Scribd
Upload
21 views7 pages

d and f block

Uploaded by

hah68780somyasharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views7 pages

d and f block

Uploaded by

hah68780somyasharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

d and f Block Chemistry

On what ground can you say that scandium (Z = 21)is a transition element but zinc (Z = 30) is not ?
Due to incompletely filled 3d orbitals in case of Sc atom, in its ground state (3d1 ), it is considered as
transition element. On the other hand, Zn atom has completely filled d orbitals (3d10) in its ground state as
well as in its excited state, hence it is not considered as a transition elements.
Why Cr and Cu show exceptional configuration?
By deviating from normal configuration, Cr and Cu acquires half-filled and fully filled configuration
which gives them extra stability. Hence they show exceptional configuration. Cr = [Ar] 3d5 4s1 and Cu =
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
What are interstitial compounds ? Why are such compounds well known for transition metals ?
Interstitial compounds are those which can be formed when small atoms like H, B, N, C etc. are fixed
inside the crystal lattices of metals. Most of transition metals form these type of compounds with small
non-metal atoms such as H, B, N and C. These small atoms enter into the void sites between the packed
atoms of crystallisation transition metals. For example, steel ans cast iron become hard by forming
interstitial compound with carbon.
The main cause for formation of interstitial compound is the existence of vacant (n – 1)d orbitals in d-
block elements and their ability to make bonds with trapped small atoms.
Some main characteristics of these compounds are : (i) They have melting and boiling points, higher than
those of pure metals. (ii) They are very hard. Some borides of d-block elements approach diamond in
hardness. (iii) They are chemically inert but remains metallic conductivity.
Q.A violent compound of manganese (A) decomposes on heating to liberate oxygen and compounds (B)
and (C) of manganese are formed. Compound (C) reacts with KOH in the presence of KNO3 to give
compound (B). On heating compound (C) with cone. H2SO4 and NaCl, Cl2 gas is liberated and compound
(D) of manganese is formed. Identify A, B, C, D.

General Properties of d-Block Elements (Transition elements) :


(1) Variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition metals :
On moving left to right in the period, generally atomic and ionic radius value decreases. The atomic radii
decrease from Sc to Cr because the effective nuclear charge (ENC) increases. The atomic size of Fe, Co,
Ni is almost same due to increase in nuclear charge is cancelled by the repulsion between the electrons
and increase in shielding effect. Cu and Zn have bigger size because the shielding effect decreases and
electron-electron repulsion increases. Order of size of 3d series :
Covalent radius : Sc >Ti> V > Cr> Mn >Fe= Co= Ni< Cu< Zn
Lanthanoid Contraction:
There is regular decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of the transition metals as the atomic number
increases. This is because of filling of 4f orbitals before the 5d orbitals. This contraction in size is quite
regular. This is called lanthanoid contraction. The conclusion of the Lanthanoid contraction is that the 4d
and 5d series exhibit similar radii and have very similar physical and chemical properties much more than
the expected on the usual family relationship.

2. Trend in atomization enthalpy:


Enthalpy of atomization is the amount of heat required for the formation of one mole of atoms in
gaseous state from its compounds is known as heat of atomization of that element.
The high enthalpy of atomization is due to the one unpaired electron per d-orbital that favors strong
interatomic interaction. Hence we can conclude that greater the number of valence electrons greater is the
enthalpy of atomization and stronger is the resultant metallic bonding. The elements with higher boiling
point have higher enthalpy of atomization. It is also the reason accounting for better metal-metal bonding
in compounds of the heavy transition metals.
Magnetic Property :
On applying magnetic field to substances, mainly two types of magnetic behaviour are observed :
(i) Diamagnetism : Diamagnetic substance is one which is slightly repelled by a magnetic field.
(ii) Paramagnetism : Paramagnetic substance is one which is attracted by a magnetic field. Due to
presence of unpaired electrons Paramagnetism occurs, each such electron having a magnetic moment
associated with its spin angular momentum. y The magnetic moment is determined by the number of
unpaired electrons. Magnetic moment =√ n(n + 2) B.M. Where, n = number of unpaired electrons. If all
electrons are paired, substance will be diamagnetic and magnetic moment will be zero.
Q. Calculate the magnetic moment of Cr2+, Mg2+, Co2+ and Fe2+ is :

Colour in transition metal complexes:


f-Block Elements :
f-block elements are also known as inner-transition elements. f-block consists of the two series,
lanthanoids and actinoids. Lanthanide series (Z = 58 – 71) (Ce-Lu). Actinide series (Z = 90 – 103) (Th-
Lw). General electronic configuration is (n–2)f1–14 (n–1)d0–1 ns2.

Lanthanides:

A inert gas configuration:


(i) Ce4+ (f0)
(ii) A half-filled ‘f’ orbital e.g. Eu2+, Tb4+(f7 )
(iii) filled ‘f’ orbital e.g.. Yb2+ (f14)
Lower oxidation state act as reducing agent (Eu2+, Yb2+) and higher oxidation state act as oxidising agent
(Ce4+, Tb4+).

Actinides:

You might also like