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Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNET

MAGNET
Magnet is a material present in this world that gets attracted or repelled by
other objects and it produces a magnetic field around it. There are two poles
in magnet: North pole and South pole

N – N = repels

N – S = attracts

S – N = attracts

S – S = repels

Bar Magnet
A bar magnet is a cuboidal-shaped object which is made up of certain ferromagnetic materials. It has
two poles in it one is the north pole and another is the south pole.

Most of the time half part of the magnet which is the north pole is coloured with red colour and
other parts of the magnet are coloured with blue colour which behaves as the south pole.

Materials used in making Bar magnets are iron, nickel, cobalt, or any other
ferromagnetic materials. There are two poles in Bar magnet: The North pole and
the South pole.

N – N = repels

N – S = attracts

S – N = attracts
Page 2
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNET

S – S = repels

Formula used for Bar Magnet-

Pole strength of the magnet is given by,

W
P =
I
where

W is work done by the magnet to move around the wire, and

I is the current flowing through the wire.

The S.I. unit is N.Tesla-1.

Bar Magnet as an equivalent solenoid

The magnetic moment of a bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid can be derived as follows.

Let the radius of the solenoid be a, and the number of turns per unit length is N. Let the
current through the solenoid be I, and the length of the solenoid be 2L.

We calculate the solenoid’s magnetic field at a point S, a distance r from its center
O.

The magnetic field at point S, due to a small element dy located at a distance y from the
center O, is found as follows:

μo NdyIa2
dB = 3
2[(r − y)2 + a2 ]2
Page 3
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNET

The magnetic field strength due to the complete solenoid is found by integrating from y = -L and y =
+L

μo NIa2 +L dy
dB = ∫ 3
2 −L [(ry)2 + a2 ]2

For r >> a and r >> L,

3
[(r − x)2 + a2 ]2 = r 3

And

μo NLIa2 2I
B=
2r 3
From the above equations, the magnitude of the magnetic moment of the
solenoid is
μo 2m
B=
4πr 3
Which is the same as the magnetic moment of a bar magnet producing the
same magnetic field. This is the formula of the magnetic field of a bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid.
Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO DIPOLE

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO DIPOLE

Magnetic field intensity at a general point having polar coordinates (r, θ) due to a short magnet is
given by,

μ0 M
B = 3
√1 + 3cos2 θ
4πr

Special Cases:

At axial point θ = 0.

μ0 2M
Baxis =
4πr 3

At perpendicular (equatorial) point θ = 90◦

μ0 M
Beqn =
4πr 3

Magnetic Field due to Bar Magnet on it’s axis

Let the pole strength/power of a bar magnet be m and its effective length be 2l. We have to calculate
magnetic field strength at a point P located at a distance r from the center O on its axial position.
Page 2
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO DIPOLE

Magnetic field due to North Pole at point P

μ0 m
B1 = … (1) (away form north pole)
4π (r−l)2

Magnetic field due to South Pole at point P

μ0 m
B2 = … (2)(towards north pole)
4π (r+l)2

Net magnetic field at point P

Baxis = B1 – B2 , (∵ B1 > B2 )

μ0 m 1 1
Baxis = 2
−
4π (r − l) (r + l)2

μ0 m 4rl
=
4π (r 2 − l2 )2

μ0 2[m(2l)]r
Baxis =
4π(r 2 − l2 )2

Here m (2l) = M (magnetic dipole moment of bar magnet)

So,

μ0 2Mr
Baxis = … (3)
4π (r 2 − l2 )2

Special situation :- if the bar magnet is small, then r >> l,

μ0 2M
∴ Baxis ≅ … (4)
4π r 3
Page 3
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO DIPOLE

Magnetic Field due to Bar Magnet on it’s equatorial line

Magnetic field due to North Pole at point P

μ0 m
B1 = 2 … (5)(along NP)
4π √(r2 +l2 )

Magnetic field due to South Pole at point P

μ0 m
B2 = 2 … (6) (along PS)
4π √(r2 +l2 )

From equations (5) and (6),

μ0 m
B1 = B2 = =B
4π (r 2 + l2 )

Resultant magnetic field at point P

Beq. = 2B cosθ

μ0 m 1
Beq . = 2 ( ) ( )
4π (r 2 + l2 ) √r 2 + l2
Page 4
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO DIPOLE

μ0 m(2l)
Beq . = 3
4π ( 2
r + l2 )2

Here m (2l) = M (magnetic dipole moment of bar magnet)

So,

μ0 M
Beq . = 3 … . . (7)
4π (
r 2 + l2 )2

Special situation :- if the bar magnet is small, then r >> l,

μ0 M
∴ Beq . ≅ … (8)
4π r 3
Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

TORQUE ON A MAGNETIC DIPOLE

TORQUE ON A MAGNETIC DIPOLE

Let us consider a rectangular loop such that it carries a current of magnitude I. If we place this loop
in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque but no net force, quite similar to what an electric dipole
experiences in a uniform electric field.

Torque On Current Loop

Let us now consider the case when the magnetic field B is in the plane with the rectangular loop. No
force is exerted by the field on the arms of the loop that is parallel to the magnets, but the arms
perpendicular to the magnets experience a force given by F1,
F1= IbB
This force is directed into the plane.
Similarly, we can write the expression for a force F2 which is exerted on the arm CD,
F2 = IbB = F1
We see that the net force on the loop is zero and the torque on the loop is given by,
a a
τ = F1 + F2
2 2
a a
τ = IbB + F2 IbB = I(ab)B = IAB
2 2
Page 2
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

TORQUE ON A MAGNETIC DIPOLE

Where ab is the area of the rectangle. Here, the torque tends to rotate the loop in the anti-clockwise
direction.

Torque on a bar magnet placed in an uniform magnetic field

Couple:

We can define couple as a pair of two equal and opposite forces having different lines of action. They
give rise to turning effect known as torque along the axis which is perpendicular to the plane of
forces.

Torque = Magnetic force × Perpendicular distance

τ = mB × 2lsinθ

τ = m(2l)Bsinθ

τ = ⃗M
⃗⃗ × ⃗B

where M = Magnetic moment

B = Magnetic field

A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5J/T is aligned with the direction of a uniform
magnetic field of 0.22 T. Find work done in turning the magnet so as to align its
magnetic moment opposite to the field and the torque acting on it in this position.

M = 1.5 J/T

B = 0.22 T

Magnetic moment in an externally produced magnetic field has potential energy as:
Page 3
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

TORQUE ON A MAGNETIC DIPOLE

U = − ⃗M
⃗⃗ . ⃗B

1.5 × 2.2
U1 = − = −0.33T
10
1.5 × 2.2
U2 = = 0.33T
10

Work done = ΔU

U2 − U1

= 2U

= 0.66J

τ = ⃗M
⃗⃗ × ⃗B

= MBsinθ

= 0 (∵θ = π)
Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Property 1: Intensity of magnetisation (I)

The electrons circulating around the nucleus have a magnetic moment. When the material is not
magnetised the magnetic dipole moment sum up to zero. When the material is kept in an external
magnetic field, the magnetic moments are aligned in a particular direction and the material gets a
net non-zero dipole moment. The net dipole moment per unit volume is defined as magnetization
or intensity of magnetisation.

Property 2: Magnetic Field (H) or Magnetic intensity

The magnetic field produced only by the electric current flowing in a solenoid is
called the magnetic intensity. It is the external magnetic field that induces
magnetic property in a material.

Property 3: Magnetic susceptibility

When a material is placed in an external magnetic field, the material gets magnetised.
For a small magnetising field, the intensity of magnetisation (I) acquired by the
material is directly proportional to the magnetic field (H).

I∝H

I = χmH , χm is the susceptibility of the material.

Property 4: Retentivity

The ability of a material to retain or resist magnetization is called retentivity.

Property 5: Coercivity

The coercivity of a material is the ability to withstand the external magnetic field without becoming
demagnetised.

Para-magnetic
Paramagnetic substances are those substances that get weakly magnetized in the presence of an
external magnetic field. In the presence of an external magnetic field, these substances tend to move
from a region of a weak to a strong magnetic field. In other terms, we can say that these substances
tend to get weakly attracted to a permanent magnet. In a paramagnetic material, the individual
atoms possess a dipole moment, which when placed in a magnetic field, interact with one another,
Page 2
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

and get spontaneously aligned in a common direction, which results in its magnetization. As per
Curie’s law, the magnetism of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature, until it reaches a state of saturation.

Dia-magnetic
Diamagnetic substances have a tendency to move from the stronger part to the weaker part of the
external magnetic field. We can also say that the diamagnetic substances get repelled by a magnet.

Consider the figure shown above. We have a diamagnetic substance placed in an external magnetic
field. We see that the field lines get repelled by the material and the field inside the material is
reduced. If we place this substance in a non-uniform magnetic field, it tends to move from the point
of a high electric field to that of a low electric field.

Ferro magnetic
Ferromagnetic substances are those substances that when it’s placed in an external magnetic field,
get strongly magnetized. Also, they tend to move from a region of weak to the region of a strong
magnetic field and get strongly attracted to a magnet. In a ferromagnetic material, the individual
atoms possess a dipole moment, similar to a paramagnetic material. When placed in a magnetic
field, the atoms interact with one another and get spontaneously aligned in a common direction.
The direction is common over a macroscopic volume which we term as a domain. The domain has a
net magnetization and each domain directs itself, which results in its strong magnetization.
Page 3
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Magnetization of material
Magnetization, also termed magnetic polarization, is a vector quantity that measures the density of
permanent or induced dipole moment in a given magnetic material.
In terms of mathematics,
mnet
M =
V
Let’s take a look at the case of a solenoid. If we consider a solenoid with n turns per unit length and
a current I flowing through it, the magnetic field in the solenoid’s interior may be expressed as,
B0 = μ0 nI
where, µ0 is the constant permeability of a vacuum.
If we fill the solenoid’s inside with a non-zero magnetization material, the field within the solenoid
must be higher than before. Inside the solenoid, the net magnetic field B may be written as,
B = B0 + Bm
where, Bm is the field provided by the core material.
It is proportional to the material’s magnetization in this case. In terms of mathematics,
Bm = μ0 M
Let us now look at another concept: a material’s magnetic intensity. A material’s magnetic intensity
can be expressed as,
B
H = ( ) − M
μ0
The total magnetic field may alternatively be defined as, as shown by this equation.
B = μ0 (H + M)
H denotes the magnetic field owing to external variables such as the current
in the solenoid, whereas M denotes the magnetic field due to the nature of the
core. The latter amount, M, is influenced by external factors and is given by.
M=χH
where, χ is the material’s magnetic susceptibility.
Magnetic susceptibility is a measurement of a material’s reaction to an external field.
For paramagnetic materials, the magnetic susceptibility is small and positive, while
for diamagnetic materials, it is tiny and negative.
Page 4
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Substitute the value of M in the equation of B.

B = μ0 (H + χ H) = μ0 (1 + χ) H
= μ0 μr H = μ H
Here, μr is the relative magnetic permeability of the material which is comparable to the dielectric
constants in electrostatics. The magnetic permeability is defined as follows:
μ = μ0 μr = μ0 (1 + χ)

Effect of temperature
Temperature affects matter, reactions and enzymes in many different ways. The state of a substance
can be changed by increasing or decreasing temperature. Solid can be converted to liquid on
increasing temperatures and liquid can be converted to gas at high temperatures. Solid can be
directly converted to gas at high temperatures. This process is called sublimation. Similarly, gases can
be converted into liquids by decreasing temperature and increasing pressure and liquid can be
converted into solids at low temperatures. Temperature also affects the rate of reaction in a positive
or negative way.

The Effect of Change of Temperature on Solid State

The kinetic energy of the particles increases with increasing temperature. This increase in kinetic
energy increases the speed of particles and the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The
energy supplied by heat decreases or overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles. The
particles remove from their fixed positions and start moving more freely. At a stage, the solid melts
and is converted to liquid. The temperature at which solid melts to become a liquid is called its
melting point. This process is called fusion when two separate solid objects made from the same
substance are melted, they can get mixed together into a new one.

Effect of Change of Temperature on States of Matter

The main ways to change matter from one state to another are heating and
cooling. We can convert a solid into a liquid by giving it heat. Similarly, liquid
can be changed to gas by heating. The reverse is also true, when gas is removed, some
of its heat energy becomes liquid. When a liquid is further removed, its heat energy
becomes solid.

The kinetic energy of particles and inter-space between them increases due to the
increasing temperature. This increase in kinetic energy and space between the particles
decreases the force of attraction between particles.
Page 5
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Effect of Temperature on Pressure

Pressure is a physical force applied on an object by something in contact with it. Pressure is
calculated as the force per unit area. The pressure exerted by the gas (which is enclosed in a chamber
surrounded by a vacuum) on the walls of the chamber depends on three factors: the amount of gas
in the chamber, the volume of the chamber and the temperature of the gas.

With respect to gases, the relationship between pressure and temperature is described. The
pressure-temperature relationship is described by gas law which states that the pressure of a given
amount of a particular gas is directly proportional to its temperature at a constant volume. It can be
represented as:

P∝T

When the temperature of a particular system is increased, the speed of

molecules in the gas becomes faster, exerting greater pressure on the
wall of the gas container. Due to this, the pressure on the system increases.
If the temperature of the system is decreased, the pressure also decreases.
Therefore, the pressure of a particular gas is directly proportional to the temperature
at constant volume.

When the temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases at constant
pressure. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecule increases
and the gas needs more volume to move that is why volume increases.

Examples of Effect of Temperature

One example of the effect of temperature on chemical reaction rates is the use of light sticks or glow
sticks. The light stick undergoes a chemical reaction that is called chemiluminescence. But this
reaction does not require or produce heat. Its rate is affected by temperature. Other examples are
precipitation reaction, activation energy etc.
 Magnetism and Matter
DPP-01
[Topic: Earth’s Magnetism, Magnetic Materials]

1. The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic materials it
represents.
2. The horizontal component of earth's magnetic field at a place is 𝐵 and the angle of dip is 60∘. What
is the value of vertical component of the earth's magnetic field at equator?
3. What are permanent magnets? Give one example.
4. Which of the following substances are diamagnetic?
Bi, Al, Na, Cu, Ca and Ni

5. Which of the following substances are paramagnetic?

Bi, Al, Cu, Ca, Pb, Ni

6. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north
tip down in 60∘ with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field at the
place is known to be 0.4𝐺. Determine the magnitude of the earth's magnetic field at the place.
7. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is -2.6 × 10−5 . Identify the type of magnetic material and
state its two properties.
8. Show diagrammatically the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the presence of (i) paramagnetic
and (ii) diamagnetic substances. How does one explain this distinguishing feature?
9. Out of the two magnetic materials, ' 𝐴 ' has relative permeability slightly greater than unity while
' 𝐵 ' has less than unity. Identify the nature of the materials ' 𝐴 ' and ' 𝐵 '. Will their susceptibilities
be positive or negative?

10. Write two properties of a material suitable for making

(a) a permanent magnet, and
(b) an electromagnet.
11. (i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
(ii) Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?

Or

Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in external
magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field due to the
substances?

12. (a) An iron ring of relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 , has windings of insulated copper wire of 𝑛 turns per
metre. When the current in the windings is 𝐼, find the expression for the magnetic field in the ring.
(b) The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853. Identify the type of magnetic material.
Draw the modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece of this material in a uniform magnetic
field.
13. (a) A small compass needle of magnetic moment 𝜏n is free to turn about an axis perpendicular to
the direction of uniform magnetic field ' 𝐵 '. The moment of inertia of the needle about the axis is 𝐼.
The needle is slightly disturbed from its stable position and then released. Prove that it executes
simple harmonic motion. Hence deduce the expression for its time period.
(b) A compass needle, free to turn in a vertical plane orients itself with its axis vertical at a certain
place on the earth. Find out the values of (i) horizontal component of earth s magnetic field and (ii)
angle of dip at the place.
Physics Smart Booklet

NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS

Topic 1: Magnetism, Gauss's Law, Magnetic Moment and Properties of Magnet
1. If a bar magnet of pole strength m and magnetic moment M is cut perpendicular to its axis in two equal
halves then its new pole strength m¢ and magnetic moment M| are respectively
M
(a) m| = m and M| = M (b) m| = m and M| =
2
m M
(c) m| = and M| = 2M (d) m| = 2m and M | =
2 2
2. A steel wire of length has a magnetic moment M. It is bent in L-shape (Figure). The new magnetic moment
is

M M
(a) M (b) (c) (d) 2M
2 2
3. The major contribution of magnetism in substances is due to
(a) orbital motion of electrons
(b) spin motion of electrons
(c) equally due to orbital and spin motions of electrons
(d) hidden magnets
4. Magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity directed from
(a) south pole to north pole (b) north pole to south pole
(c) east to west (d) west to east
5. The magnetic potential at a point distant 10 cm, from the middle point of a magnetic dipole on a line inclined
at an angle of 60° with the axis is 3 CGS emu. Then, the magnetic dipole moment of the magnet is:
(a) 300 ab – amp × cm2 (b) 600 ab – amp × cm2
(c) 30 ab – amp × cm2 (d) 60 ab – amp × cm2
6. If the distance between two magnetic poles is doubled and their pole strength is doubled, then force between
them will be
(a) remain unchanged (b) become twice (c) become 8 times (d) become 4 time
7. Magnetic lines of force due to a bar magnet do not intersect because
(a) a point always has a single net magnetic field
(b) the lines have similar charges and so repel each other
(c) the lines always diverge from a single force
(d) None of these
8. A short bar magnet, placed with its axis at 30° with an external magnetic field of 0.16 T, experiences a
torque of magnitude 0.032 J. The magnetic moment of the bar magnet is (in units of J/T)
(a) 4 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.4
9. The net magnetic moment of two identical magnets each of magnetic moment M0, inclined at 60° with each
other is
Physics Smart Booklet

(a) M0 (b) 2 M0 (c) 3 M0 (d) 2M0

10. A bar magnet having centre O has a length of 4 cm. Point P1 is in the broad side-on and P2 is in the end
side-on position with OP1 = OP2 = 10 metres. The ratio of magnetic intensities H at P1 and P2 is
(a) H1 : H2 = 16 : 100 (b) H1 : H2 = 1 : 2 (c) H1 : H2 = 2 : 1 (d) H1 : H2 = 100 : 16
11. A bar magnet of magnetic moment M and length L is cut into two equal parts each of length L/3. The
magnetic moment of each part will be
(a) M (b) M/4 (c) 2 M (d) M/3
2
12. Two identical magnetic dipoles of magnetic moments 1.0 A-m each, placed at a separation of 2 m with
their axis perpendicular to each other. The resultant magnetic field at point midway between the dipole is
(a) 5 × 10–7 T (b) 5 × 10–7 T (c) 10–7 T (d) 2 × 10–7 T
13. The force between two short bar magnets with magnetic moments M1 and M2 whose centres are r metres
apart is 8 N when their axes are in same line. If the separation is increased to 2r, the force between them is
reduced to
(a) 4 N (b) 2 N (c) 1 N (d) 0.5 N
4 –1
14. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment of 2 × 10 JT is free to rotate in a horizontal plane. A horizontal
magnetic field B = 6 × 10–4 T exists in the space. The work done in taking the magnet slowly from a
direction parallel to the field to a direction 60° from the field is
(a) 12 J (b) 6 J (c) 2 J (d) 0.6 J
15. A bar magnet is cut into two equal halves by a plane parallel to the magnetic axis. Of the following physical
quantities the one which remains unchanged is
(a) pole strength (b) magnetic moment
(c) intensity of magnetisatio (d) moment of inertia
16. A thin bar magnet of length 2 and breadth 2 b pole strength m and magnetic moment M is divided into
four equal parts with length and breadth of each part being half of original magnet. Then the pole strength
of each part is
(a) m (b) m/2 (c) 2 m (d) m/4
17. Two points A and B are situated at a distance x and 2x respectively from the nearer pole of a magnet 2 cm
long. The ratio of magnetic field at A and B is
(a) 4 : 1 exactly (b) 4 : 1 approximately
(c) 8 : 1 approximately (d) 1 : 1 approximately
18. A bar magnet has a length 8 cm. The magnetic field at a point at a distance 3 cm from the centre in the
broad side-on position is found to be 4×10–6T. The pole strength of the magnet is
(a) 6 × 10–5 Am (b) 5 × 10–5 Am (c) 2 × 10–4 Am (d) 3 × 10–4 Am
19. The magnetic moment of a magnet is 0.1 amp × m2. It is suspended in a magnetic field of intensity 3 × 10–
4
weber/m2. The couple acting upon it when deflected by 30º from the magnetic field is
(a) 1 × 10–5 N m (b) 1.5 × 10–5 N m (c) 2 × 10–5 N m (d) 2.5 × 10–5 N m
20. A steel wire of length has a magnetic moment M. It is then bent into a semi-circular arc. The new magnetic
moment is
M 2M 3M 4M
(a) (b) (c) (d)
   
21. Let r be the distance of a point on the axis of a bar magnet from its centre. The magnetic field at such a
point is proportional to
Physics Smart Booklet
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) None of these
r r
22. The magnetic dipole moment of a coil is 5.4 × 10–6 joule/ tesla and it is lined up with an external magnetic
field whose strength is 0.80 T. Then the work done in rotating the coil (for q = 180º) is
(a) 4.32  J (b) 2.16  J (c) 8.6  J (d) None of these
Topic 2: Earth's Magnetism
23. A bar magnet is oscillating in the earth’s magnetic field with a period T. What happens to its period of
motion, if its mass is quadrupled?
(a) Motion remains simple harmonic with new period = T/2
(b) Motion remains simple harmonic with new period = 2 T
(c) Motion remains simple harmonic with new period = 4T
(d) Motion remains simple harmonic and the period stays nearly constant
24. At the magnetic north pole of the earth, the value of the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and
angle of dip are respectively
(a) zero, maximum (b) maximum, minimum
(c) maximum, maximum (d) minimum, minimum
25. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field is 3.6  10-5 tesla where the dip angle is 60°. The
magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field is
(a) 2.8  10-4 tesla (b) 2.1  10-4 tesla (c) 7.2  10-5 tesla (d) 3.6  10-5 tesla
26. Work done in turning a magnet of magnetic moment M by an angle 90º from the magnetic meridian is n
times the corresponding work done to turn through an angle of 60º, where n is
(a) 1/2 (b) 2 (c) 1/4 (d) 1
27. A short magnet of length 4 cm is kept at a distance of 20 cm to the east of a compass box such that is axis
is perpendicular to the magnetic meridian. If the deflection produced is 45°, find the pole strength (H = 30
Am–1)
(a) 17.7 Am (b) 44.2 Am (c) 27.7 Am (d) 37.7 Am
28. A current carrying coil is placed with its axis perpendicular to N-S direction. Let horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field be H0 and magnetic field inside the loop be H. If a magnet is suspended inside the
loop, it makes angle q with H. Then  =
H   H   H  H 
(a) tan −1  0  (b) tan −1   (c) cos ec −1   (d) cot −1  0 
 H   H0   H0   H 
29. A compass needle whose magnetic moment is 60 Am2, is directed towards geographical north at any place
experiencing moment of force of 1.2 × 10–3 Nm. At that place the horizontal component of earth field is 40
micro W/m2. What is the value of dip angle at that place?
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 45° (d) 15°
30. At a certain place, horizontal component is 3 times the vertical component. The angle of dip at this place
is
(a) 0 (b)  /3 (c)  /6 (d)  /8
31. At a certain place, the angle of dip is 30º and the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is 0.50
oerested. The earth’s total magnetic field (in oerested) is
1 1
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) (d)
3 2
32. Which of the following is responsible for the earth’s magnetic field?
(a) Convective currents in earth’s core. (b) Diversive current in earth’s core.
(c) Rotational motion of earth. (d) Translational motion of earth.
Physics Smart Booklet
33. Horizontal component of earth's field at a height of 1 m from the surface of earth is H. Its value at a height
of 10 m from surface of earth is
(a) H/10 (b) H/9 (c) H/100 (d) H
34. The earth’s magnetic field lines resemble that of a dipole at the centre of the earth. If the magnetic
moment of this dipole is close to 8 × 1022 Am2, the value of earth’s magnetic field near the equator is close
to (radius of the earth = 6.4 × 106 m)
(a) 0.6 Gauss (b) 1.2 Gauss (c) 1.8 Gauss (d) 0.32 Gauss
35. A short bar magnet with its north pole facing north forms a neutral point at P in the horizontal plane. If the
magnet is rotated by 90° in the horizontal plane, the net magnetic induction at P is (Horizontal component
of earth's magnetic field = BH)
5
(a) 0 (b) 2 BH (c) BH (d) 5 BH
2
Topic 3: Magnetic Materials and It's Properties
36. The materials suitable for making electromagnets should have
(a) high retentivity and low coercivity (b) low retentivity and low coercivity
(c) high retentivity and high coercivity (d) low retentivity and high coercivity
37. The meniscus of a liquid contained in one of the limbs of a narrow U-tube is held in an electromagnet with
the meniscus in line with the field. The liquid is seen to rise. This indicates that the liquid is
(a) ferromagnetic (b) paramagnetic (c) diamagnetic (d) non-magnetic
38. If a diamagnetic solution is poured into a U-tube and one arm of this U-tube is placed between the poles of
a strong magnet, with the meniscus in line with the field, then the level of solution will
(a) rise (b) fall (c) oscillate slowly (d) remain as such
39. The mass of a specimen of a ferromagnetic material is 0.6 kg. and its density is 7.8 × 103 kg/m3. If the area
of hysteresis loop of alternating magnetising field of frequency 50Hz is 0.722 MKS units then the hysteresis
loss per second will be

(a) 277.7 × 10-5 joule (b) 277.7 × 10-6 joule

(c) 277.7 × 10-4 joule (d) 27.77 × 10-4 joule
40. If a diamagnetic substance is brought near north or south pole of a bar magnet, it is
(a) attracted by poles (b) repelled by poles
(c) replaced by north pole and attracted by south pole
(d) attracted by north pole and repelled by south pole
41. If  0 is absolute permeability of vacuum and  r is relative magnetic permeability of another medium, then
permeability m of the medium is
(a)  0 r (b)  0 /  r (c)  r /  0 (d) 1 /  0 r
42. The ferromagnetic core of electromagnets should have
(a) a broad hysteresis loop
(b) high permeability and high retentivity
(c) low permeability and low retentivity
(d) high permeability and low retentivity
43. The B – H curve (i) and (ii) shown in fig associated with
Physics Smart Booklet

(a) (i) diamagnetic and

(ii) paramagnetic substance
(b) (i) paramagnetic and
(ii) ferromagnetic substance
(c) (i) soft iron and (ii) steel
(d) (i) steel and (ii) soft iron
44. The relative permeability of iron is 6000. Its magnetic susceptibility is
(a) 5999 (b) 6001 (c) 6000 × 10–7 (d) 6000 × 107
45. Demagnetisation of magnets can be done by
(a) rough handling (b) heating
(c) magnetising in the opposite direction (d) All the above
46. The most appropriate magnetization M versus magnetising field H curve for a paramagnetic substance is

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

47. When a piece of a ferromagnetic substance is put in a uniform magnetic field, the flux density inside it is
four times the flux density away from the piece. The magnetic permeability of the material is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
48. The permanent magnet is made from which one of the following substances?
(a) Diamagnetic (b) Paramagnetic (c) Ferromagnetic (d) Electromagnetic
49. Which of the following is not correct about relative magnetic permeability (  r )?
(a) It is a dimensionless pure ratio. (b) For vacuum medium its value is one.
(c) For ferromagnetic materials  r > > 1 (d) For paramagnetic materials  r > 1.
50. Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at room temperature. If the temperature is increased beyond Curie
temperature, then it will show
(a) anti ferromagnetism (b) no magnetic property
(c) diamagnetism (d) paramagnetism
51. The narrowest hysteresis loop is for
(a) cobalt steel (b) alnico (c) stainless steel (d) perm alloy
52. A paramagnetic substance is placed in a weak magnetic field and its absolute temperature T is increased.
As a result, its magnetisation
(a) increases in proportion to T (b) decreases in proportion to1/T
2
(c) increases in proportion to T (d) decreases in proportion to 1/T2
53. When a ferromagnetic material is heated to temperature above its Curie temperature, the material
(a) is permanently magnetized (b) remains ferromagnetic
(c) behaves like a diamagnetic material (d) behaves like a paramagnetic material
54. The moment of a magnet (15 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm) is 1.2 A-m2. What is its intensity of magnetisation?
(a) 4 × 104 A m–1 (b) 2 × 104 A m–1 (c) 104 A m–1 (d) None of these
Physics Smart Booklet
55. Needles N1, N2 and N3 are made of a ferromagnetic, a paramagnetic and a diamagnetic substance
respectively. A magnet when brought close to them will
(a) attract N1 and N2 strongly but repel N3
(b) attract N1 strongly, N2 weakly and repel N3 weakly
(c) attract N1 strongly, but repel N2 and N3 weakly
(d) attract all three of them
56. The graph between c and 1/T for paramagnetic material will be represented by

(a) (b) (c) (d)

57. Relative permittivity and permeability of a material  r and  r , respectively. Which of the following values
of these quantities are allowed for a diamagnetic material?
(a)  r = 0.5,  r = 1.5 (b)  r = 1.5,  r = 0.5 (c)  r = 0.5,  r = 0.5 (d)  r = 1.5,  r = 1.5
Topic 4: Magnetic Equipment’s
58. Two magnets of magnetic moments M and 2M are placed in a vibration magnetometer, with the identical
poles in the same direction. The time period of vibration is T1. If the magnets are placed with opposite poles
together and vibrate with time period T2, then
(a) T2 is infinite (b) T2 = T1 (c) T2 > T1 (d) T2 < T1
59. If the period of oscillation of freely suspended bar magnet in earth’s horizontal field H is 4 sec. When
another magnet is brought near it, the period of oscillation is reduced to 2s. The magnetic field of second
bar magnet is
(a) 4 H (b) 3 H (c) 2 H (d) 3 H
60. A bar magnet of moment of inertia 9 × l0–5 kg m2 placed in a vibration magnetometer and oscillating in a
uniform magnetic field l6  2 × l0–5T makes 20 oscillations in 15 s. The magnetic moment of the bar magnet
is
(a) 3 Am2 (b) 2 Am2 (c) 5 Am2 (d) 4 Am2
61. To measure the magnetic moment of a bar magnet, one may use
(a) a deflection galvanometer if the earth’s horizontal field is known
(b) an oscillation magnetometer if the earth’s horizontal field is known
(c) both deflection and oscillation magnetometer if the earth’s horizontal field is not known.
(d) all of the above
62. A thin rectangular magnet suspended freely has a period of oscillation of 4 s. If it is broken into two halves
(each having half the original length) and one of the pieces is suspended similarly. The period of its
oscillation will be
(a) 4 s (b) 2 s (c) 0.5 s (d) 0.25 s
63. A compass needle placed at a distance r from a short magnet in Tan A position shows a deflection of 60º.
If the distance is increased to r (3)1/3, then deflection of compass needle is
(a) 300 (b) 500 (c) 600 (d) 800
64. Two tangent galvanometers having coils of the same radius are connected in series. A current flowing in
them produces deflections of 60º and 45º respectively. The ratio of the number of turns in the coils is
3 +1 3 +1 3
(a) 4/3 (b) (c) (d)
1 3 −1 1
Physics Smart Booklet
65. In a vibration magnetometer, the time period of a bar magnet oscillating in horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field is 2 sec. When a magnet is brought near and parallel to it, the time period reduces to 1 sec.
The ratio H/F of the horizontal component H and the field F due to magnet will be
(a) 3 (b) 1/3 (c) 3 (d)1 / 3
66. If the current is doubled, the deflection is also doubled in
(a) a tangent galvanometer (b) a moving-coil galvanometer
(c) both (d) None of these
67. Two tangent galvanometers A and B have coils of radii 8 cm and 16 cm respectively and resistance 8 
each. They are connected in parallel with a cell of emf 4 V and negligible internal resistance. The deflections
produced in the tangent galvanometers A and B are 30° and 60° respectively. If A has
2 truns, then B must have
(a) 18 turns (b) 12 turns (c) 6 turns (d) 2 turns
68. The magnetic needle of a tangent galvanometer is deflected at an angle 30° due to a magnet. The horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field 0.34 × 10–4 T is along the plane of the coil. The magnetic intensity is
(a) 1.96  10–4T (b) 1.96  10–5T (c) 1.96  104T (d) 1.96  105T
69. In end on and broadside on position of a deflection magnetometer, if 1 and  2 are the deflections produced
by short magnets at equal distances, then tan 1 / tan  2 is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 1 (d) None of these
70. The period of oscillation of a magnet in a vibration magnetometer is 2 sec. The period of oscillation of a
magnet whose magnetic moment is four times that of the first magnet is
(a) 1 sec (b) 5 sec (c) 8 sec (d) 0.5 sec
 PYQ

Magnetism and Matter

1. THE BAR MAGNET, MAGNETIC DIPOLE AND GAUSS'S LAW

Objective Qs (1 mark)
1. A magnetic dipole moment of a bar magnet is a vector quantity directed:
(a) upward at perpendicular bisector to the line joining to north pole and south pole

(b) from North pole to South pole

(c) downward at perpendicular bisector to the line joining to north pole and south pole

(d) from South pole to North pole

[Delhi Gov. SQP 2022]

Very Short & Short Qs (𝟏 − 𝟑 marks)

2. A small compass needle of magnetic moment ' M ' and moment of inertia ' I ' is free to oscillate in
a magnetic field 'B'. It is slightly disturbed from its equilibrium position and then released. Show
that it executes simple harmonic motion. Hence, write the expression for its time period.
[CBSE 2023]

3. State Gauss's law for magnetism. Explain its significance.

[CBSE 2023]

4. Write the four important properties of the magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet.
[CBSE 2023]

Numerical Qs (1 - 5 marks)
5. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6JT −1 is aligned at 60∘ with uniform external magnetic field
of 0.44 T. Calculate:
(A) the work done is turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment:

(i) normal to the magnetic field.

(ii) opposite to the magnetic field

(B) the torque on the magnet in the final orientation in case (ii).

[CBSE 2023]
 2. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Objective Qs (1 mark)
6. If the magnetizing field on a ferromagnetic material is increased, its permeability:
(a) decreases

(b) increases

(c) remains unchanged

(d) first decreases and then increases

[CBSE SQP 2022]

7. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is −4.2 × 10−6 . The material is:

(a) ferromagnetic
(b) paramagnetic
(c) diamagnetic
(d) none of the above
[Delhi Gov. SQP 2022]

Very Short & Short Qs (1-3 marks)

8. A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown in figure when two specimens (i) and (ii) are
placed in it.

(i)

(ii)

(A) Identify the specimen (i) and (ii).

(B) How is the magnetic susceptibility of specimen (i) different from that of specimen (ii)?

[CBSE SQP 2022]

9. Relative permeability of a material 𝜇𝑟 = 0.5. Identify the nature of the magnetic material and
write its relation to magnetic susceptibility.
[CBSE 2020]
10. A deuteron and an alpha particle having same momentum are in turn allowed to pass through a
magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ , acting normal to the direction of motion of the particles. Calculate the ratio of
the radii of the circular paths described by them.
[CBSE 2019]

11. (A) Define the term magnetic susceptibility and write its relation in terms of relative magnetic
permeability.
(B) Two magnetic materials A and B have relative magnetic permeabilities of 0.96 and 500.
ldentify the magnetic materials 𝐴 and 𝐵.

[CBSE 2018]

12. Write two properties of a material suitable for making (A) a permanent magnet, and (B) an
electromagnet.
[CBSE 2017]

13. How will you distinguish a diamagnetic substance from a paramagnetic substance in respect of
their behaviour in a uniform and non-uniform field?
[CBSE 2016]
Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNET

(Practice Sheet)
1 Which of the following substances cannot be used to make a permanent magnet?
A. Iron B. Cobalt
C. Nickel D. Aluminium
2 A bar magnet is divided into two equal halves along its length. What will be the result?
A. Two separate magnets B. A stronger magnet
C. Two weaker magnets D. The magnetic properties will be lost
3 The magnetic field inside a solenoid is:
A. Zero B. Maximum at the ends
C. Uniform D. Minimum at the centre
4 The magnetic field lines outside a magnet:
A. Always start from the north pole and end B. Always start from the south pole and end
at the south pole at the north pole
C. Can start from either pole and end at D. Do not exist outside the magnet
the other pole
5 The magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil carrying current is:
A. Zero B. Maximum
C. Minimum D. Indeterminate
6 A bar magnet of length 10cm and magnetic moment 2.5Am² is placed in a magnetic field of
strength 0.8T. Calculate the torque experienced by the magnet if it is placed at an angle of
30 degrees with the direction of the magnetic field.

7 A magnetic field of strength 0.5T is applied perpendicular to a circular loop of radius 20cm.
If the loop has 100 turns, calculate the magnetic flux passing through the loop.

8 A solenoid of length 50cm and radius 2cm has 500 turns. If a current of 2A is passed through
the solenoid, calculate the magnetic field strength inside it.

9 A wire carrying a current of 5A is bent into a circular loop of radius 10cm. Calculate the
magnetic field strength at the centre of the loop.

10 A current-carrying coil has 200 turns and a magnetic moment of 4.0Am². If the coil is placed
in a magnetic field of strength 0.6T and experiences a torque of 0.8Nm, calculate the angle
between the magnetic moment and the magnetic field.
Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO DIPOLE

(Practice Sheet)
1 The magnetic field intensity at the axial point of a magnetic dipole is:
A. Zero B. Maximum
C. Minimum D. Indeterminate
2 The magnetic field intensity at the equatorial point of a magnetic dipole is:
A. Zero B. Maximum
C. Minimum D. Indeterminate
3 The magnetic field intensity at a point on the axial line of a magnetic dipole is given by
the equation:
μ0 2M μ0 M
A. B = ( ) × ( 3
) B. B = ( ) × ( 3 )
4π r 4π r
μ0 3M μ0 4M
C. B = ( ) × ( ) D. B = ( ) × ( )
4π r3 4π r3
4 The magnetic field intensity at a point on the equatorial line of a magnetic dipole is given
by the equation:
μ0 2M μ0 M
A. B = ( ) × ( ) B. B = ( ) × ( 3 )
4π r3 4π r
μ0 3M μ0 4M
C. B = ( ) × ( ) D. B = ( ) × ( )
4π r3 4π r3
5 The magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole is directly proportional to:
A. Magnetic moment (M) B. Distance (r)
C. Both magnetic moment (M) and distance D. None of the above
(r)
6 A magnetic dipole of moment 6A·m² is placed in a uniform magnetic field of intensity 0.4T.
Calculate the torque experienced by the dipole when its dipole moment is inclined at an
angle of 60 degrees to the direction of the magnetic field.
7 A magnetic dipole of moment 4.8 × 10(-2) A·m² is placed in a magnetic field of intensity 0.6T.
If the dipole is aligned parallel to the field, calculate the potential energy of the dipole.
8 A magnetic dipole of moment 9.5 × 10(-3) A·m² experiences a torque of 4.2 × 10(-2) N·m when
placed in a magnetic field. Determine the magnetic field intensity.
9 A magnetic dipole of moment 5.2 × 10(-3) A·m² is placed in a magnetic field of intensity 0.8T.
If the dipole is at an angle of 30 degrees to the field, calculate the work done to rotate the
dipole to align it parallel to the field.
10 A magnetic dipole of moment 7.5 × 10(-2) A·m² is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
intensity 0.5T. If the dipole is at an angle of 45 degrees to the field, calculate the torque acting
on the dipole.
Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

TORQUE ON A MAGNETIC DIPOLE

(Practice Sheet)
1 The torque acting on a magnetic dipole is maximum when the angle between the dipole
moment and the magnetic field is:
A. 0° B. 45°
C. 90° D. 180°
2 A bar magnet is freely suspended in a uniform magnetic field. The magnet comes to rest
with its axis aligned along the magnetic field. What can you conclude about the magnetic
field at that location?
A. The magnetic field is non-uniform. B. The magnetic field is zero.
C. The magnetic field is parallel to the D. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the
Earth's magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field.
3 The potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is minimum when the angle
between the dipole moment and the magnetic field is:
A. 0° B. 45°
C. 90° D. 180°
4 The magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole at a point on its axial line is:
A. Zero B. Maximum
C. Minimum D. None of the above
5 A magnetic dipole is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field. The dipole will experience:
A. Only translational force B. Only rotational force
C. Both translational and rotational force D. No force
6 A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 4.5Am² is placed in a magnetic field of strength
0.6T. If the angle between the dipole moment and the magnetic field is 30 degrees,
calculate the torque experienced by the dipole.
7 A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 2.8 × 10⁻² Am² is placed in a magnetic field of
strength 0.4T. If the dipole makes an angle of 60 degrees with the magnetic field, calculate
the torque experienced by the dipole.
8 A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 3.5Am² is placed in a magnetic field of strength 0.8T.
If the angle between the dipole moment and the magnetic field is 45 degrees, calculate the
torque experienced by the dipole.
9 A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 6Am² is placed in a magnetic field of strength 0.5T. If
the dipole makes an angle of 90 degrees with the magnetic field, calculate the torque
experienced by the dipole.
Page 2
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

TORQUE ON A MAGNETIC DIPOLE

10 A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment 1.5 × 10⁻³ Am² is placed in a magnetic field of
strength 0.3T. If the angle between the dipole moment and the magnetic field is 0 degrees,
calculate the torque experienced by the dipole.
Page 1
Class 12th Physics

05 MAGNETISM & MATTER

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

(Practice Sheet)
1 Which of the following materials is ferromagnetic?
A. Aluminium B. Copper
C. Iron D. Silver
2 Paramagnetic substances are those that:
B. Exhibit a weak attraction towards a
A. Exhibit no magnetic properties
magnetic field
C. Exhibit a strong repulsion towards a D. Exhibit a strong attraction towards a
magnetic field magnetic field
3 Diamagnetic materials:
A. Exhibit no magnetic properties B. Exhibit a weak attraction towards a
magnetic field
C. Exhibit a strong repulsion towards a D. Exhibit a strong attraction towards a
magnetic field magnetic field
4 The magnetic moment of a paramagnetic substance is:
A. Always zero B. Dependent on temperature
C. Independent of the external magnetic D. Independent of the atomic structure
field
5 Which of the following materials can retain their magnetization even after the removal of
an external magnetic field?
A. Ferromagnetic materials B. Diamagnetic materials
C. Paramagnetic materials D. Non-magnetic materials
6 A piece of iron has a mass of 200 grams. If the density of iron is 7.8g/cm³, calculate the
volume of the iron piece.
7 A coil with 500 turns is wound on a magnetic core. If the magnetic field through each turn
of the coil is 0.05T, calculate the total magnetic flux passing through the coil.
8 A magnetic field of 0.4T is applied to a magnetic material, and it experiences a magnetic force
of 2N. If the length of the material is 0.5m, calculate the magnetic pole strength.
9 A magnetic material has a magnetic susceptibility of 200. If the magnetic field strength is 400
A/m, calculate the magnetization produced in the material.
10 A cylindrical bar magnet has a length of 10cm and a magnetic moment of 4Am². Calculate
the magnetic field strength at a point on the axial line of the magnet, which is 5cm away from
its centre.
EXEMPLAR SOLUTION
Chapter 5-
Magnetism and Matter
Multiple Choice Questions I

5.1. A toroid of n turns, mean radius R and cross-sectional radius a carries current I. It is placed on a
horizontal table taken as x-y plane. Its magnetic moment m
a) is non-zero and points in the z-direction by symmetry

b) points along the axis of the tortoid

c) is zero, otherwise there would be a field falling as 1/r3 at large distances outside the toroid
d) is pointing radially outwards
Answer:
c) is zero, otherwise there would be a field falling as 1/r3 at large distances outside the toroid

5.2. The magnetic field of the earth can be modelled by that of a point dipole placed at the centre of the
earth. The dipole axis makes an angle of 11.3o with the axis of the earth. At Mumbai, declination is nearly
zero. Then,
a) the declination varies between 11.3o W to 11.3o E
b) the least declination is 0o
c) the plane defined by dipole axis and the earth axis passes through Greenwich
d) declination average over the earth must be always negative
Answer:
a) the declination varies between 11.3o W to 11.3o E

5.3. In a permanent magnet at room temperature

a) magnetic moment of each molecule is zero
b) the individual molecules have non-zero magnetic moment which are all perfectly aligned
c) domains are partially aligned
d) domains are all perfectly aligned
Answer:
d) domains are all perfectly aligned

5.4. Consider the two idealized systems: i) a parallel plate capacitor with large plates and small separation
and ii) a long solenoid of length L >> R, radius of cross-section. In i) E is ideally treated as a constant
between plates and zero outside. In ii) magnetic field is constant inside the solenoid and zero outside. These
idealised assumptions, however, contradict fundamental laws as below:
a) case (i) contradicts Gauss’s law for electrostatic fields
b) case (ii) contradicts Gauss’s law for magnetic fields

c) case (i) agrees with

d) case (ii) contradicts

Answer:
b) case (ii) contradicts Gauss’s law for magnetic fields

5.5. A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetisation of 8 Am-1 when placed in an external magnetic field
of 0.6T at a temperature of 4K. When the same sample is placed in an external magnetic field of 0.2T at a
temperature of 16K, the magnetisation will be
a) 32/3 Am-1
b) 2/3 Am-1
c) 6 Am-1
d) 2.4 Am-1
Answer:
b) 2/3 Am-1

Multiple Choice Questions II

5.6. S is the surface of a lump of magnetic material
a) lines of B are necessarily continuous across S
b) some lines of B must be discontinuous across S
c) lines of H are necessarily continuous across S
d) lines of H cannot all be continuous across S
Answer:
a) lines of B are necessarily continuous across S
d) lines of H cannot all be continuous across S

5.7. The primary origin(s) of magnetism lies in

a) atomic currents
b) Pauli exclusion principle
c) polar nature of molecules
d) intrinsic spin of electron
Answer:
a) atomic currents
d) intrinsic spin of electron

5.8. A long solenoid has 1000 turns per meter and carries a current of 1 A. It has a soft iron core of μr =
1000. The core is heated beyond the Curie temperature Tc
a) the H field in the solenoid is unchanged but the B field decreases drastically
b) the H and B fields in the solenoid are nearly unchanged
c) the magnetisation in the core reverses direction
d) the magnetisation in the core diminishes by a factor of about 108
Answer:
a) the H field in the solenoid is unchanged but the B field decreases drastically
d) the magnetisation in the core diminishes by a factor of about 108

5.9. Essential difference between electrostatic shielding by a conducting shell and magneto static shielding
is due to
a) electrostatic field lines can end on charges and conductors have free charges
b) lines of B can also end but conductors cannot end them
c) lines of B cannot end on any material and perfect shielding is not possible
d) shells of high permeability materials can be used to divert lines of B from the interior region
Answer:
a) electrostatic field lines can end on charges and conductors have free charges
c) lines of B cannot end on any material and perfect shielding is not possible
d) shells of high permeability materials can be used to divert lines of B from the interior region
5.10. Let the magnetic field on the earth be modelled by that of a point magnetic dipole at the centre of the
earth. The angle of dip at a point on the geographical equator
a) is always zero
b) can be zero at specific points
c) can be positive or negative
d) is bounded
Answer:
b) can be zero at specific points
c) can be positive or negative
d) is bounded

Very Short Answers

5.11. A proton has spin and magnetic moment just like an electron. Why then its effect is neglected in
magnetism of materials?
Answer:
The comparison between the spinning of a proton and an electron is done by comparing their magnetic dipole
moment which is given as
μp = eh/4πmp
μe = eh/4πme
μp/μe = me/mp = 1/1837 >> 1
μp << μe

5.12. A permanent magnet in the shape of a thin cylinder of length 10 cm has M = 106 A/m. Calculate the
magnetisation current Im.
Answer:
Intensity of magnetisation = 106 A/m
Length, l = 0.1 m
M = IM/l
IM = Ml = 105 A

5.13. Explain quantitatively the order of magnitude difference between the diamagnetic susceptibility of N2
and Cu.
Answer:
Density of nitrogen = 28 g/ 22400 cc
Density of copper = 8 g/ 22400 cc
Ratio of densities = 16 × 10-4
Diamagnetic susceptibility = density of nitrogen/density of copper = 1.6 × 10-4

5.14. From molecular view point, discuss the temperature dependence of susceptibility for diamagnetism,
paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism.
Answer:
The temperature dependence of susceptibility for a diamagnetism is not much affected by the temperature.
The temperature dependence of susceptibility for a paramagnetism and ferromagnetism is affected by the
temperature that is as the temperature rises, the magnetic moments get disturbed.

5.15. A ball of superconducting material is dipped in liquid nitrogen and placed near a bar magnet. i) In
which direction will it move? ii) What will be the direction of it’s magnetic moment?
Answer:
i) The superconducting material will move away from the bar magnet.
ii) The direction of the magnetic moment will be from left to right.

Short Answers

5.16. Verify the Gauss’s law for magnetic field of a point dipole of dipole moment m at the origin for the
surface which is a sphere of radius R.
Answer:

P is the point at a distance r from O and OP, then magnetic field is given as:
dS is the elementary area of the surface P, then
dS = r2 (r2 sin θ d θr)

Solving the above we get,

5.17. Three identical bar magnets are riveted together at centre in the same plane as shown in the figure.
This system is placed at rest in a slowly varying magnetic field. It is found that the system of magnets does
not show any motion. The north-south poles of one magnet is shown in the figure. Determine the poles of
the remaining two.

Answer:
The system will have a net torque and the net force equal to zero as the system is in equilibrium.

5.18. Suppose we want to verify the analogy between electrostatic and magnetostatic by an explicit
experiment. Consider the motion of i) electric dipole p in an electrostatic field E and ii) magnetic dipole m
in a magnetic field B. Write down a set of conditions on E, B, p, m so that the two motion are verified to be
identical.
Answer:
pE sin θ = μB sin θ
pE = μB
E = cB
pcB = μB
p = μ/c

5.19. A bar magnet of magnetic moment m and moment of inertia I is cut into two equal pieces,
perpendicular to length. Let T be the period of oscillations of the original magnet about an axis through the
mid point, perpendicular to length, in a magnetic field B. What would be the similar period T’ for each
piece?
Answer:
T is the time period
I is the moment of inertia
m is the mass of magnet
B is the magnetic field
T = 2π√I/MB
Magnetic dipole moment M’ = M/2
Time period is given as T’ = T/2

5.20. Use i) the Ampere’s law for H and ii) continuity of lines of B, to conclude that inside a bar magnet a)
lines of H run from the N pole to S pole, while b) lines of B must run from the S pole to N pole.
Answer:

C is the amperian loop which is given as

Solving the above equation we get the angle between more than 90o so that cos θ is
negative.

Long Answers

5.21. Verify the Ampere’s law for magnetic field of a point dipole of dipole moment Take C
as the closed curve running clockwise along i) the z-axis from z = a > 0 to z = R; ii) along the quarter circle
of radius R and centre at the origin, in the first quadrant of x-z plane; iii) along the x-axis from x = R to x =
a and iv) along the quarter circle of radius a and centre at the origin in the first quadrant of x-z plane.
Answer:
a)
Along z-axis, magnetic field = μ0M/4π(1/a2-1/R2)

b)
Magnetic field at point A on the circular arc is = μ0m/4πR2

c)

The magnetic moment is 0

d)

The magnetic moment is 0

5.22. What are the dimensions of χ, the magnetic susceptibility? Consider an H-atom. Guess an expression
for χ, upto a constant by constructing a quanity of dimensions of χ, out of parameters of the atom: e, m, v,
R and μ0. Here, m is the electronic mass, v is electronic velocity, R is Bohr radius. Estimate the number so
obtained and compare with the value of | χ| equivalent to 10-5 for many solid materials.
Answer:
χm = I/H = intensity of magnetisation/magnetising force
χ is dimensionless as I and H has same units
χ = 10-4

5.23. Assume the dipole model for earth’s magnetic field B which is given by Bv = vertical component of
magnetic field = μ0/4π 2m cos θ/r3, BH = horizontal component of magnetic field = μ0/4π 2m sin θm/r3, θ =
90o latitude as measured from magnetic equator. Find loci of points for which i) |B| is minimum ii) dip
angle is zero, and iii) dip angle is ±45o.
Answer:
a) |B| is minimum at the magnetic equator.
b) Angle of dip is zero when θ = π/2
c) When dip angle is ±45o θ = tan-1 is the locus.

5.24. Consider the plane S formed by the dipole axis and the axis of earth. Let P be point on the magnetic
equator and in S. Let Q be the point of intersection of the geographical and magnetic equators. Obtain the
declination and dip angle at P and Q.
Answer:
Point P is in the plane, S is in the north and the declination is zero.
The declination is zero for point P as the point lies in the plane S formed by the dipole axis and the axis of the
earth
The angle of dip is zero for point Q as the point Q lies on the magnetic equator and the angle of declination is
11.3o.

5.25. There are two current carrying planar coils made each from identical wires of length L. C1 is circular
and C2 is square. They are so constructed that they have same frequency of oscillation when they are
placed in the same uniform B and carry the same current. Find a in terms of R.
Answer:
C1 is the circular coil with radius R, length L, and no.of turns per unit length n1 = L/2πR
C2 is the square with side a, perimeter L, and no.of turns per unit length n2 = L/4a
Magnetic moment of C1 = m1 = n1iA1
Magnetic moment of C2 = m2 = n2iA2
m1 = LiR/2
m2 = Lia/4
Moment of inertia of C1 = I1 = MR2/2
Moment of inertia of C2 = Ma2/12
Solving the above, we get, a = 3R
 NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

CHAPTER – 5
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
Exercises
Question 5.1:

A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30º with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25 T
experiences a torque of magnitude equal to 4.5 × 10−2 J. What is the magnitude of magnetic
moment of the magnet?

Answer:

Magnetic field strength, B = 0.25 T

Torque on the bar magnet, T = 4.5 × 10−2 J

Angle between the bar magnet and the external magnetic field,θ = 30°

Torque is related to magnetic moment (M) as:

T = MB sin θ

Hence, the magnetic moment of the magnet is 0.36 J T−1.

Question 5.2:

A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 0.32 J T−1 is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.15 T. If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which orientation would correspond
to its (a) stable, and (b) unstable equilibrium? What is the potential energy of the magnet in
each case?

Answer:

Moment of the bar magnet, M = 0.32 J T−1

External magnetic field, B = 0.15 T

(a)The bar magnet is aligned along the magnetic field. This system is considered as being in
stable equilibrium. Hence, the angle θ, between the bar magnet and the magnetic field is 0°.

Potential energy of the system

(b)The bar magnet is oriented 180° to the magnetic field. Hence, it is in unstable equilibrium.

θ = 180°

Potential energy = − MB cos θ

Question 5.3:

A closely wound solenoid of 800 turns and area of cross section 2.5 × 10−4 m2 carries a current
of 3.0 A. Explain the sense in which the solenoid acts like a bar magnet. What is its
associated magnetic moment?

Answer:

Number of turns in the solenoid, n = 800

Area of cross-section, A = 2.5 × 10−4 m2

Current in the solenoid, I = 3.0 A

A current-carrying solenoid behaves as a bar magnet because a magnetic field develops

along its axis, i.e., along its length.

The magnetic moment associated with the given current-carrying solenoid is calculated as:

M=nIA

= 800 × 3 × 2.5 × 10−4

= 0.6 J T−1

Question 5.4:

If the solenoid in Exercise 5.5 is free to turn about the vertical direction and a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of 0.25 T is applied, what is the magnitude of torque on the solenoid
when its axis makes an angle of 30° with the direction of applied field?

Answer:

Magnetic field strength, B = 0.25 T

Magnetic moment, M = 0.6 T−1

The angle θ, between the axis of the solenoid and the direction of the applied field is 30°.
Therefore, the torque acting on the solenoid is given as:

Question 5.5:

A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 J T−1 lies aligned with the direction of a uniform
magnetic field of 0.22 T.

(a) What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet so as to
align its magnetic moment: (i) normal to the field direction, (ii) opposite to the field direction?

(b) What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (ii)?

Answer:

(a)Magnetic moment, M = 1.5 J T−1

Magnetic field strength, B = 0.22 T

(i)Initial angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ1 = 0°

Final angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ2 = 90°

The work required to make the magnetic moment normal to the direction of magnetic field is
given as:

(ii) Initial angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ1 = 0°

Final angle between the axis and the magnetic field, θ2 = 180°

The work required to make the magnetic moment opposite to the direction of magnetic field is
given as:

(b)For case (i):

∴Torque,

For case (ii):

∴Torque,

Question 5.6:

A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area of cross-section 1.6 × 10−4 m2, carrying a
current of 4.0 A, is suspended through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane.

(a) What is the magnetic moment associated with the solenoid?

(b) What is the force and torque on the solenoid if a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 7.5 ×
10−2 T is set up at an angle of 30º with the axis of the solenoid?

Answer:

Number of turns on the solenoid, n = 2000

Area of cross-section of the solenoid, A = 1.6 × 10−4 m2

Current in the solenoid, I = 4 A

(a)The magnetic moment along the axis of the solenoid is calculated as:

M = nAI

= 2000 × 1.6 × 10−4 × 4

= 1.28 Am2

(b)Magnetic field, B = 7.5 × 10−2 T

Angle between the magnetic field and the axis of the solenoid, θ = 30°

Torque,

Since the magnetic field is uniform, the force on the solenoid is zero. The torque on the
solenoid is
Question 5.7:

A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.48 J T−1. Give the direction and magnitude of
the magnetic field produced by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of the
magnet on (a) the axis, (b) the equatorial lines (normal bisector) of the magnet.

Answer:

Magnetic moment of the bar magnet, M = 0.48 J T−1

(a) Distance, d = 10 cm = 0.1 m

The magnetic field at distance d, from the centre of the magnet on the axis is given by the
relation:

Where,

= Permeability of free space =

The magnetic field is along the S − N direction.

(b) The magnetic field at a distance of 10 cm (i.e., d = 0.1 m) on the equatorial line of the
magnet is given as:

The magnetic field is along the N − S direction.

Question 5.8:

A short bar magnet placed in a horizontal plane has its axis aligned along the magnetic north-
south direction. Null points are found on the axis of the magnet at 14 cm from the centre of the
magnet. The earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.36 G and the angle of dip is zero. What is
the total magnetic field on the normal bisector of the magnet at the same distance as the
null−point (i.e., 14 cm) from the centre of the magnet? (At null points, field due to a magnet is
equal and opposite to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.)

Answer:

Earth’s magnetic field at the given place, H = 0.36 G

The magnetic field at a distance d, on the axis of the magnet is given as:

Where,

= Permeability of free space

M = Magnetic moment

The magnetic field at the same distance d, on the equatorial line of the magnet is given as:

Total magnetic field,

Hence, the magnetic field is 0.54 G in the direction of earth’s magnetic field.

Question 5.9:

If the bar magnet in exercise 5.13 is turned around by 180º, where will the new null points be
located?

Answer:

The magnetic field on the axis of the magnet at a distance d1 = 14 cm, can be written as:

Where,

M = Magnetic moment
 = Permeability of free space

H = Horizontal component of the magnetic field at d1

If the bar magnet is turned through 180°, then the neutral point will lie on the equatorial line.

Hence, the magnetic field at a distance d2, on the equatorial line of the magnet can be written
as:

Equating equations (1) and (2), we get:

The new null points will be located 11.1 cm on the normal bisector.
 MAGNETISM AND MATTER
05
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