM(-,0)= Harmful for one,but the other species are unaffected eg: Penicillium and
Staphylococcus bacteria,Cat and Rat.
*MUTUALISM(+,+) = Both species are benefitted eg : Lichen, Mycorrhiza,Crocodile and Crocodile
bird,Sea anemone and Hermit crab.
*COMMENSALISM(+,0)= One species is benefitted and other species is neither benefitted nor
harmed eg:Orchids,Lianas, Sucker fish and Shark
*COMPETITION(-,-)= Harmful for both eg:Grassland species, Birds and Squirrels on the tree
branches.
*PARASITISM(+,-)= One Species is benefitted and the other species is harmed
eg.Cuscuta,Duranta,Viscum, Parasites like Ascaris and Tapeworm in Human digestive tract.
*PREDATION(+,-)= One Species is benefitted and the other one is harmed eg:Drosera
and Nepenthes on insects,Lion (or) Tiger predatory on Deer.

[6/22, 12:58 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY- 11

1. CRANIAL NERVES IN HUMAN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:

*Olfactory nerve (I)=Sense of smell(Sensory).
*Optic nerve (II)=Sense of sight (Sensory)
*Oculomotor nerves(III)=Movement of the eye(Motor)
*Trochlear nerve (IV)=Rotation of the eye ball (Motor)
*Trigeminal nerve(V)=Functioning of facial parts(Sensory and motor-Mixed)
*Abducens nerve (VI)=Rotation of the eye ball (Motor)
*Facial nerve (VII)=Functioning of facial parts (Mixed)
*Auditory(or)Vestibulo Cochlear nerve(VIII)=Maintains the equilibrium of the body and Auditory
function(Sensory)
*Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)=Taste and touch(Mixed)
*Vagus(X)=Regulation of the visceral organs(Mixed)
*Spinal accessory(XI)=Muscular movement of Pharynx,larynx,neck and shoulder.
*Hypoglossal(XII)=Speech and Swallowing (Motor).
*There are 12 pairs of Cranial nerves in Human being ( First two pairs are arise from the fore brain
and other ten are from the mid brain)
*There are 31 pairs of Spinal nerves in Human being (Cervical nerves=8pairs,Thoracic
nerves=12pairs,Lumbar nerves=5pairs,Sacral nerves=5pairs and Coccygeal nerves=1pair).

2.FACTS ON BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM:

*Total number of bones in adults = 206
*Total number of bones in Axial Skeleton is = 80 Bones (Skull 29,Vertebral column in adults 26,
Sternum 1 and Ribs 24).
*Total number of bones in Appendicular Skeleton= 126 Bones( Fore limb 60, Hind limb 60,
Pectoral girdle 4, Pelvic girdle 2).
*Total number of bones in Skull =29( Cranium 8, Facial bone 14, Bones of middle ear 6 (2×3) and
Hyoid bone 1).
*Total number of bones in Vertebral column in adults = 26( Cervical 7, Thoracic 12,Lumbar 5, Five
bones are fused to 1 and Four bones are fused to 1).
*Total number of bone in Sternum = 1
* Total numbers of bones in Ribs =12 pairs=12×2=24(The first 7 pairs of ribs are called "True
Ribs" (or)Vertebro- Sternal ribs,The 8th,9th and 10th pairs of ribs are called "False
ribs"(or)Vertebro -Chondral ribs and The last 11th and 12th pairs are called" Floating ribs "(or)
Vertebral ribs.
*Total number of bones in Fore limb= 2×30 = 60 (Humerus 1,Radius 1,Ulna 1,Carpals
8,Metacarpals 5 and Phalanges 14).
*Total number of bones in Hind limb=2×30=60 ( Femur 1,Tibia 1,Fibula 1, Tarsala 7, Metatarsals
5,Phalanges 14 and Patella ( Knee bone).
*Pectoral girdle =2×2=4(Scapula 1and Clavicle 1)
*Pelvic girdle =1×2=2(Innominate 1= Ilium,Ischiumand pubis fused into one bone).

3. COMMON OTHER NAMES USED IN BIOLOGY:

*Satiety centre= Hypothalamus,*Master gland (or) Master of Endocrine Orchestra= Pituitary
gland,*Time messenger= Melatonin ,"3F Hormone"= Adrenaline (or) Epinephrine*Personality
Hormone= Thyroxine (or) T4 (or) Tetraiodothyronine*Pace Setter= Thyroid gland,* Rapid Birth
Hormone =Oxytocin,*Antidiuretic Hormone=Vasopressin,*Chemical messengers= Hormones*Vital
Knot = Medulla oblongata,*Horse's Tail =Cauda equina,*Interventricular foramen = Foramen of
Monro,*Urea Biosynthesis= Ornithine Cycle,*Artificial dialysis= Artificial Kidney,*Ductless glands =
Endocrine glands,*Universal donar= 'O' Blood group,* Universal recipient="AB" Blood
group,*Soldiers of our body (or)Police force inside the body =Leucocytes (or) White Blood
Corpuscles (WBC),*Graveyard of RBC=Spleen,*Pace maker of the Heart (or) Heart of Heart
(or)Heart inside the Heart = Sino-atrial node (SA node),
*Store house of the sperms=Epididymis,*Mitral valve= Bicuspid valve (or)Left auriculo ventricular
valves,*"Flight , Fright and fight hormone "= Adrenaline (or) Epinephrine,*Emergency Hormone=
Adrenaline (or) Epinephrine,*Anti-inflammatory agent (or) Life -saving hormone= Cortisol,*Supra
renal glands= Adrenal gland,*Cell within a cell (or) Parasitic organelles of the cell
=Mitochondria,*Power House of the Cells=Mitochondria,*Energy currency of the cell = ATP
molecules,*Store house of the cell = Vacuole,*Suicidal bags of the cell= Lysosomes,*Kitchen of a
cell=Chloroplast,*Exopthalmic goitre=Grave's disease (or) Thyrotoxicosis,*Glorified
Reptiles=Aves,*Clot Buster= STREPTOKINASE,*Queen of Drugs= Penicillin,*Antisterilitic
Vitamin= Vitamin E,*Antidiabetic Hormone = Insulin,*Hyperglycemic hormone = Glucagon,*Funny
Bone = Clavicle,*Terrible lizard= Dinosaurs,*Age of Mammals=Holocene Epoch,*Age of fishes=
Devonian period,*Cradle of ancient life =Paleozoic era,*Carboniferous period= Pennsylvania n and
earlier Mississippian,* Golden Age of Reptiles= Mesozoic era.

4. TYPES OF TWINS:
*IDENTICAL (or) MONOZYGOTIC TWINS=Produced when a single fertilised egg splits into two
during the first cleavage ,they are of same Sex,look alike and share the same genes.
*FRATERNAL TWINS (or) DIZYGOTIC TWINS= Produced when two separate eggs are fertilised
by two separate sperms.The twins may be of the same Sex(or) different sex and are Non -
Identical .
*SIAMESE (or) UNITED TWINS (or) CONJUGATED TWINS= Conjugated twins develop when an
early embryo partially separates to form two individuals.

5 . ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS OF PLACENTA ( Temporary Endocrine Gland during Pregnancy):

*Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG),
*Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin(hCS),*Human Placental Lactogen (hPL),*Oestrogen
,*Progesterone and * Relaxin during later phase of pregnancy.

6. DERIVATIVES OF PRIMARY GERM LAYERS:

*ECTODERM= Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal cord), Peripheral nervous system,
Epidermis and its derivatives and Mammary glands.
*MESODERM= The Connective tissue ,Cartilage and Bone, Muscles and Organs of urinogenital
system like Kidney,Ureter and Gonads( Testes and Ovaries).
*ENDODERM= Epithelial cells of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract,Liver,Pancreas, Thyroid and
Parathyroid gland.

7.LIST OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART):

* Intra - Uterine insemination (IUI),in this semen is introduced into the uterus through the vagina
by a Catheter.

*In vitro fertilization (IVF),this is also called as Test tube baby.In this technique,sperm and eggs
are allowed to unite outside the body.In this embryos are cryopreserved in frozen
state(Frozen embryo transfer technology is used- FET ).In this Cryopreservation technique ,-196
C low temperature is maintained using liquid nitrogen. The steps involved in this are 1) ovarian
stimulation 2)egg retrieval 3) fertilization 4) embryo culture and 5) embryo transfer.In this Zygote is
with 8 celled blastomeres stage are used.

*Embryo transfer technique (ETR)

This is the transfer of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres stage into uterus.
*Zygote intra- fallopian transfer(ZIFT)
In this ,the Zygote upto 8 blastomeres stage is transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy.

*Gamete intra -fallopian transfer (GIFT)

Eggs and sperms are directly introduced in one of the fallopian tubes.

*Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

In this method only one sperm is injected into the focal point of the egg cytoplasm to fertilize and
zygote with 8 celled blastomeres are introduced to the uterus.
*Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
*Oocyte and Sperm donation and

*Surrogacy: In this by an agreement whereby a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another
person,who will become the newborn child's parent after birth.

8.TERMINOLOGY USED IN MENSTRUAL DISORDERS:

*Amenorrhea= Absence of Menstruation
*Primary Amenorrhea= Menarche does not appear till the age of 18.
*Secondary Amenorrhea= Absence of menstruation for over three consecutive months.
*Polymenorrhoea= Menstrual cycle that shorter than 21 days.
*Dysmenorrhoea= Pain associated with menstruation(Two types are noticed.Primary
dysmenorrhoea is caused by secretions of prostaglandin in the Uterus.Secondary dysmenorrhoea
is caused by endometriosis or Uterine fibroids.
*Menorrhagia= Heavy and prolonged menstrual period.
*Oligomenorrhoea=Infrequent menstrual periods.

[6/22, 12:59 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET: DAY -12

1.LIST OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART):

* Intra - Uterine insemination (IUI),in this semen is introduced into the uterus through the vagina
by a Catheter.

*In vitro fertilization (IVF),this is also called as Test tube baby.In this technique,sperm and eggs
are allowed to unite outside the body.In this embryos are cryopreserved in frozen
state(Frozen embryo transfer technology is used- FET ).In this Cryopreservation technique ,-196
C low temperature is maintained using liquid nitrogen. The steps involved in this are 1) ovarian
stimulation 2)egg retrieval 3) fertilization 4) embryo culture and 5) embryo transfer.In this Zygote is
with 8 celled blastomeres stage are used.
*Embryo transfer technique (ETR)
This is the transfer of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres stage into uterus.
*Zygote intra- fallopian transfer(ZIFT)
In this ,the Zygote upto 8 blastomeres stage is transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy.

*Gamete intra -fallopian transfer (GIFT)

Eggs and sperms are directly introduced in one of the fallopian tubes.

*Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

In this method only one sperm is injected into the focal point of the egg cytoplasm to fertilize and
zygote with 8 celled blastomeres are introduced to the uterus.
*Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
*Oocyte and Sperm donation and

*Surrogacy: In this by an agreement whereby a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another
person,who will become the newborn child's parent after birth.

2.TERMINOLOGY USED IN MENSTRUAL DISORDERS:

*Amenorrhea= Absence of Menstruation
*Primary Amenorrhea= Menarche does not appear till the age of 18.
*Secondary Amenorrhea= Absence of menstruation for over three consecutive months.
*Polymenorrhoea= Menstrual cycle that shorter than 21 days.
*Dysmenorrhoea= Pain associated with menstruation(Two types are noticed.Primary
dysmenorrhoea is caused by secretions of prostaglandin in the Uterus.Secondary dysmenorrhoea
is caused by endometriosis or Uterine fibroids.
*Menorrhagia= Heavy and prolonged menstrual period.
*Oligomenorrhoea=Infrequent menstrual periods.

3.GESTATION PERIODS OF VARIOUS ANIMALS:

*Human female = 280 Days ( 40 Weeks)
*Rat =22 to 23 Days
*North American Opossum= 12 Days (Very shortest gestation period)
*Elephant=640 to 660 Days (95 days ,very longest gestation period)
*Cow=283 Days
*Buffalo=281-334 Days
*Goat=150 Days
*Sheep=152 Days
*Horse=11 to 12 months
*Pig=114 Days
*Dog=58 to 68 Days
*Wild Boar=115 Days
*Tiger=93 to112 Days
*Lion=110 Days
*Giraffe= 15 months
*Camel = 410 Days

4.IMPORTANT GLANDS IN ORGANISMS AND HUMAN BEING :

*Collateral glands= Found in 3rd and 4th abdominal segments,secrete egg case of Ootheca.
*Conglobate glands (or) Phallic glands= Found in male cockroach,help in formation of outer
covering for Spermatophore.
*Mushroom shaped gland (or ) Accessory reproductive gland = Found in 6th and 7th Abdominal
segments of Male Cockroach.
*Coxal gland = Found in spiders and help in excretion.
*Green gland(or) Antennal gland= Found in Prawn and help in excretion.
*Brunner's glands= Found in the wall of Duodenum in human and Secrete mucous and enzymes.
*Salivary glands = Found in Buccal cavity of human and Secrete saliva.
*Gastric glands= Found in the Stomach wall and Secrete gastric enzymes.
*Mammary glands = Modified Sweat glands and Secrete milk after child birth.
*Sweat glands=Secrete sweat( Different types of sweat glands:1)Apocrine glands- found in
scalp,armpits and groin.2)Holocrine glands (or) Sebaceous glands Secrete
SEBUM.3)Merocrine glands (or) Eccrine glands - open directly into body surface and secret clear
watery fluid.
*Seminal vesicles= Found in male reproductive system of human and secrete an alkaline fluid
called Seminal plasma containing fructose sugar, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins and a coagulating
enzyme called Vesiculase which enhances sperm motility.
*Bulbourethral glands (or) Cowper's glands=Found in the male reproductive system of human and
secretions help in the lubrication of penis.
*Prostate gland = A single gland found in male reproductive system of human,encircles the urethra
and located below the urinary bladder and secretes a slightly acidic fluid that contains citrate,
several enzymes and prostate specific antigens.
*Bartholin's glands (or) Greater Vestibular glands= Located posterior to the right and left of the
opening of the Vagina (or) Birth canal,Secrete mucous to lubricate the vagina and are
homologous to the Bulbourethral glands of the male .
*Skene's glands= located on the anterior wall of the vagina and around the lower end of the
urethra.They secrete a lubricating fluid for intercourse (coitus)and are homologous to the prostate
gland of the males.

5.DENTAL FORMULA OF HUMAN AND VARIOUS ANIMALS:

The arrangement order is Incisors(I),Canine(C),Premolar(Pm) and Molar(M)
*The dental formula in human (Adult )is:
2123
---------×2
2123
*Dental formula of Man (17 to 20 Years):
2122
---------×2
2122
*Dental formula of a Child (2Years):
2102
-------- ×2
2102
*Dental formula of Rabbit:
2033
--------- ×2
1023
*Dental formula of Mouse :
1003
--------- ×2
1003
*Dental formula of Cow:
0033
--------- ×2
3133
*Dental formula of Horse:
3143
---------×2
3134
*Dental formula of Sheep
0033
---------×2
3133
*Major part of the mammalian teeth made up of Dentine.
*The number of teeth that grow twice in the human life is 20.
*The number of teeth that grow once in the human life is 12.
*In Elephant,tusks are modified incisors.
*In Nabus ,tusks are the modified canines.
*Thecodont dentition= Each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone.
*Diphyodont dentition= Two sets of teeth during the life time ,A set of temporary teeth and a set of
permanent teeth(32 adult teeth).
*Heterodont dentition= Presence of different kinds teeth like Incisors,Canines, Premolars and
Molars.

6.VARIOUS TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND EXAMPLES :

*Regeneration means regrowth in the injured region.
*Regeneration was first studied in Hydra by ABRAHAM TREMBLEY in 1740.
*Simple irregular binary fission= Amoeba
*Transverse binary fission=Paramecium and Planaria
*Longitudinal binary fission=Vorticella and Euglena
*Obligate binary fission= Ceratium
*Multiple fission=Vorticella, Plasmodium and Amoeba.
*Encystment= Amoeba
*Strobilation=Aurelia
*Plasmotomy=Opalina and Pelomyxa(Giant amoeba)
*Sporulation=Amoeba
*Budding=Sponge(Leucosolenia) and Hydra
*Exogenous budding=Hydra
*Endogenous budding=Noctiluca
*Gemmule= Sponges
*Apolysis=Tapeworm
*Morphallaxis(Whole body grows from a small fragment)=
Hydra and Planaria
*Epimorphosis(Replacement of lost parts),two types namely Reparative and Restorative
Regeneration.
*Reparative regeneration (only certain damaged tissues can be regenerated)= Hydra
*Restorative regeneration (in this severed body parts can develop)= Arms of Starfish and tail of
Wall lizard.
*The power of regeneration is greater in Planaria and Sponges.
*Sponge when macerated and squeezed through fine silk cloth, the cluster of cells pass
through,and these can regenerate new sponges.This technique is used for Cultivation of Sponges.

7.PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ( in mm Hg):

*PO2 in Atmospheric air= 159 mm Hg
*PO2 in Alveoli= 104 mm Hg
*PO2 in Deoxygenated blood= 40 mm Hg
*PO2 in Oxygenated blood = 95 mm Hg
*PO2 in Tissues = 40 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Atmospheric air=0.3 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Alveoli= 40 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Deoxygenated blood = 45 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Oxygenated blood = 40 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Tissues = 45 mm Hg.
[6/22, 1:46 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 13

1.IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM PLANTS:

*ACALYPHINE= Acalypha indica (Rhematoid arthritis)
*DIGOXIN= Digitalis purpuria ( Heart disease, Cardiac tonic)
*CODEINE= Papaver sominiferum (Pain killer- Analgesic)
*MARMELOSIN= Aegle marmelos( Stomach indigestion,Heart and Brain tonic)
*CAPSAICIN= Capsicum annum(Rheumatic pain treatment)
*EMETIN= Psychotria ipecacuanha,Cephalis(or)Ipecoc(Emetic,antiprotozoal)
*VINCRISTINE= Catharanthus roseus (or)Vinca rosea ( Anti - carcinogenic,Cancer treatment)
* PRESCENE= Cissus quarangularis(HADJOR-Bone joiner,treats bone fractures and asthma)
*MORPHINE= Papaver sominiferum (or)Opium poppy(Strongest pain killer)
*QUININE= Cinchona officinalis( Anti- malarial,Treats malaria)
*EPHEDRINE= Ephedra sonica(Treat cough)
*ALOIN= Aloe vera (Skin care)
*PHYLLANTHIN=Phyllanthus maderspatensis( Treatment of Jaundice)
*VASCIN=Justicia adathoda (or)Adathodai(Branchodilator)
*CURCUMIN= Curcuma longa( Anti bacterial)
*MIMOSIN= Mimosa pudica( Treats asthma,Piles and Whooping cough)
*GINSENG= Panax ginseng (Relaxation of physical and mental stress)
*SOLANIN and SAPONIN= Solanum nigrum ( Treatment of Liver cirrhosis)
*NICOTINE,NORNICOTINE and ANABASINE= Nicotiana tabaccum( Used as Sedative,
Antispasmodic and Insecticide)
*STROMONIUM= Datura stramonium( Treat asthma and Whooping cough)
*ATROPINE= Atropa belladonna(Relieving muscular pain)

SOME OTHER SECONDARY METABOLITES OF VARIOUS ORIGIN:

*PIGMENTS= Carotenoids, Anthocyanins etc
*ALKALOIDS= Morphine,Codeine etc
*TERPENOIDES= Monoterpenes,Diterpenes etc
*ESSENTIAL OILS= Lemon grass oil,etc
*TOXINS= Abrin and Ricin
*LECTINS=Concanavalin A
*DRUGS= Vinblastine,Curcumin,etc.
*POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES= Rubber,gums and Cellulose.
*COLCHICINE= Colchicum autumnale(induce Polyploidy).

2.IMPORTANT ANTIBIOTICS AND SOURCES :

*OXYTETRACYCLINE and TERRAMYCIN= Streptomyces rimosus

*SUBTILIN= Bacillus subtilis
*BACITRACIN= Bacillus licheniformis(Syphilis)
*PENICILLIN= Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum(against Gram Positive
Pneumonia bacteria)
*CHLORTETRACYCLINE= Streptomyces aureofaciens
*STREPTOMYSIN= Streptomyces griseus(Tuberculosis and Meningitis)
*ERYTHROMYCIN= Streptomyces erythraeus
*CHLOROMYCETIN= Streptomyces Venezuelan(Typhoid fever)
*GRISEOFULVIN= Penicillium spp.(Ringworm and Athelete's foot)
*AUREOMYCIN=Streptomyces aureofaciens (Osteomyelitis, Whooping cough and eye infections)
*NEOMYCIN=Streptomyces fradiae
*POLYMYXIN= Bacillus polymyxa
*KANAMYCIN= Streptomyces kanamyceticus.

3.INDIAN PLANT BREEDERS:

*Dr.M.S.SWAMINATHAN= He is pioneer mutation breeder.He is called as "Father of Green
Revolution of India.
*Sir.T.S.VENKATARAMAN= An eminent sugarcane breeder.
*Dr.B.P.PAL= Famous wheat breeder, developed superior disease resistant varieties of wheat.
*Dr.K.RAMIAH= Eminent rice breeder, developed several high yielding varieties of rice.
*N.G.P. RAO= An eminent Sorghum breeder, developed world's first hybrid of Sorghum( CSH-1)
*C.T.PATEL= Who developed world's first cotton hybrid.
*CHOUDHARY RAM DHAN= Wheat breeder,who is famous for C-591 variety of Wheat,which is
made Punjab as Wheat granary of India.

4.CLASSIFICATION OF BIOFERTILIZERS WITH EXAMPLES

*NITROGEN FIXING BIOFERTILIZERS=1)Free living (Azotobacter,
Clostridium,Anabaena,Nostoc),2) Symbiotic (Rhizobium, Anabaena azollae),3)Associative
Symbiotic (Azospirillum).

*PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILIZING BIOFERTILIZERS=1) Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas

striata),2)Fungi(Penicillium, Aspergillus).

*PHOSPHORUS MOBILIZING BIOFERTILIZERS=1)Arbuscular

Mycorrhiza(Glomus,Scutellospora),2)Ectomycorhiza(Amanita).

*BIOFERTILIZERS FOR MICRONUTRIENTS=1) Silicate and Zinc solubilized(Bacillus).

*PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA= 1) Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas

fluorescence)

*AZOLLA PINNATA= It is a free floating water fern fixes atmospheric Nitrogen in association with
nitrogen fixing blue green alga Anabaena azolla.In India ,it is used as biofertilizer for wetland rice
cultivation.

*BIO-PESTICIDES= 1)Trichoderma viridae (fungus).2)Beauveria ia an entomo-pathogenic fungus,

naturally controls arthropods species .

*GREEN MANURING=Crotalaria juncia,Tephrosia purpurea,Indigofera tinctorial,Cassia

mimusoides,Glycine max, Indigofera linifolia,Sesbania prostrata,Acacia nilotica,Leucena, Lathyrus
and Mucuna.

*GREEN INSITU MANURING (or) GREEN LEAF MANURING=Cassia fistula,Sesbania

grandiflora,Azadirachta indica,Dilonix regia and Pongamia pinnata.

*CYANOBACTERIA ACT AS BIOFERTILIZER=Anabaena,Calothrix,Gleocapsa,Lyngbya,

Nostoc,Oscillatoria and Scytonema.

5.TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN BIOREMEDIATION (Bioremediation is the use of

microorganisms or plants to clean up environmental pollution):

*PHYTOREMEDIATION= Use of plants to bring about remediation of environmental pollutants.

*MYCOREMEDIATION= Use of fungi to bring about remediation of environmental pollutants.

*BIOVENTING= It is the process that increases oxygen or air flow to accelerate the degradation of
environmental pollutants.

*BIOLEACHING= It is the use of microorganisms in solution to recover metal pollutants from

contaminated sites.
*BIOAUGMENTATION= It is the addition of selected microbes to speed up degradation process.

*COMPOSTING= It is the process by which the solid waste is composted by the use of microbes
into manure which act as a nutrient for plant growth.

*RHIZOFILTRATION= It is the uptake of metals or degradation of organic compounds by

rhizosphere microorganisms.

*RHIZOSTIMULATION= It is the stimulation of plant growth by the rhizosphere by providing better

growth condition or reduction in toxic materials.

6.TYPES OF CARBON:
*GREEN CARBON= Carbon stored in the biosphere (by the process of photosynthesis).
*GREY CARBON= Carbon stored in fossil fuel (coal,oil and biogas deposits in the lithosphere).
*BLUE CARBON= Carbon stored in the atmosphere and oceans.
*BROWN CARBON= Carbon stored in industrialized forests ( wood used in making commercial
articles)
*BLACK CARBON= Carbon emitted from gas , diesel engine and coal fired power plants.

7.POST FERTILIZATION STRUCTURE AND EVENTS ( Transformation after fertilization):

*Sepals,Petals,Stamens,Style and Stigma= Usually wither and fall off

*Ovary= Fruit
*Ovule= Seed
*Egg= Zygote
*Funicle= Stalk of the seed
*Micropyle of ovule = Micropyle of the seed facilitates Oxygen and water uptake.
*Nucellus= Perisperm
*Outer integument of ovule= Testa (outer seed coat)
*Inner integument= Tegmen(inner seed coat)
*Synergid cells = will degenerate
*Secondary nucleus= Endosperm
*Antipodal cells= will degenerate.

8.TYPES OF OVULES IN PLANTS:

*ORTHOTROPOUS= Piperaceae,Polygonaceae(in this micropyle is at distal end, micropyle,

funicle and chalaza are in one straight vertical line )
*ANATROPOUS= common Dicot and Monocot(completely inverted, micropyle and funiculus are
found near close)
*HEMIANATROPOUS= Primulaceae(in this body of the ovule is placed transversely at the right
angles to the funicle )
*CAMPYLOTROPOUS= Legiminosae(ovule at the micropylar end is curved and and bean
shaped, embryo sac is slightly curved)
*AMPHITROPOUS=Alismataceae(The distance between hilum and chalaza is less,horse shoe
shaped nucellus)
*CIRCINOTROPOUS=Cactaceae(Funiculus is very long and surrounds the ovule).

9.TYPE OF ENTRY OF POLLEN TUBE INTO THE OVULE:

*POROGAMY= When the pollen tube enters through the micropyle.

*CHALAZOGAMY= When the pollen tube enters through the Chalaza.
*MESOGAMY= When the pollen tube enters through the integument.
10.IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:

*VIENNA CONVENTION= 1985, for protection of Ozone layer.

*MONTREAL PROTOCOL= In1987 but effective in 1989,Held at Montreal (Canada) to protect
Ozone layer and controlling emission of Ozone depleting substances(ODS).
*EARTH SUMMIT= In 1992,at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil),Aim is conservation of biodiversity.
*KYOTO PROTOCOL= In 1997,At Kyoto,Japan(COP-3) Conference of parties,Aim is to reduce
the emission of Green House Gases.
*ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT= In 1986,to protect and improve environmental quality.
*WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT= Held in 2002,at Jahannesburg, South
Africa,Aim is to protect Biodiversity.
*DOHA CONVENTION= Held in 2012,Doha,Qatar.Aim is climate change protection.
*PARIS AGREEMENT (COP-21)= held in 2015,Paris.Aim is Climate change protection.
*KIGALI AMENDMENT= Held in 2016 at Kigali,Rwanda(African country).Aim is to reduce ozone
layer depletion.

11.ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS:

*The Insecticide Act ,1968

*The Water( Prevention and control of Pollution Act,1974
*The Air Prevention Act,1981(amended in Chennai1987)
*The Environment Protection Act ,1986
*National Forest Policy,1988.Recommended 33% forest cover for planes and 67% for the hills.

[6/22, 1:53 PM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 14

1.IMPORTANT COUNTINGS IN HUMAN BIOLOGY:

1.Number of Bones= 206

2.Number of Muscles= 639
3.Number of Kidneys = 2
4.Number of Milk Teeth= 20
5.Number of Ribs= 24 (12 pair)
6.Number of Heart Chamber= 4
7.Largest artery = Aorta
8.Normal blood pressure =120/80mmHg( Systolic pressure 120 mm Hg, Diastolic Pressure 80 mm
Hg)
9.pH of Blood = 7.4
10.Number of vertebrae in the Spine= 33
11. Number of vertebrae in the Neck= 7
12.Number of Bones in Middle Ear= 6
13.Number of Bones in Face= 14
14.Number of Bones in Skull= 22
15.Number of Bones in Chest= 25
16. Number of Bones in Arms= 6
17.Number of Muscles in Human Arm= 72
18. Number of Pumps in Heart= 2
19.Largest Organ= Skin
20.Largest gland= Liver
21.Biggest cell female = Ovum
22.Smallest cell male = Sperm
23. Smallest Bone = Stapes in Ear
24.First transplanted Organ= Heart
25. Average length of Small Intestine= 5 -7 metres long
26.Average length of Large Intestine= 1.5m
27. Average weight of new Born baby= 2.6kg
28.Heart beat(Pulse rate in One Minute= 72 times)
29.Normal body temperature= 37 C° (98.4 F°)
30. Average Blood Volume = 4 to 5 liters in female and 5-6 litres in male
31. Life Span of RBC= 120 days in males and 110 days in females
32. Life Span of WBC= 10 to 15 days
33.Pregnancy Period (Gestation period)= 280 days (40 week)
34.Number of Bones in Human Foot = 33
35.Number of Bones in each wrist = 8
36.Number of Bones in Hand= 27
37. Largest Endocrine gland =Thyroid
38.Largest Lymphatic Organ= Spleen
39.Largest part of Brain = Cerebrum
40.Longest and Strongest Bone =Femur
41. Smallest Muscle =Stapedius (Middle Ear)
41. Number of Chromosome=46(23 pairs)
42.Number of Bones in new Born baby= 306
43.Viscosity of Blood=4.5 to 5.5
44.Universal Donor Blood Group= O
45.Universal Recipient Blood Group= AB
46.Largest WBC= Monocyte
47.Smallest WBC= Lymphocyte
48. Increase in RBC count called = Polycythemia.
49.Blood Bank in the Body is =Spleen
50.Non Nucleated Blood cell is= RBC
51.RBC produced in the = Bone Marrow
52.River of Life is called = Blood
53.Normal Blood Cholesterol level= 250mg/dl (dl=deciliter)
54.Fluid part of Blood is = Plasma
55.Normal fasting blood glucose level is = 70 to 100mg/dl
56.Normal Blood Sugar level after meal is = 140 mg / dl.
57.Positive waves in Electrocardiogram (ECG )= P,R and T waves.
58.Negative waves in Electrocardiogram (ECG)= Q and S.
59.Decrease in RBC count is called = Anaemia
60.Increase in WBC count is called= Leukemia ( a kind of blood cancer)
61.Decrease in WBC count is called = Leukopenia.
62.Water content in a new born child = 85 to 90 %.
63.Water content in young adult= 55 to 60 %
64.Normal Body Mass Index range for adult is (BMI)= 19 -25
65.The daily secretion of saliva ranges from 1000 to 1500ml
66.Weight of cerebrum in brain= 1400 in males and 1200 in females.
67.Count of RBC= about 5.2 million per cubic millimeter(range :4.2 to 5.8 million)
68.Count of WBC= about 4.5 million/mm3(range 3.6 to 5.2 million)
69.The smallest Leucocytes are Lymphocytes and the largest leucocytes are Monocytes.
70.Countings of WBC Cells: 1) Neutrophils (60 -70%),2) Eosinophils (0.5-3.0%),Basophils(0.1%),
Lymphocytes (20-30%),and Monocytes (1-4%).
71.The life expectancy of Blood platelets or Thrombocytes is = 5-9 days
72.Total number of lymph nodes = 600
73.pH value of saliva is = 5.4 to 7.4
74.pH value of pancreatic juice = 7.8
75.An average ,a healthy human breaths = 12-16 times/minute.

2.ACTION OF VARIOUS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES:

*SALIVARY AMYLASE(or) PTYALIN= Act on cooked starch and converts

 into Maltose.
*PEPSIN= Act on proteins and converts into polypeptides and peptones.
*TRYPSIN=Act on proteins converts into polypeptides and peptones.
*CHYMOTRYPSIN= Act on proteins and converts into large peptides.
*RENNIN(in the presence of Calcium ions)= Act on Caesinogen(Soluble milk protein)and converts
into Caesin(curds)
*MALTASE= Act on maltose and converts into glucose and glucose.
*SUCRASE=Act on Sucrose and converts into glucose and fructose.
*LACTASE=Act on lactose and converts into glucose and galactose.
*PEPTIDASE= Act on Di ,Tripeptides and converts into aminoacids.
*NUCLEOTIDASE= Acts on nucleotides and converts into Nucleoside and Phosphoric acid.
*NUCLEOSIDASE= Act on nucleosides and converts into nitogenous base and sugar.
*PANCREATIC LIPASE (or) STEAPSIN = Act on Triglycerides (emulsified fat) and converts into
free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
*LIPASES= Act on Diglycerides and Monoglycerides and converts into Fatty acids and Glycerol.
*HCl= Converts inactive Pepsinogen into active Pepsin.
*ENTEROKINASE= Converts inactive Trypsinogen into active Trypsin.
*TRYPSIN= Converts inactive Chymotrysinogen into active Chymotrypsin.

3.ACTION (or) FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS HORMONES:

*Thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH)= Stimulates the secretion of TSH.

*Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)= Stimulates the secretion of FSH.

*Corticotropin releasing hormone. (CRH)=Stimulates the secretion of ACTH.

*Growth hormone releasing hormone. (GHRH)= Stimulates the secretion of GH.

*Prolactin releasing hormone. (PRH)=Stimulates the secretion of Prolactin.

*Leteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)= Stimulates the secretion of LH.

*Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) releasing hormone= Stimulates the secretion of MSH.

*Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone(GHIH)= Inhibits the secretion of GH.

*Prolactin inhibiting hormone(PIH)= Inhibits the secretion of Prolactin.

*MSH inhibiting hormone= Inhibits the secretion of MSH.

*Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)= Induces pigmentation in skin.

*Growth hormone (GH)/ Somatotropic hormone (STH) / Somatotropin= Promotes growth of all the
tissues, Stimulates Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis.

*Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) /Thyrotropin=Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete Tri-
iodothyronine(T3) and Thyroxine (T4).

*Adreno cortico tropic hormone (ACTH)= Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
and mineralocortids, release fatty acids from adipose tissue, ,stimulates melanin synthesis in
melanocytes and stimulates insulin secretion.

*Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)= Regulates the functions of gonads like testes and
ovaries.Helps in sperms production (Spermatogenesis) and in development of Graffian follicles.
*Luteinizing hormone (LH)/ Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)= In male it produces
testosterone and female induces ovulation.Along with FSH helps in maturation of ovarian follicles.

*Luteotropic hormone(LTH)/Luteotropin /Lactogenic hormone /Prolactin/Mammotropin= Stimulates

milk secretion after the child birth in females.

*Vasopressin (or) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)= Promotes reabsorption of water and electrolytes
from distal convoluted tubules of nephron.Also causes constriction of blood vessels and increases
blood pressure.

* Oxytocin= Stimulates vigorous contractions of the smooth muscles of Uterus during child birth
and ejection of milk from the mammary glands.

*Melatonin=1)play a central role in the regulation of circadian rhythm of our body 2)maintains the
normal sleep wake cycle 3)regulates the timing of sexual maturation of gonads 4)influences
metabolism 5) influences pigmentation 6) influences menstrual cycle and 7) influences defence
mechanism of our body.
*Thyroxin (or) Tetra- iodothyronine (T4) =1)regulates BMR and body heat production 2) Stimulates
protein synthesis and growth 3) essential for the development of skeletal and nervous system 4)
maintain blood pressure 5)reduces serum cholesterol levels 5) necessary for gonadial functions.

*Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)=1) Regulates the blood Calcium and Phosphate levels 2) reduces the
blood Calcium level.

*Parathormone (or) Parathyroid hormone(PTH)= 1)Parathormone is a Hypercalemic

hormone.2)Increases the blood Calcium level by stimulating osteoclasts to dissolve the bone
matrix.3)It enhances the reabsorption of Calcium and excretion of phosphates 4) Promotes
activation of Vitamin D to increase Calcium absorption by Intestinal mucosal cells.

*Thymulin,Thymosin,Thymopoietin and Thymic humoral factor(THF)= Involved major role in cell

mediated immunity(CMI).

*Cortisol( a Glucocorticoid)= 1) Involved in maintaining cardio vascular and kidney functions.2)It

produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response.3)It stimulates the
RBC production.

*Aldosterone( a Mineralocortid)= 1)It stimulates the reabsorption of Sodium and water and
eliminates Potassium and Phosphate ions through excretion 2) Helps in maintaining
electrolytes,osmotic pressure and blood pressure.3)Adrenal androgen plays a role in hair growth
in the axial region,pubis and facec during puberty.

*Adrenalin(or) Epinephrine("3F hormone"(Fight , Flight and Fright hormone )= 1) Increases liver

glycogen breakdown into glucose 2)Increases the release of fatty acids from fat cells.3) During
emergency it increases heart beat rate and blood pressure.4) Increases blood flow to the skeletal
muscles.5) Increase the metabolic rate of skeletal muscles,cardiac muscles and nervous tissue.

*Insulin= 1)act as hypoglycemic hormone 2)lower the blood glucose levels by increasing the
uptake of glucose into body cells like muscles and fat cells.3)It Increases conversation of glucose
into glycogen and deposition of it in liver and muscles.

*Humulin N = Human insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology and used to treats
diabetes mellitus.
*Glucagon= 1) It is a hyperglycemic hormone that acts on the liver and promotes the breakdown
of glycogen to glucose (Glycogenolysis) and increases the blood sugar levels.2) Synthesis of
glucose from lactic acid and from non - carbohydrate molecules (Gluconeogenesis).

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 15

1.ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS:

*CHIPKO MOVEMENT (or) CHIPKO ANDOLAN = 1)The tribal women of Garhwal Himalayas
protested against the exploitation of forests in 1972.2)Later on it transformed into Chipko
Movement by Sundarlal Bahuguna in Mandal village of Chamoli district in the upper Alaknanda
Valley in 1974.3) People protested by hugging trees together which were felled by a sports goods
company.4)It is a Non-violent movement as Satyagraha done by both male and female activists
from Uttarakhand including Gaura Devi,Suraksha Devi,Sudesha Devi,Bachini Devi,Chandi Prasad
Bhatt and Virushka Devi.5)Main aim of Chipko Movement was to give a slogan of five F's-
Food,Fodder,Fuel,Fibre and Fertilizer,to make the communities self sufficient in all their basic
needs.

*APPIKO MOVEMENT= It is the southern version of Chipko Movement (hug the trees) started by
Pandurang Hegde in September 1983 at Gubbi Gadde ,a small village near Sirsi in Karnataka.The
objectives are 1)to protect the existing forest cover 2)to regenerate trees in denuded lands and 3)
to utilise forest wealth with due consideration to conservation.

*JOIN FOREST MANAGEMENT (JFM)= 1)In 1980's The Government of India introduced this
concept by realising the significance of participation by local communities for protecting and
managing forests.2)In return for their services to the forest, the communities get benefit of various
forest products (e.g., fruits,gum,rubber, medicine,etc)and thus the forest can be conserved in a
sustainable manner.

*JADAV "Molai" PAYENG=1) He was born in 1963 popularly known as The "Forest Man of
India",is an environment activist has single-handedly planted a forest in the middle of a barren
wasteland.2)This Forest Man of India has transformed the world's largest river
island,Mahuli,located on one of India's major rivers,the Brahmaputra,into a dense forest.3)This
dense man made natural forest ,home to rhinos,deers, elephants,tigers and birds.4)In 2015, he
was honoured with Padma Shri,the fourth highest civilian award in India 5)He also received
honorarary doctorate degree from Assam Agricultural University and Kaziranga University for his
contributions.

*AMRITA DEVI= 1)She was a brave lady from Khejarali village of Jodhpur District, Rajasthan.She
sacrificed her life on altar of Bishnoi Dharma.2)Incident took place in year 1730 in which to save
green trees Khejri(Prosopis cineraria) being felled by the Maharaja of Jodhpur at place known as
Khejarali in Marwar ,Rajasthan.3)To commemorate her bravery ,the Government of Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh have initiated the prestigious state level award named as "Amrita Devi Bishnoi
Smriti Award"for excellent contribution to the protection and conservation of wildlife.

*=Dr.M.S.SWAMINATHAN= Dr.Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan is an Indian

Scientist known for his leading role in India's Green Revolution.His research on potato, wheat,rice
and jute are well known plant breeding experiments.Due to his efforts the wheat production
Increased from twelve million tonnes in 1960's to seventy million tonnes now.He has produced
Sharbati Sonora of wheat variety by mutation.He is aptly called as the "Father of Green Revolution
in India.

*Dr.G.NAMMALVAR = Dr.G.Nammalvar (1938-2013) was a Tamil agricultural scientist,

environmental activist and organic farming expert.He founded Nammalvar Ecological Foundation
for Farm Research and Global Food Security Trust (NEFFFRGFST-Vanagam) to create public
awareness about the benefits of organic farming.

*NEL JAYARAMAN= 1)Mr.Jeyaraman,hails from Adirangam village in Tiruvarur district of Tamil

Nadu.2)He was a disciple of Dr.Nammalvar and state coordinator of "Save our rice
campaign,Tamil Nadu.3)He strived hard for conservation of traditional rice varieties.He had trained
a team of farmers and regularly update them on the current issues that affect them.4) In a Seed
festival conducted by him in May 2016 at Adhirangam Village , 156 different traditional paddy
varieties were distributed to more than 7000 farmers across Tamil Nadu.5)In 2011,he received the
State Award for best organic farmer for his contribution to organic farming ,and in the year 2015,he
received the National Award for best Genome Savior.

*NORMAN E. BORLAUG = 1)The plant pathologist plant breeder devoted his life at the
International Maize and Wheat improvement centre at Sonard in Mexico.2)He developed a new
high yielding,rust resistant,non- lodging dwarf wheat varieties like Norin-10,Sonara-64,Lerma rojo-
64,etc.which are now being cultivated in many countries.This formed the base for "green
revolution".He is proudly called as "Father of Green Revolution of the World".He was awarded a
Nobel prize for Peace in 1970.

2.COMMON ZOOS OF INDIA:

*Mahendra Chaudhary Zoological Park,Chhatbir Punjab.

*Nehru Zoological Park, Hyderabad.
*Zoological Garden,Alipore,Kolkata
*Himalayan Zoological Park,Gangtok(Sikkim)
*Gandhi Zoological Park,Gwalior
*Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park,Darjeeling.

3.IMPORTANT MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD:

*Natural History Museum, London, England.

*United States National Museum, Washington,USA
*Field Museum of Natural History,Chicago,USA
*Musee de I'Homme ,Paris,France.
*Zoology Museum, Amsterdam
*Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai
*Indian Museum,Kolkata
*National Museum of Natural History (NMNH),Delhi
*Maharaja Sawai Man Singh (II) Museum, Jaipur
*Forest Museum,Andaman and Nicobar Islands

4.FAMOUS BOTANICAL GARDENS OF THE WORLD:

*Royal Botanical Garden,Kew, England

*National Botanical Garden, Lucknow
*Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah
*Lloyd Botanical Garden, Darjeeling
*New York Botanical Garden,USA
*Pisa Botanical Garden, Italy
*Pedira Botanical Garden,Italy
*Berlin Botanical Garden and Museum,Berlin-Dahlem
*Cambridge University Botanical Garden,USA.

5.IMPORTANT HERBARIA OF THE WORLD:

*Museum of Natural History,Paris(P)=10000000 Collection of plants.
*Royal Botanical Garden,Kew(K)=6000000
*Komarov Botanical Institute,St Petersburg, Leningrade(LE)=5700000
*Conservatory and Botanical Garden,Geneva(G)=5000000
* Combined Herbaria,Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A,FH,GH,AMES)=5000000
*New York Botanical Garden,New York (NY)=5000000
*US National Herbarium (Smithsonian), Washington (US)
=4100000
British Museum of Natural History, London (BM)=4000000

6.SOME IMPORTANT INDIAN HERBARIA:

*Indian Botanical Garden,Kolkata(1000000 Plant Specimens)

*Herbarium of Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (300000 Plant Specimens)
*Herbaria of Agriculture College and Research Institute, Coimbatore (200000 Plant Specimens)
*Herbarium of National Botanical Garden, Lucknow (40000 Plant Specimens)
*Herbarium of the division of Mycology and Plant Pathology at IARI(Indian Agricultural Research
Institute), New Delhi(25000 Plant Specimens)
*Herbarium of division of Botany of IARI,New Delhi(3000 Plant Specimens)
*Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu(1,90,000)
*Presidency College Herbarium, Chennai,Tamil Nadu (10,000)
*Rapinet Herbarium, Trichy,Tamil Nadu (12,000)

6/29, 9:05 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 16

1.IMPORTANT CORRECT SEQUENCES OF STRUCTURES AND STEPS IN BIOLOGICAL

CONCEPTS:

*Which of the following depicts the correct pathway of transport of sperms?

Rate Testis>Efferent ductules>Epididymis>Vas deferens

*Which is the correct sequence of sperm formation?

Spermatogonia>Spermatocyte>Spermatid>Spermatozoa

*Which is the possible way for spermatogenesis?

GnRH>LH>Leydig cells>Androgen>Spermatogenesis

*Which is the possible way for Spermiogenesis?

GnRH>FSH>Sertoli cells>Some factors>Spermiogenesis

*Which is the correct path for the secretion and transport of milk in mammary gland ?
Alveoli>Cavity of alveoli>Mammary tubule>Mammary duct>Mammary ampulla>Lactiferous duct.

*Select the correct anotomical sequence:

Seminiferous tubules>Rete testis>Vasa efferentia>Epididymis>Vasa deferens

*The correct chronological order of the following events is :

Gametogenesis>Insemination>Fertilization>Implantation>Gestation>Parturition
*In the wall of alimentary canal which are/is true sequence from outer to inner?
Serosa>Long muscle>Circular muscle >sub-mucosa >mucosa

*Which is the correct sequence of the air passage in man ?

Nasal cavity>pharynx>larynx(voice box)>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>
alveoli
*Find the correct descending order to the percentage proportion of leucocytes in human blood:
Neutrophils>Lymphocytes>Monocytes>Acidophilus(Eosinophils)>Basophils

*What is the correct order of these events?

Thromboplastin formation>Convertion of prothrombin to thrombin>Clot retraction and leakage of
serum>Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

*Identify the correct sequence of events in a cardiac cycle:

Atrial systole>Ventricular systole>Joint diastole

*The cardiac impulse is initiated and conducted further up to ventricle.The correct sequence of
conduction of impulse is :
SA Node >AV Node >AV Bundle>Purkinje fibres

*What is the right sequence of bones in the ear ossicles of a mammal starting from the tympanum
inwards?
Malleus>Incus>Stapes

*Which of the following is showing the correct sequential order of vertebrae in the vertebral column
of human beings?
Cervical>thoracic>lumbar>sacral>Coccygeal

*Identify the correct sequence of organs/regions in the organisation of human ear as an auditory
mechanoreceptor organ:
Pinna>Auditory canal>Tympanic membrane>Malleus>Incus>Stapes>Cochlea>Auditory nerve

*Which of the following layers are present in the adrenal cortex from inner to outer?
Zona reticularis>zona fasciculata>zona glomerulosa

*Arrange the following steps of mechanism of vision in order:

1) Focussing of visible light on retina2)Light induces dissociation of the retinal from opsin3)Change
in structure of opsin4)Change in membrane permeability 5) Potential differences are generated in
photoreceptor cells6) Generation of AP in ganglion cell through bipolar cells7)Action potential is
transmitted via optic nerve to visual cortex8)At visual cortex,nerve impulses are analysed and the
image formed on retina is recognised based on the earlier memory and experience.

*Starting from the innermost part ,the correct sequence of parts in an ovule are:
Egg>Embryo Sac>Nucellus>Integument

*In a typical, complete, bisexual and hypogynous flower,the arrangement of floral whorls on the
thalamus from the outermost to the innermost is :
Calyx>Corolla>Androecium>and Gynoecium

*Which of the following is correct?

Proembryo>Globular embryo>Mature embryo

[6/29, 9:06 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 17

IMPORTANT CORRECT SEQUENCES OF STRUCTURES AND STEPS IN BIOLOGICAL

CONCEPTS :

*Select the correct sequence :

Molecules>Cell>Tissue>Organ>Organ system>Organism>Population>Community
*Select correct sequence for decreasing order of hierarchy ________ :
Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Tribe>Genus>Species

*Select correct sequence for increasing order of taxonomic hierarchy _______ :

Species>Genus>Family>Order>Class>Phylum(or) Division>Kingdom

*Which of the following classification of cockroach is correct?

Arthropoda>Insecta>Orthoptera>Blattidae>Periplaneta>americana

*Correct order of classification of Indian Earthworm is :

Annelida>Oligochaeta>Haplotaxida>Kampito>mauritii

*Correct option of taxonomic position of Common Indian Green Frog is :

Chordata>Amphibia>Anura>Rana> hexadactyla

*Correct sequence of route or way for pulmonary circulation :

Right ventricle>Pulmonary valve>Pulmonary artery>Lungs>Four pulmonary veins>Left auricle

* The correct way of Systemic circulation is :

Left ventricle>Aortic valve (or ) Atrial valve >Aorta>Superior and Inferior Vena Cava>Right auricle

* Correct anatomical features for Reflex Arc is :

Sensory organ>Sensory (or)afferent nerve >grey matter of the spinal cord>intermediary (or) relay
neurons>efferent (or)motor neuron>effector organ

*Which are the layers are noticed during secondary growth in stem ,sequencing outer to inner ?
Coto(or)Phellem>Cork cambium (or)Phellogen>Secondary cortex(or)Phelloderm >Cortex>Primary
Phloem>Secondary Phloem>Cambium>Secondary Xylem>Primary Xylem> Pith.

*Which is the correct sequence for plant specimen collection ?

Collection>pressing>drying >poisoning>mounting

*Choose the correct sequence to fill information on right side of Herbarium?

Scientific name >Family >Popular name>Location of its collection

*Which phylum sequence respectively included in acoelomate,pseudocoelomate and coelomate ?

Platyhelminthes>Aschelminthes>Annelida

*Find out the appropriate sequence :

Palmitic acid >Saturated fatty acid>long chain

* Which group is correct for the structure of Amino acids ?

Carboxyl group,Amino group,Hydrogen group,Reactive 'R' Group.

*Which of the sequence correctly represent pyrimidine Nitrogenous bases?

Cytocine,Thymine ,Uracil

*Which represent Nucleside ?

Nitrogenous base +Pentose sugar

*Which represent Nucleotide ?

Nucleoside +Phosphate
[6/29, 9:08 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 18

1.IMPORTANT CORRECT SEQUENCES OF STRUCTURES AND STEPS IN BIOLOGICAL

CONCEPTS :

*Choose to correct sequence of events during sexual reproduction in humans

Gametogenesis>Insemination>fertilisation>implantation>gestation>parturition

*Choose the correct order for the path of sperm from the testes to outside the body
Epididymis>ductus deferens>ejaculatory duct>penis

*The sequence of communities of primary succession in water is:

Phytoplankton,rooted submerged hydrophytes, floating hydrophytes,reed swamp,meadow and
trees.

*Correct sequence for decomposition process is :

Fragmentation>leaching>catabolism>mineralisation

*Correct decreasing order for rate of primary productivity on land will be :

Tropical rainforests>Temperate forests>Savannah>Arid regions

*The correct sequence of plants in a hydrosere is :

Volvox>Hydrilla>Pistia>Scirpus>Lantana>Oak

*The most accepted line of descent in human evolution is :

Ramapithecus>Homo habilis>Homo erectus>Homo sapiens

*The chronological order of human evolution from early to the recent is :

Ramapithecus>Australopithecus>Homo habilis>Homo erectus

*Arrange the following in the order of their evolution :

Dryopithecus>Ramapithecus>Australopithecus>Homo habilis>Homo erectus>Neanderthal
man>Homo sapiens

*Identify the correct order of organization of genetic material,from largest to smallest :

Genome, Chromosome,gene, nucleotide

*In the lac operon the order of segments in the DNA is:
Promoter,Operator, Galactosidase,Permease,Transferase

*Choose the correct sequence in Ecological hierarchy :

Species (Individual organism)>Population>Community>Ecosystem>Landscape>Biome>Biosphere

*which is a correct general steps in patenting ?

Discovery/Invention>Primary appraisal>Filing patent in the office of Controller of
Patents(Assessment and Licence negotiation>Further patenting abroad>Grant /refusal of patent
>Enforcement of approved patent

*Which of the following is correct steps of dialysis ?

1)Blood is drained from convenient artery 2)Blood is mixed with heparin 3)Blood is passed through
a coiled and porous cellophane tube bathing in dialysis fluid 4)Removal of nitrogenous wastes
from blood 5)Blood is mixed with anti-heparin 6)Blood is passed into a vein.

*Which way of pollen to ovary is sequentially correct ?

Stigma>Style>Ovary

*The Harshey -Chase experiments show which of the following steps chronologically?
Infection>Blending >Centrifugation

*Mother and father of a person with 'O' blood group have 'A' and 'B' blood group respectively.What
would be the genotype of both mother and father?
Both mother and father are heterozygous for 'A' and 'B' blood group , respectively .

*A nuceotide has the following components :

A nitrogenous base,phosphate group,a ribose sugar

*ELSI stands for :

Ethical,Legal and Social Issues

*Arrange the ascending order of extinction (reptiles) :

Pelycosaurs,Thecodonts,Therapsids,Dinosaurs

*Correct order is :
Palaeozoic>Mesozoic>Cenozoic

*In1953,S.L Miller created the primitive earth conditions in the laboratory and gave experimental
evidence for the origin of first form of life from pre-existing non living organic molecules.The
primitive earth conditions created include :
High temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing CH4,NH3,etc.

[6/29, 9:09 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY -19

SPECIFIC BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY :

*Apiculture= The rearing of bees

*Entomology=The study of Insects
*Microbiology= The study of microbes
*Sericulture= The rearing of silkworms
*Pathology=The study of diseases and their Control.
*Taxonomy= The study of classification of organisms
*Silviculture=The study of management of useful forest.
*Palaeontology= The study of fossils
*Physiology= The study of functions of various organs.
*Morphology= The study of external features of an organism.
*Anatomy= The Study of internal structures of living organisms.
*Olericulture=The study of cultivation of vegetables.
*Ecology= The study of relationship between organisms and environment.
*Genetics=The science of heredity and variations
*Histology= The study of tissues.
*Teratology= The study of birth defects or malfarmations .
*Cytology=The study of structure and functions of cells and their organelles.
*Limnology=The study of fresh water bodies like lakes ,ponds and streams .
*Zoology= The study of animals.
*Botany = The study of plants.
*Biology= The study of living organisms.
*Immunology=The study of resistance of organisms to infection.
*Eugenics=The study of factors related to improvement of human race by improving germplasm.
*Euthenics= The study of factors related to improvement of human race by improving
environmental factors including health, effective nutrition and education.
*Euphenics= The scientific study of making phenotypic improvements to humans after birth,
generally to affect a problematic genetic condition.
*Dendrology(or)Xylology=The study of the characteristics of trees,shrubs,Lianas, and other woody
plants.
*Osteology= The study of the structure of bones.
*Myology= The study of the muscular system, including the study of the structure, function and
diseases of muscle.
*Hematology= The study of blood,blood -forming organs and blood diseases.
*Odontology=The scientific study of teeth.
*Mammalogy= The scientific study of mammals.
*Oceanography= The scientific study of the physical,chemical,and biological features of the ocean.
*Pedology= The scientific study of soils in their natural environment.
*Edaphology=The scientific study deals with the influence of soils on living things,particularly
plants.
*Virology= The study of Viruses
*Bacteriology= The study of Bacteria
*Oncology= The study and treatment of tumours
*Mycology=The study of fungi
*Psychology= The scientific study of the mind and the way that people behave.
*Phycology(or) Algology= The scientific study of algae
*Ornithology= The study of Birds
*Herpetology= The study of amphibians and reptiles.
*Vermiculture= The cultivation of earthworms, especially in order to use them to convert organic
waste into fertilizer.
*Ichthyology=The study of fishes
*Dendrochronology=The scientific study of detecting the age of plants by dating growth rings of
plants.
*Dendroclimatology= The study of climate and atmospheric conditions during different periods in
history from wood.
*Pomology= The study of fruits and the science of fruit -growing
*Neuropsychology=The scientific study of brain's structure and function.
*Ophthalmology= The branch of medicine and surgery which deals with the diagnosis and
treatment of eye disorders.
*Endocrinology= The study of endocrine system.
*Bryology= The study of Bryophytes.
*Lepidopterology= The scientific study of moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies.

[6/29, 9:10 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY -020

FATHERS OF BIOLOGY :
*Father of Biology = Aristotle
*Father of Zoology= Aristotle
*Father of Natural History= Aristotle
*Father of Botany= Theoprastus
*Father of Modern Botany = Carolus Linnaeus
*Father of Indian palaeobotany= Birbal Sahni
*Father of Medicine= Hippocrates
*Father of Homeopathy= Hahnemann
*Father of Ayurveda= Charaka
*Father of Microbiology= Louis Pasteur
*Father of Immunology= Edward Jenner
*Father of surgery= Susruta
*Father of Protozoology=Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
*Father of Microscopy= Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
*Father of Bacteriology=Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
*Father of Plant Anatomy= Nehemiah Grew
*Father of Microscopic Anatomy=
Marcello Malpighi
*Father of Comparative anatomy=George Cuvier
*Father of Cytology= Robert Hooke
*Father of Modern Cytology= Carl P Swanson
*Father of Blood circulation= William Harvey
*Father of Virology= W.M.Stanley
*Father of Blood groups= Karl Landsteiner
*Father of ECG(Electrocardiogram)= Einthoven
*Father of Histology= Xavier Bichat
*Father of Ecology= Alexander Von Humboldt
*Father of Modern Ecology= Eugene P.Odum
*Father of Indian Ecology= R .Misra
*Father of Chromatography= Michael Tswett
*Father of parasitology=Platter
*Father of Modern Evolution= Charles Darwin
*Father of Natural Selection= Charles Darwin
*Father of English Geology= William Smith
*Father of Modern Palaeontology=Georges Cuvier
*Father of Modern Embryology=Karl Ernst Von Baer
*Father of Tissue culture= Harrison
*Father of Genetics= Gregor Johann Mendel
*Father of Modern Genetics= W.Bateson
*Father of Experimental genetics= T.H.Morgan
*Father of biochemical genetics=Archibald Garrod
*Father of Eugenics= Francis Galton
*Father of Endocrinology= Thomas Addition
*Father of Genetic Engineering= Paul Berg
*Father of Gene Therapy=Anderson
*Father of Taxonomy= Carolus Linnaeus
*Father of Biochemistry= Justus VolLiebig
*Father of Antibiotics=Alexander Fleming
*Father of paleobotany= Adolphe -Theodore Brongniart
*Lalaji Singh = Father of Indian DNA Fingerprinting
*Father of Finger printing= Dr Alex Jeffreys
*Father of Green Revolution of India= Dr M.S.Swaminathan
*Father of Green Revolution in the World= Norman Borlaug
*Father of Tissue culture= Gottlieb Haberlandt
*Father of Tissue culture of India = Shri Panchanan Maheswari
*Father of Vermicomposting Technology of India= Dr Sultan Ahmed Ismail
*Father of Agronomy= Peter De -cresenji
*Father of Biodiversity= E.O.Wilson
*Father of plant physiology= Stephen Hales
*Father of Bryology= Johann Hedwig
*Father of Indian Mycology= Sir Edwin John Butler
*Father of Mutation= Hugo de Vries

[6/29, 9:15 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 21

1. IMPORTANT BOOKS AND AUTHORS IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS OF BIOLOGY :

*On the Origin of Species= Charles Darwin(1859)
*Philosophie Zoolgique= Jean Baptiste de Lamarck(1809)
*Species Plantarum = Carolus Linnaeus(1753)
*Genera Plantarum= Carolus Linnaeus(1737)
*Systema Naturae= Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
*Historia Generalis Plantarum= John Ray(1686)
*Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis(1693)
*Micrographia= Robert Hooke (1665)
*De Humani Corporis Fabrica= Andreas Vesalius(1543 AD)
*On Animals=Albert Magnus (1249)
*Naturals Historia= Pliny the Elder(77-79AD)
*De Historia Plantarum= Theophrastus(320 BC)
*De Causis Plantarum = Theophrastus(320 BC)
*Histology= Albrecht von Kolliker(1852)
*Anatomical Preparationa= Galen(131-200 AD)
*Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical= Hendry Grey(August 1858)
*New Systematics= E.Mayr(1942)
*Anatomy of Seed plants = Katherine Easy
*" An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms"= Panchanan Maheswari (1950)

2. SPECIFIC TERMINOLOGIES COINED BY BIOLOGISTS :

*Biotechnology= Karl Ereky

*Niche= Roswell Hill Johnson
*Ecology=Reiter
*Ecosystem= A.G.Tansley
*Bacterium= Ehrenberg
*Protoplasm= J.E.Purkinje
*Chromatin= W. Flemming
*Chromosome= Waldeyer
*Centrosome=T.Boveri
*'Bioplast' for Mitochondria=Altmann
*Mitochondria=C.Benda
*Gene = Johansen
*Transposons (or) Jumping Genes = Barbara McClintock
*Cell= Robert Hooke
*Mutation= Hugo de Vries
*Zoology= Aristotle
*Biology= Thomas Bedford(1799)
*Molecular Biology= Warren Weaver
*Genetic code = Marshall Nirenerg
*DNA fingerprinting= Alec Jeffreya
*Virus= Martinus Beijerinck
*Lysosome= Christian de Duve
*Ribosome= R.B.Roberts(1958)
*Nucleus = Robert Brown
*Nucleolus= Bowman
*Chloroplast= Andreas Schimper(1883)
*Plastids= Ernst Haeckel(1866)

[6/29, 9:16 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 022

SPECIFIC CONCEPTS FOR NEET BIOLOGY

*Steps involved in finger printing :

1) Extraction of DNA
2)Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 3)Fragmenting DNA
4)Separation of DNA by electrophoresis 5)Denaturing DNA
6)Blotting
7)Using probes to identify specific DNA 8) Hybridization with probe
9) Exposure on film to make a genetic/DNA Fingerprint.

*Fields of application of finger printing :

1)Forensic analysis
2)Pedigree analysis
3) Conservation of wild life 4)Anthropological studies

*Golden rice is :
A transgenic rice having gene for b-carotene

*Silencing of a gene could be achieved through the use of :

RNAi only and Antisense RNA only

*The correct statement regarding Retrovirus :

An RNA virus that can synthesize DNA during infection.

*GEAC stands for :

Genetic Engineering Approval Committee

*C-peptide of human insulin is :

Removed during the maturation of pro-insulin to insulin.

*Which part of the tobacco plant is infected by Meloidogyne incognita?

Root.

*Which kind of therapy was given in 1990 to a four -yeared old girl with adenosine
deaminase(ADA) deficiency?
Gene therapy.

*The correct sequence (or ) steps involved in the production of humulin :

1) Synthesis of gene for human insulin artificially
2) Insertion of human insulin gene into plasmid
3) Introduction of recombinant plasmid into E.coli
4)Culturing recombinant E.coli in bioreactors
5) Extraction of recombinant gene product from E.coli
6) Purification of humulin.

*Critical research areas of biotechnology are :

1) Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme
2) Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act
3) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein organic compound.

*Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate the :

Uptake of DNA through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall.

*The role of DNA ligase in the construction of a recombinant DNA molecule is :

Formation of phosphodiester bond between two DNA fragments.

*The correct statement in the context of observing DNA separated by agarose gel electrophoresis
:
Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen under exposure to UV light.

*Which one has popularized the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ?

Availability of 'thermostable' DNA polymerase.
*The palindromic base sequences in DNA can be easily cut at about the middle by some particular
restriction enzyme ?
5'-GAATTC-3'
3'-CTTAAG-5'

*The sequence recognised by EcoRI is :

5'-GAATTC-3' 3'-CTTAAG-5'

* The sequences of process involved in rDNA technology :

1) Isolation of DNA
2) Fragmentation of DNA by RE
3) Isolation of desired DNA fragment
4) Ligation of DNA fragment into vector 5) Transferring rDNA into host 6)Culturing host cells in a
medium at large scale
7) Extraction of the desired product.

*During sewage treatment,biogases are produced which includes :

Methane , Hydrogen sulphide,Carbon dioxide

*Which group of symptoms are indicative of pneumonia ?

Difficulty in respiration,fever,chills,cough, headache.

*The correct option of Immunoglobulins (Antibodies) :

IgA,IgG,IgE,IgD,IgM

*The sequential steps for breeding are :

1) Screening germplasm for resistance sources
2) Hybridization of selected parents
3) Selection and evaluation of hybrid
4) Testing and release of new varieties.

[6/29, 9:17 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 23

SPECIFIC FACTS FROM EVOLUTION FOR NEET BIOLOGY PREPARATIONS :

*Atmosphere of earth just before the origin of life consisted of :

CH4,NH3,H2 and Water vapours.

*Darwin's finches are a good example of :

Adaptive radiation.

*Analogous organs are :

Different in origin but perform similar functions.

*Single step large mutation leading to speciation is also called :

Saltation.

*A population is in Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with only two alleles.If the gene
frequency of an allele A is 0.7,the genotype frequency of Aa is :
0.42

*The extint human ancestor who ate only fruits and hunted with stone weapons was :
Australopithecus.
* The extint fossil man lived in near East and Central Asia between 1,00,000-40,000 years back
used hides to protect their body and buried their dead is :
Neanderthal man.

*Lichens are considered as pollution indicators.Lichens are found only in very clear
environment.Lichens are absent in the area polluted with :
SO2

*The Statement describe the theory of Natural Selection :

Organisms better adapted to their environment have greater reproductive success.

*The Era referred as Golden age of reptiles:

Mesozoic Era.

*This is a fossilized bird recognised as connecting link between reptiles and Aves :
Archaeopteryx lithographica

*Which era is dubbed as the age of prokaryotic microbes ?

Precambrian

*Industrial melanism is an example for :

Protective resemblance with the surroundings.

*The Brain size of Neonderthal man and Homo habilis respectively are :
1400cc and 650 -800cc.

*Homo eructus probably ate meat .Where does this fossil beds are discovered?
In Java ,1891.

*Which are the islands significant in the studies of Darwin and Alfred Wallace respectively?
Galapagos Islands and Malay Archipelago.

* Wings of butterfly and birds,Eye of the octopus and mammals,Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
and Sweet potato and potato are the analogous structures.Which depicts a kind of evolution called
____________:
Convergent evolution.

*Fore limbs of Man, Cheetah,Whale ,and Bat, Vertebrates brain and hearts,the thorn and tendrils
of Bougainvillea and cucurbita represent homologous organs (same structures but perform
different functions ) .This is based on which evolution?
Divergent evolution.

*Whose work on populations influenced Darwin's Natural Selection Concept.?

Thomas Malthus.

*In India , where we can see cave paintings by Pre- historic humans :
Bhimbetka rock shelter in Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh.

*Charles Darwin made a sea voyage in a sail ship called with Prof John Stevens Henslow:
H.M.S. Beagle.

*Which are the five factors affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

1)Gene migration (or) gene flow
2) Genetic drift (or) Founder effect( or ) Founder's principle (or) Bottle neck effect (or )Seawall
Wright effect
3) Mutation
4) Genetic recombination
5) Natural Selection.

[6/29, 9:19 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADAS NEET : DAY - 024

SPECIFIC FACTS FROM PLANT ANATOMY FOR NEET BIOLOGY PREPARATIONS :

1.Types of meristems on the basis of origin and development of initiating cells :

*PROMERISTEM=1)Tip of plumule 2)Tip of radicle

*PRIMARY MERISTEM= 1)It is derived from embryonic stages 2)differentiated into primary
permanent tissues3)apical meristems 4)intrafascicular Cambium 5)intercalary meristem

*SECONDARY MERISTEM=1)It is derived during later stage of development of the plant body
2)This produces i)vascular cambium in dicot root ii)interfascicular cambium iii)cork cambium
iv)wound cambium and v)accessory cambia of monocots

2.Types of meristem on the basis of position in the plant body :

*APICAL MERISTEM :
1)Found in the apices of shoots and roots 2)arranged without vascular tissue 3)free from virus and
is used in tissue culture to get virus free plants 4) responsible for increase in length of plant,it is
called as primary growth 5)apical meristem is divided into three zones a)PROTODERM(gives rise
to epidermal tissue)
b)PROCAMBIUM(gives rise to primary vascular tissues like Primary xylem and Primary phloem)
c)GROUND MERISTEM ( gives rise to cortex and pith)

*INTERCALARY MERISTEM:
1) it is present in the nodal region
2) prominently found in monocotyledons eg.grasses
3) it is present in between the permanent tissues
4)derived from the apical meristem
5) intercalary meristem is responsible for the elongation of internodes

*LATERAL MERISTEM:
1)it is present along the longitudinal axis of stem and root
2)Vascular cambium and Cork cambium (or) Phellogen are examples for lateral meristem.
3)this produces Secondary permanent tissues like Secondary Xylem and Secondary Phloem
4)it is responsible for thickening or increase in girth of stem and root.

3.Types of meristem on the basis of Plane of division in the plant body :

*MASS MERISTEM:It divides in all planes . Example:Endosperm,Young embryo and Sporangium

*RIB MERISTEM (or) FILE MERISTEM:It divides anticlinally in one plane . Example: development
of Cortex and Pith

*PLATE MERISTEM:It divides anticlinally in two planes Example: development of Epidermis.

4 .Different Theories of Apical Meristems :

I) APICAL CELL THEORY=

1)proposed by HOFMEISTER(1852)
2)Supported by NAGELI(1858)
II)HISTOGEN THEORY=
1) proposed by Hanstein(1870)
2) Supported by STRASBURGER
3)The shoot apices comprises three distinct zones DERMATOGEN (for Epidermis),PERIBLEM(for
Cortex)and PLEROME(for Stele including Central cylinder and pith)
4) CALYPTROGEN is responsible for the formation of ROOT CAP.
4) Haberlandt (1914), proposed new terms PROTODERM for Dermatogen, GROUND MERISTEM
for Periblem and PROCAMBIUM for Plerome.

III)TUNICA-CORPUS THEORY=
1)First proposed by SCHMIDT (1924)
2)Noticed two distinct zones Tunica in periphery and Corpus in inner core.

IV) MANTLE-CORE HYPOTHESIS=

1)was proposed by Popham and Chan(1950)

V)KORPER KAPPE THEORY=

1)First proposed by SCHUEPP(1917)for root apices
2)Korper zone forms the body(korper is characterized by inverted T divisions) and
3)KAPPE zone forms the cap(Kappe is characterized by straight T divisions)

VI) QUIESCENT CENTRE CONCEPT=

1)was proposed by Clowes(1961)
2)this explain root meristem activity
3)this centre is located between root cap and differentiating cells of the roots
4) QUIESCENT CENTRE is apparently inactive region of cells in root PROMERISTEM
4)cell divisions are very few in Quiescent centre and there is little synthesis of new proteins ,RNAs
and DNA.
5)it may function us RESERVE MERISTEM
6) it is the site of hormone synthesis.

[6/29, 9:20 AM] SOUNDARAPANDIAN R (RSP): HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 25

SPECIAL VISION ON BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES :

1.The main source of water pollution is = Sewage water.

2.Which chemical is associated with Bhopal gas tragedy?=Methyl isocyanate (MIC)

3.In which city the Butterfly Conservation Society is located ?=Hyderabad

4.How many Biodiversity HOTSPOTS are in the world as per ENVIS?= 35
5.How many hot spots biodiversity in the world have been identified till date by Norman
Myers?=34
6.How many Biodiversity HOTSPOTS are in India as per the survey of ENVIS?=4
7.IUCN is renames as :=WCU(World Conservation Union,Morges Switzerland).
8.Examples for Coextinctions:1)Orchid bees and forest trees by cross pollination,2)Calvaria tree
and the extinct bird of Mauritius Island,the Dodo.

9.Modern ex-situ conservation includes=Cryopreservation techniques,in vitro-fertilization and

propagation of plants by using tissue culture methods.
10.Joint Forest Management Concept was introduced in India during:= 1980s

11.When is World wildlife Day is celebrated?=3rd March

12.Nuisance growth of aquatic plants and bloom-forming algae in natural waters is generally due
to the high concentration of = Phosphorus and Nitrogen
13.The major cause of loss of numbers of migratory birds is=Urbanisation
14.The world's most problematic aquatic weed is = Eichhornia crassipes
15.The expanded form of DDT is =Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
16.In the context to India's wildlife,the flying fox is a= Bat
17.The green scum seen in the fresh water bodies is = Blue green algae and Green algae
18.Sacred groves are especially useful in=Conserving rare and threatened species.
19.Which was the first book to set the stage for society to change in becoming more
environmentally aware?=Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
20.Eutrophication of water bodies leading to killing of fishes is mainly due to the non availability of
= Oxygen
21.Which state of India,Valmiki National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is located ?=Bihar
22.Acid rain is caused by the increase in the atmosphere concentration of= SO2 and NO2
23.Largest share in global mangrove areas are found in?= Indonesia
24.When was Environment Day observed for the first time?=1972
25.The Air prevention and control of pollution Act came into in =1981
26.Kyoto Protocol was endorsed at =CoP-3
27.On which date International Day for Biodiversity is observed?=May,22
28.When is World Environment Day observed?=5th June
29.Good ozone is found in the = Stratosphere
30.Bad ozone is formed in = Trophosphere
31.What type of supermarket bag is more eco-friendly?=Paper
32.When do we celebrate Earth Day? April 22
33.Who wrote 'Earth Anthem?=Abhay Kumar
34.When and where was the Environment Day Anthem launched?=India,2013
35.When is World Forestry Day is celebrated?=21st March
36.What is the most common type of debris that litters our oceans?=Cigarettes
37.What percentage of the planet's land is covered by forest?=30
38.Antarctic region has a large area of thinned ozone layer(less density area),is commonly called
as = Ozone hole
39.Which is the most trafficked mammal in the world currently in 2020?=Pangolin
40.Which is the country has the highest biodiversity?= Brazil
41.Expand IUCN= International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
42.Who prepared Polyblend and created Haryana Kisan Welfare Club?= Ahmed Khan
43.Which is referred to as"lungs of the planet Earth"?= Amazon rain forest.
44.Which are the endangered plant species of India?=Rauvolfia serpentina,Santalum
album(Sandal wood)and Cycad beddomei.
45.Which institute has developed cost effective package for vermi activity ?=BERI
46.Which is the National aquatic animal of India?
River Dolphin.

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 26

INTERESTING FACTS ON CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE :

1.The Golgi complex plays a major role in :

= In post translational modification of proteins and glycosidation of lipids.
2.Which structures perform the function of mitochondria in bacteria? :
= Mesosomes
3.The vital stain used to visualize mitochondria is :
= Janus green
4.What we call the outer membrane of Vacuole ?:
=Tonoplast
5.Presence of which one is the reason for classification of bacteria in to plants ?:
= Cell Wall
6.Who proposed the fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane?:
= Singer and Nicolson
7.Which is a cell organelle containing hydrolytic enzyme?:
= Lysosome
8.Which is a common characteristics feature of Sieve tube cells in plants and mammalian RBC?:
=Absence of nucleus
9.Which are the dyes are used in staining in Chromosomes?:
=Methylene blue,Basic Fuchsin and Carmine
10.Mictotubules are the constituents of :=Spindle fibres,Cilia and Centrioles
11.Ribosomes are not membrane bound.True or False Statement?
= Ribosomes
12.The name 'Chromatin'was given by :
= Fleming
13.Chromatin contains:
= DNA,Some non-histone protein ,RNA and Basic protein histone.
14.Amyloplast stores:
=Carbohydrate
15.Elaioplast stores:
=Oil and fat
16.A kind of leucoplast,Aleuroplasts has the stored food is :
= Protein .
17.Tonoplast membrane of Vacuole is important for:
= Transporting ions against concentration gradient.
18.What kind of ribosome is seen in mitochondria?:
= 70S
19.In 30S and 40S ribosomes,'S' stand for:
= Svedberg's unit
20.RER is frequently seen in cells associated with frequent synthesis and secretion of :
=Protein
21.SER is frequently associated with the synthesis of :
= Lipid
23.A polysome or polyribosomes is /are a chained structure of which organelle?:
= Ribosome
24.In polyribosome,the ribosomes are attach to which RNA?:
= m-RNA
25.Gas Vacuoles are found in :
=Blue -green bacteria, Green photosynthetic bacteria and purple bacteria.
26.A loose sheath of glycocalyx layer is called:
=Slime layer
27.The longest cells in human body are :
= Neurons
28.Who concluded that ,the "Cell wall is a unique structure of plant cells'.?:
= Schwann
29.'Omnis cellula e cellula' was given in the year :
1855
30.An exceptional to cell theory is :
= Fungi
31.Which are considered as a 'Riddle to the Biologist's or 'Puzzle to the Biologist's.:
= Viruses
32.What is the other name for mesosomes?:
= Peripheral bodies
33.Who were first observed mesosomes in 1953?:
= George B Chapman and James Hillier
34.What is the role of mesosomes equivalent to the function of mitochondria?:
= Cellular respiration.
35.Neurons cannot divide because of the absence of cell organelles:
= Centrioles
36.Why RBC are lack of cell nucleus and most of the organelles.The reason is :
= In order to accommodate maximum space for haemoglobin.

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 27

INTRESTING FACTS IN BOTANY :

1.Stamens are branched in :

= Ricinus (Castor)
2.One sepal of the flower is very much enlarged and leafy:
= Mussaenda
3.Anthers are Sagittate or arrow head like in :
= Vinca
4 .The funnel shaped stigma is found in :
= Incrocus
5.The persistant wheel -like stigma is found in :
= Papaver(Poppy)
6.Compound pollen grains are found in :
= Mimosa
7. Angiosperm families Double Fertilization and Endosperm formation does not occur:
= Orchidaceae,Podostermonaceae and Trapaceae
8.Flowers of Erythrina are pollinated by:
= Squirrels and Cows
9.Intercalary inflorescence is found in :
= Callistermon(Bottle brush)
10.Adventitious roots are formed from flesh reproductive roots in :
= Sweet potato
11.The plant with single leaf :
= Monophyllea
12.Hardened petiole is found in :
= Quisqualis
13.The whole leaf is modified into spine in:
= Berberis
14.The plant with longest leaf ,nearly 10 to 15 meters is :
= Raphia vinifera
15.The largest leaf with diameter of 1.8 meters is :
= Victoria amazonica
16.Petiole of this plant is hollow,tubular or fistular:
= Carica papaya
17.The plant with largest inflorescence (approximately 32 feet) of the world is :
= Puya raimondii
18.The plant with petaloid bract is :
= Bougainvillea
19.Plant with smallest seeds:
= Orchid
20.The plant with largest seed weighing about 6Kg:
= Lodoicea maldivica(Double coconut)
21.The plant produces largest fruit is:
= Lodoicea maldivica
22.The plant with longest pollen grain is :
= Zosteria
23.The plant produces biggest pollen is :
= Mirabilis
24 The plant produces very smallest pollen :
= Myosotis
25.The plant with longest style is :
= Maize ( Zea mays)
26.The world smallest flower is :
= Wolffia microscopica (or) Wolffia arrhiza
27.The plant produces largest flower :
= Rafflesia
28. Plants produces longest inflorescence :
= Agave (12m) and Amorphophallus(5.5m)
29.Which plant liberates pollen grains as clouds of yellow powder and commonly called as
"Sulphur shower " (or) "Sulphur rain"? :
= Pinus
30.Sessile leaves ( leaves without petiole)are found in :
= Calotropis
31.The plant with opposite decussate phyllotaxy is :
= Calotropis
32.Red colour of ripened tomato is due to :
= Chromatophore
33.The plant used to treat Jaundice is :
= Phyllanthus amarud
34.The plant has the anticancerous property is :
= Vinca rosea (or) Catharanthous roseus
35.The fastest growing plant in grass family is :
= Bamboo
36.Which is a Baker's Yeast ? :
= Saccharomyces cerevisiae
37.What is Kelp?:
= Brown algae rich with Iodine.
38.Which algae is commonly called as "Pond Silk " (or) "Water Silk"?
= Spirogyra
39.Which plant bark provide antimalarial drug Quinine ?:
= Cinchona
40.Which Vitamin sources not found in plants ?
= Vitamin B12.

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 28

CRACK THE NEET - BIOLOGY BY A GLANCE IN TEN MINUTES !!!

1."Who has identified ""Jumping Genes" (or) " "Walking Genes"(or) "TRANSPOSONS" (or)
" Transposable elements "(TEs) ?:
= Barbara McClintock
2.What are "Junk DNA"?
=Regions of DNA that are not- coding
3.Why does introns of DNA are significant while do not encode protein products ?
= Introns are integral to gene expression regulation and also allow for faster evolution.
4.Who was invented Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in 1985?
= Kary Banks Mullis
5.Who has first invented and used DNA fingerprinting technology ?
= Sir Alec Jeffreys
6.Which are the memraneless Organelles found in a cell?
= Ribosome,Cell wall and Centrioles
7.Which Organelles that contains DNA?
= Nucleus, Mitochondria and Chloroplast
8. Which are called as "Semi autonomous Organelles"?
= Chloroplast and Mitochondria (due to the presence of DNA)
9.Where from the Acrosome of a sperm is derived ?
= Golgi apparatus
10.Which organelles are involved in Autolysis?
= Lysosomes
11.Which mineral deficient area,the Insectivorous plants are growing ?
= Nitrogen
12.Which kind of plants ,Vivipary is noticed?
= HALOPHYTES ,the Mangrove plants (Eg:
Rhizophora,Bruguiera,Ceriops,Kandelia,Nypa,Aegiceras and Avicennia)
13.What we call the negatively geotropic respiratory roots are commonly found in
mangrove vegetation like Rhizophora?
= Pneumatophores = Due to high salinity in water ,Special aerial roots are produced to get
oxygen from the atmosphere ,(Pneumathodes are the pores found in respiratory roots)
14.What is a spongy tissue found in EPIPHYTES like Vanda,Clivia and Orchids to absorb
moisture from the atmosphere and rain water ?
= Velamen
15.What we call the plant with mesophyll differentiated into upper Palisade and lower
Spongy parenchyma?
Dorsiventral leaves (Eg: Dicot leaves )
16.What we call the plants with undifferentiated mesophyll?
= Isobilateral leaves ( Eg: Monocot leaves)
17.What is Tonoplast ?
= Membrane covering of a Vacuole of a plant cell
18.What is Symplast ?
= A continuous network of interconnected plant cell protoplasts
19.What we call the space outside the plasma membrane within which materials can diffuse
freely ?
= Apoplast
20.Which is a Gymnosperm exceptionally found with Xylem vessels ?
= Gnetum
21.What is the role of Bulliform cells (or) Motor Cells found in upper epidermis of
monocot leaves?
= Folding and unfolding of leaf tissue to get light and to reduce water loss
22.Which plant gives commercial cork ?
= Quercus suber
23.Which is a complete ( or ) total stem parasite?
= Cuscuta
24.Which plant family stems have Bicollateral vascular bundles?
= Cucurbitaceae (Eg: Cucurbita)
25.Which is a innermost cortical layer of Dicot and Monocot root ?
= Endodermis
26.Which layer is morphologically homologous to the endodermis found in the root ?
= Starch sheath of Dicot stem
27.Which is a protein that prevents blood clotting ,secreted by Mast cells?
= Heparin
28.Which are extra chromosomal,self replicating ds circular DNA molecules ?
= Plasmids
29.Which is a reconstructed plasmid and mostly widely used as cloning vector?
= pBR 322 Plasmid (4361 base pairs are found,p denotes plasmid ,B and R respectively
represent the names of scientists BOLIVER and RODRIGUEZ who developed this plasmid)
30.Which are called as "Molecular scissors"?
= Restriction endonucleases ,which are used to cut or cleave or nick the DNA into
fragments.
31.Give examples for Exonucleases:
= Bal 31 and Exonuclease III.
32.Give examples for Endonucleases used to break the internal phosphodiester bonds
within a DNA molecule:
= Hind II , EcoRI , Pvul, BamHI and TaqI.
33.Which is referred to as "Molecular paste" used to join the cut ends of ds DNA during
Genetic Engineering?
= Ligase
34.Who putforth the Ten percent law ?
= Lindeman,in 1942
35.Who was introduced the concept of Ecological pyramids?
= Charles Elton
36.Which is a Blue green algae (Cyanobacteria) commonly used as Single Cell Protein(
SCP) in tablet forms?
= Spirulina
37.Which are commonly called as "Stop codons" (or)"Termination codons"(or) Non-sense
codons to halt the protein synthesis?
= UAA,UAG and UGA
38.During transcription holoenzyme RNA polymerase binds to a DNA sequence and the
DNA assumes a saddle like structure at that point.What is that sequence called?
= TATA box (or) Pribnow box (non - coding DNA sequence)
39.In which plant , TAYLOR conducted the experiment to prove semiconservative mode of
chromosome replication?
= Vicia faba,the Broad bean.
40.Who was first demonstrated Cellular totipotency?
= F.C.Steward
41.Good Ozone and Bad Ozone are found respectively in which layers?
= Stratosphere and Troposphere
42.Which bacterium is a common indicator of water pollution?
= Escherichia coli ( E.coli)
43.Which are most suitable indicators of SO2 pollution in the environment ?
= Lichens
44.Which is a First man- made cereal with hexaploid nature(an allopolyploid)?
= Triticale
45.In which one , Dr Norman Boraug and Dr M.S. Swaminathan are associated ?
= Green revolution
46.Where is International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is located?
= Los Banks,Philippines
47.Which is referred as " Start codon" (or) "Initiation codon" and it codes for the aminoacid
METHIONINE (Met in Eukaryotes and fMet in Prokaryotes)?
= AUG
48.Which are the pyrimidines?
= Cytocine, Thymine (found in DNA) and Uracil( found in RNA)
49.Which is a convoluted membranous structure of plasma membrane found in
Prokaryotes like bacteria perform the cellular respiration just like mitochondria in
Eukaryotes?
= Mesosome
50.who was coined the term Green Revolution?
= William S.Gaud in 1968.

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 29

CRACK THE NEET - BIOLOGY BY A GLANCE IN TEN MINUTES !!!

1.Which are the newly discovered two amino acids?

= Selenocysteine(21st )and Pyrrolyine(22nd aminoacid)

2.Which is the most important amino acid for hair growth and a component of keratin?
= Cysteine

3.What is the non steroid component found in oral contraceptive pill " SAHELI" produced
by CDRI, Lucknow?
= Centchroman

4.Who is the World's first test tube baby born in England?

= Louise Joy Brown

5.Which is a rerest blood group in ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM in India and World wide?
= AB-

6.Which is the innermost layer of Uterus ?

= Endometrium

7.Which secretes Relaxin in females ?

= Corpus luteum and Placenta

8.Which is known as an "Artificial Kidney "?

= Dialyser used in Haemodialysis.

9.In human body ,which part urea biosynthesis (or) Ornithine Cycle is takesplace?
= Liver

10.Which is the main constituent of gall stones?

= Cholesterol

11.What we call the anti-viral protein produced by virus infected cells ?

= Interferon(INFs)

12.Which test is used for diagnosis of Typhoid?

= Widal test

13.Which is a confirmatory test for HIV and AIDS?

= Western blot test

14.What is ELISA?
= Enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay is a test used to detect and measures Antibodies
in blood especially in HIV infection.

15.Which test is used to diagnose Tuberculosis?

= The Mantoux tuberculin skin test.

16.Which desert mammal is known for its ability to make use of metabolic water ?
= Kangaroo rat

17.Which are the most common Autoimmune diseases?

= Rheumatoid arthritis,Type 1 Diabetes mellitus, Multiple sclerosis, Psoriasis, Inflammatory
Bowel disease and Myasthenia gravis.
18.What we call the 13 Trisomy and 21 Trisomy respectively?
= Patau syndrome and Down syndrome

19.What we call the viruses without protein coat ?

= Virods

20 What is Thermus aquaticus?

= A species of Gram negative bacteria f that can tolerate high temperature above 70°C
include under phylum Deinococcus-Thermus.

21.Why is Thermus aquaticus used in PCR?

= Because of the presence of Taq DNA polymerase.

22.Which is the store house of sperms?

= Epididymis

23.How the Malignant malaria is caused ?

= Malignant malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum.

24.Which are the larvivorous fish used for preventing malaria transmission?
= Gambusia affinis and Poecilia

25.Which cells are involved in production of Testosterone?

= Leydig cells

26.Which disease caused due to high eye pressure inside the eye and damage optic nerve
?
= Glaucoma

27.Which is a first autosomal dominant disorder noticed ?

= Huntington's chorea

28.Which are the Euryhaline animals?

= The green crab(Carcinus maenad),and Molly fish (Poecilia sphenops)

29.Which are the Stenohaline animals?

=Gold fish (Carassius auratus) and a marine fish Haddock.

30.Which are the Eurythermal animals ?

= Cat ,Dog,Man,Goat,and Tiger.Most of the mammals and birds.

31.Which are the Stenothermal animals?

= Penguin ,Python ,Polar bear, frog,lizard and Crocodile.

32.Among the Corpus luteum ,Corpora quadrigemina,Conus medullaris ,Corpus albicans

and Corpus callosum ,which is a part of mid brain?
= Corpora quadrigemina.
HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 30

HOT QUESTIONS
(HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS)

1.Why the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more suitable for production of recombinant interferons
than E.coli?
= Because E.coli does not possess the machinery for glycosylation of proteins.

2.Why the Bacteria and Amoeba are immortal?

= Because there is no natural death in single celled organisms like Amoeba and Bacteria because
parental body is distributed among the offspring.

3."Fertilisation is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants".How?

= Seedless fruits are developed in plants like Papaya,Grapes,Pine apple,Guava and Pomogranate by
the application of plant hormones and not by natural Fertilization.

4.Why "Vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction"?

= Just like asexual reproduction ,here also there is no involvement of two parents.

5.what is the reasons for failure of fruit formation in rose?

= Roses,being vegetatively propagated do not need to produce seeds,and also plants may not produce
viable pollens.

6.Why does the zygote begin to divide only after the division of Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC)?
= The Zygote need nourishment for its division and development.

7.Which is referred as "Store house of the sperms"?Why?

Epididymis stores the sperms in male reproductive system of human and helps in sperm maturity and
motility.

8.Why the scrotum of human hangs outside the abdominal cavity?

= To provide a temperature 2 or 3 °C lower than the normal internal body temperature ,to develop
the functional sperms.Thus scrotum act as a "Thermoregulator" for spermatogenesis.

9.Why the, Hymen layer in female reproductive system is not an indicator of women's virginity?
= Usually the hymen layer is often torn during the first coitus or physical union.But it can be torn due
to sudden fall or during physical activities such as cycling ,horseback riding etc.

10.Why doctors recommend breast feeding during initial period of infant growth?
= The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called Colostrum which contains
Antibody Ig A to give immunity.

11.How does polyspermy is prevented?

= After the entry of only one sperm,the Fertilisation membrane is formed around the ovum
preventing further penetration of sperms.

12.Why the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more suitable for production of recombinant
interferons than E.coli?
= Because E.coli does not possess the machinery for glycosylation of proteins.

13.Why is "Rosie" cow milk better than milk of normal cows?

= The milk of transgenic cow "Rosie" produced in 1997 rich in Human Alpha Lactalbumin ,2.4gm /
litre, nutritionally balanced food for new born babies.
14.What for bacterium Thermus aquaticus is used in PCR?
= Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium which can tolerate high temperatures.The first DNA polymerase
enzyme was isolated from this and used in PCR for DNA amplification.

15.What are " Mule " and " Hinny" .Why they are sterile ?
= Offspring produced by the cross of male donkey and female horse results in Mule whereas ,the
offspring formed from a cross between male horse and female donkey is Hinny.They are sterile due to
chromosomal incompatibility (A horse has 64 Chromosomes , and a donkey has 62.)

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 31

HOT QUESTIONS
(HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS)

1.Though the bile juice of liver has no digestive enzyme but is very essential for proper digestion of
food, especially of the fats.Why?
= Bile is a digestive juice secreted by the liver.Although it does not contain any digestive enzymes,it
play a vital role in fat digestion.Bile juice has bile salts Sodium glycocholate and Sodium taurocholate
which break down large fat globules into smaller globules.This process is known as emulsification of
fats.Bile also makes the medium alkaline and activate lipase.

2.What would happen if HCl is not secreted in the stomach?

= Hydrochloric acid is necessary to make the medium acidic which allows inactive enzyme Pepsinogen
to be converted into Pepsin.Pepsin plays an important role in the digestion of proteins.

3.Why the infants and old age people facing difficulty after drinking milk or after eating dairy
products?
= The reason is lactose intolerance due to the absence of enzyme LACTASE in small intestine and
milk digesting enzyme RENNIN(CHYMOSIN) in Stomach.

4.Why the small intestine in herbivores is longer than in carnivore ?

= Herbivores eat grass or green leafy vegetables rich in cellulose need a longer small intestine to allow
complete digestion of cellulose.Carnivores animals easily digest meat ,so they have a shorter intestine.

5.Why human faeces is yellow colour always regardless of age and food ?
= Due to the presence of Bilirubin as a breakdown of Haemoglobin in bile(Green colour is due to
Biliverdin).

6.Which kind of Peptic ulcer is common in young age group?

= Duodenal ulcer occurs in people in the age group of 25 -45 years.Gastric ulcer is common in persons
above the age of 50 years.Peptic ulcer also caused by the uncontrolled usage of Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc
and caused by the infection of bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

7.How the degree of obesity is assessed?

= It is by Body Mass Index (BMI).A normal BMI range for adult is 19-25.
BMI is calculated as body weight in Kg, divided by the squares of body height in meters.
For example,a 50Kg person with a height of 160 cms would have a BMI of 19.5.
That is BMI = 50/1.6² = 19.5

8.It is advised not to talk or laugh louder while eating?

= Because the food we eat might enter the Wind pipe(Trachea),other than of entering the Food pipe(
Oesophagus).

9.Why breathing rate in fish is higher than humans ?

= Because fish is breathing through gills.Air has around twenty times more oxygen than water
does,and water is also heavier than air,so it is harder to move into the fish's gills.

10.Why do some people snore?

= Breathing with a hoarse sound during sleep is caused by the vibration of the soft palate.Snoring is
caused by a partially closed upper air way(nose and throat)which becomes too narrow for enough air
to travel through the lungs.This makes the surrounding tissues to vibrate and produces the snoring
sound.

11.Which prevents the lungs from collapsing?

= The SURFACTANTS are the thin non- cellular films made of protein and phospholipids covering
the alveolar membrane.The surfactant lowers the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents the lungs
from collapsing.

12.Breathing through nose is better than(healthier than) breathing by mouth.Why ?

= The hairs inside nostrils filter any microbe in the air and it lets the clean air pass through.The air
gets warm and humified as it passes into our bodies, making it less shocking to our systems.Each
nostrils takes part in filtering,warming , moisturizing, dehumidifying ,and smelling the air.
Lungs can extract oxygen from the air we breathe primarily on the exhale.Because the nostrils are
smaller than the mouth,air exhaled through the nose creates back pressure when one exhales.Work of
lung movement would get doubled.

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 32

HOT QUESTIONS
(HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS)

1.Why Mast cells are called as "Multi - functional master cells"?

= Mast cells are found in connective tissues below the epithelial surfaces ,the mucosal
surfaces of the gut and lungs,in the skin and around the blood vessels.Mast cells releases
Histamine and cause the symptoms of allergy.

2.Why Spleen is called as " Emergency Blood bank inside the human body "?
= Because ,spleen able to holds the reserve storage of blood and used in haemorrhagic
shocks and being as largest lymphatic organ removes blood born antigens.

3.Why Spleen is called as "Graveyard of RBC's"?

= Because after the completion of life span(120 in males,and 110 days in females) , RBC'S
are destroyed in spleen where they are ingested by free macrophages.About 2.5 million of
RBCs are destroyed in one second .

4.Why the leucocytes are called as " Soldiers of our body"(or) the " Police force of our
body"?
= Because leucocytes or WBC provide immunity by destroying or killing foreign pathogens
and antigens and therby provide protection from diseases and infections.Lymphocytes are
involved in production of antibodies and Neutrophils and Monocytes are involved in
phagocytosis (or) cell eating.

5.Which antibodies are able to cross the placenta?

= Maternal IgG Antibodies is the only antibody class that significantly crossess the human
placenta and provide protection to the infant .

6.Which antibody will work in our body immediately after the entry of pathogens or
antigens?
= IgM produced by vertebrates are the largest one which gives first immunity response to
the foreign bodies like pathogens or antigens.

7.Which immunoglobulin is found in human Colostrum and meant to provide immunity ?

= Immunoglobulin A ( Ig A) is the major immunoglobulin in human Colostrum and
abundant Immunoglobulin in milk.

8 which Antibody (or) Immunoglobulin is functionally significant in mucosal membranes ?

= The amount of IgA production in mucosal membranes is very significant ,and this is also
enriched in tears ,saliva,sweat ,Colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary tract ,
gastrointestinal tract,prostrate and respiratory epithelium.Ig A plays a crucial role in the
immune function of mucous membranes.

9.Which is the most severe form of malaria ?

= Falciparum malaria(Malignant Tertian Malaria) is the most severe form of malaria,
caused by Plasmodium falciparum.This fatal malaria causes Black water fever with intra
vascular haemolysis with haematuria.

10.Which is the "Pace setter in the heart " (or ) "Pace maker of the heart" ?
= The cardiac impulse is initiated in the SA Node ( Sino atrial node) also known as natural
pace maker.From here the impulses carried through AV Node , Bundle of His and Purkinje
fibres to the ventricles.

11.Which is referred as " Personality Hormone " ?Why?

= Thyroxin is known as "Personality Hormone". The thyroxin play a vital roles in
digestion,heart and muscle function,brain development,physical development and
maintenance of bones.In the absence of thyroxin,physical and mental well being status is
affected.

12.Which blood group is" Universal donar"? Why?

= The person having Blood group "O-" is called as Universal donar due to the complete
absence of antigens "A" and "B" in their blood.So , during emergency transfusions,blood
is received from "O- " people ,which has the lowest risk of reactions to the persons who
receive it.

13.Why persons with "AB +" blood group are called as "Universal recipients"?
= People with "AB +"Blood group type are called as "Universal recipients" because they
have no abitibodies to "A" and "B" antifens.

14.Which blood group is the rarest in ABO Blood Group system ?

= Generally ,"AB- negative " is considered to be the rarest blood type.

15.Which is a " Universal blood donar " blood group?

= The Plasma of both "AB " positive and negative blood group may be transfused to
anyone regardless of blood type.

16.Why the right kidney is lower than the left kidney ?

= Because of the location of the liver.The Kidneys usually extend from the level of the
Thoracic 12 to Lumbar 3 Vertebrae.The right kidney lies 1-2 cm lower than the left.

17.Which is referred as " Vital knot"?

= Medulla oblongata is called "Vital knot".This controls various autonomic nervous system
functions including respiration, digestion, heart rate ,functions related to blood vessels,
swallowing,and sneezing.
18.Why is the medulla oblongata the "Automatic pilot "?
= Because medulla oblongata regulates heart beat and breathing events that occurs
automatically by the autonomic response system.

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 33

HOT QUESTIONS
(HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS)

1.Do animals have blood types?

= Yes they do ! Humans are usually one of four main types(although 35 have been
identified for us ).13 types have been identified for dogs,8 for horses, 3 for cats and 11
major blood group system in cattle( A,B,C,F,J,L,M,R,S,T and Z).A - type antigen have been
found in Chimpanzee and in Gibbons,A,B and AB antigen in Orangutans.

2.Why nucleus is absent in human RBC(or) Erythrocytes?

= It simply allows the red blood cells to have more haemoglobin and to transfer more
oxygen.The unique biconcave shape of RBC which helps in diffusion.The absence of
Endoplasmic reticulum and Mitochondria,is to accommodate maximum space for
Haemoglobin.

3.Why "Plasmid " an important tool in biotechnology experiments?

= Plasmids are important tools in biotechnological experiments because they act as Vector
(or ) vehicle for introducing foreign DNA in to the host cell.They have ability to replicate in
host cell.

4.Plasmids are boon to the biologists? Why ?

= As it can replicate within a bacterial cell like E coli ,it is used as a Vector in r- DNA
technology.This technology helps in production of human insulin called HUMULIN.

5.What is the advantage of Plasmids to the Bacteria?

= In nature, Plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the bacterium and confer
selective advantage such as Antibiotic resistance.

6.What is the advantage of using ECOSAN Toilets?

= Conserve water through the use of dry ECOSAN(Ecological sanitation) Toilets (waterless
model) as compared to the conventional flesh toilets.Increases the organic content of the
soil and reduces the demand of irrigation water.

7.How Bio-Toilets works in Railway?

= Human wastes is collected and processed by anaerobic bacteria that converts it mainly
into water and bio-gases mainly Methane and Carbon dioxide.Microbial inoculum contains
anaerobic bacteria belongs to four different clusters namely hydrolytic ,acidogenic
,acetogenic and methanogenic bacterial groups.Advantage in this is,it does not require
external energy inputs.

8.Why dialyzer is called as "Artificial Kidney"?

= The dialyzer ia a mechanical device used to remove the Nitrogenous waste products such
as Creatinine and urea from the patients blood just like kidneys ,so it is called as Artificial
Kidney".

9.Why auricles have thinner walls than the ventricles?

= Auricles have thinner walls in comparison to ventricles because the major function of
auricles is to receive blood and pump it to the respective ventricles.While the major
function of ventricles is pump the blood out of the heart ,i.e.to lungs and to the body parts
which requires a great force.

10.The wall of left ventricle is thicker than right ventricle.Why ?

= The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because the left ventricle pumps
oxygenated blood around the entire body through the Aorta while the right ventricle only
pumps blood to the lungs through Pulmonary artery which is much shorter distance.

11.Why artery have thick elastic wall ?

= Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the different body parts.Blood emerges
from the heart under high pressure.In order to withstand this pressure , arteries have thick
and elastic walls.

12.Why valves are present in the veins?

= Unlike arteries veins contain valves that ensure blood flows in only one direction.But,
Arteries don't require valves because pressure from the heart is so strong that blood is
only able to flow in one direction.Valves also help blood travel back to the heart against the
force of gravity.

13.Why lichens are called as bioindicator of air pollution?

= Lichens are very sensitive to Sulphur dioxide pollution in the air.So in the clean
environment Lichens will grow abundantly.In polluted environment with SO2 ,lichens are
absent .

14.What is an Intestinal infection due to E.coli ?

= E.coli is a type of bacteria that normally live in the intestines of people and
animals.However ,some types of E.coli , particularly E.coli O157:H7,can cause Intestinal
infection by Shiga Toxin.

15.How blood is stored in blood bank?

= Blood is collected into a plastic bag which contains anticoagulant Citrate -Phosphate
Dextrose(CPD),Acid - Citrate Dextrose (ACD) with other preservative,additive solutions like
SAGM( Saline, Adenine,Glucose,Mannitol).
Red cells are stored in refrigerators at 6°C for up to 42 days . Platelets are stored at room
temperature in agitators for up to five days .Plasma is stored in freezers for up to one year.

HELLO MADRAS NEET : DAY - 34

HOT QUESTIONS
(HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS)
1.How Planarians are with greater power of regeration ?
= The capacity of Planaria to regenerate lost or injured parts due to injury is comes from a
population of stem cells scattered throughout the planarian body .

2.Why Single Cell Proteins ( SCP) are so significant?

= Single cell Proteins are extracted from the single cell organisms like algae(Spirulina and
Chlorella) ,yeast,bacteria and fungi normally grown on agricultural wastes.These are used
as the substitute for protein rich fooqds (60 to 72%) for humans and as as well animals.

3.Which algae is commonly used in Space research?

= The green algae , Chlorella vulgaris is used in Space research Stations.In addition to
producing oxygen,the Chlorella algae also produce a nutritional biomass that astronauts
could eat.

4.Which algae produce agar-agar?

= Agar- agar is gelatin like product made primarily from the red algae Gelidium and
Gracilaria .They belong to division Rhodophyta.

5.Why is Amazon rainforest called the "lungs of the earth or world?

= Because it absorbs global emissions of carbon dioxide and about 20%of earth's oxygen
is produced by the Amazon Rainforest which covers 2.1 million square miles.

6. Which is considered as "Biological paradise in India"?

= The "Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve" is called as " Biologist paradise "due to rich in
3,600 Species of plants and animals that make it the biologically richest coastal region of
India.

7.Which batteries are used in Artificial pace makers?

= Lithium primary batteries are used in Artificial Pace makers since they meet the
requirements of long life ,low drain current and voltage characteristics.The Lithium primary
batteries works for 5 years.

8.What reasons few people hesitate to use SCP(Single Cell Protein)?

= The high nucleic acid content may causes Gout, Kidney stones and Rheumatism.Slow
digestion of SCP may cause vomiting, indigestion and allergic reactions.

9.Why there are no blood capillaries in the cornea of the eye and cortilage ?How are these
regions supplied with the required nutrients?
= Blood capillaries can cloud the cornea and thus prevent refraction therefore no blood
capillaries are present in cornea .The aqueous humour is present in eye which provide
nutrition to the eye.
In case of cartilage the nutrition diffuses through a dense Connective tissue called
Perichondrium into the core of the cartilage.

10.Why vigorous exercise after a meal can cause indigestion or abdominal cramps?
= When exercising vigorously,blood is rerouted from the digestive organs (food or no food)
to the capillary beds of the skeletal muscles where it is needed immediately.

11.Why protein molecules of larger size can pass through the lymph vessel?
= Protein molecules of large size pass through lymph vessel this is because these vessels
contain large holes through which large molecules of proteins can easily enter into them.

12.We have seen that capillary walls are not permeable to plasma proteins.Suggest where
the protein comes from.
= Though capillary walls are not permeable to plasma proteins ,the other ways is through
arteries and veins.
Capillary vessels permit both little atoms like amino acids and enormous particles like
proteins to go through their walls.

13.Why pituitary gland is called as " Master gland"?

= Because Pituitary gland controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands like
Thyroid,Adrenal gland, ,Endocrine parts of Pancreas , Testes and ovaries.

14.Why is adrenaline is called emergency hormone?

=When the body face any emergency situation,then the adrenalin is secreted into the blood
which starts reacting on certain specific target organs like heart and lungs.And this
Hormone prevails during "Fright , Fight and Flight".

15.What is called Adam's apple?

= When the larynx grows larger during puberty(laryngeal prominence) ,it sticks out at the
front of the throat called as "Adam's apple.

HELLO MADRAS NEET BIOLOGY : DAY -35

INTRESTING BIO -BITES:
1.The eyes of potato are:
= Axillary buds
2.At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
= When HIV replicates rapidly in Helper T lymphocytes and damages large number of them.
3.where will you look for the Sporozoites of the malarial parasite?.
= Saliva of infected female Anopheles Mosquito.
4.What we call the metabolic process in which substrate is oxidised without an external
electron acceptor?
= Fermentation
5.In eukaryotic cell transcription,RNA splicing and RNA capping take place inside the
__________.
= Nucleus
6.Wind pollution is common in ______.
= Grasses
7.The flower of tulip is a modified______.
= Shoot
8.which are the economically important insects?
= Apis,Bombyx and Laccifer.
9.Limulus is an example for ________.
= Living fossil
10.Hookworms belongs to the phylum_______.
= As Helminthes(or) Nemathelminthes
11.MTPs are considered relatively safe upto_______weeks of pregnancy.
= 12
12.Surrogate mother is________.
= Future mother with embryo implanted from other.
13.Which are the natural method of contraception?
= Periodic abstinence, Withdrawal method and Lactational amenorrhea.
14.Lactational amenorrhea, is a natural way to increase inter pregnancy interval.It is due to
the high level of _______.
= Prolactin
15.Which one of the contraceptive methods has the highest failure rate ?
= Rhythm method
16.Which contraceptive device usage has increased in recent years due to its additional
benefit of protecting the user from contracting STDs and AIDS?
= Condoms
17.Which contraceptive method is regarded as the most cost effective and
easily reversible method of contraception?
= Cu- T
18.The latest technique to produce a child is GIFT .The full form is _____.
= Gametic intra fallopian transfer
19.Oral contraceptive pills contain_____.
= Progesterone and Estrogen combination.
20.LNG-20 is ________ releasing IUD.
= Hormone
21.World Population Day is ______
= 11th July
22.In the rhythm method of birth control,the couple refrains from intercourse______ days
before and after ovulation.
= Three
23.Which method of contraception has maximum chances of failure?
= Periodic abstinence.
24.Which hormone is maintained at high level during hormonal method of birth control?
= Progesterone
25.The diaphragm is a rubber dome structure and stops the sperms from entering into
_______
= Cervix
26.Which is the most widely used method of contraception by females in India ?
= IUDs
27.According to 2011 census, the population growth rate was nearly____
= 2%
28.Which is a World's first non- hormonal oral contraceptive pill for females, developed by
scientists at Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow,India ?
= Saheli
29."Nirodh" in India is a popular brand of ______.
= Condom for male.
30.Which are the Sexually transmitted infections ( STI) are caused by bacteria?
= Chlamydia,Gonorrhoea and Syphilis.