Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering
(EE-132)
Lecture-10
Single Phase AC Circuits

Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW

 Outlines
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam

This lecture covers:

• Behavior of a pure resistor in AC circuit
• Behavior of a pure inductor in AC circuit
• Behavior of a pure capacitor in AC circuit
• Series RL circuit
• Series RC circuit
• Series RLC circuit
• Parallel AC Circuits
• Numerical examples

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 2

 Series R-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Consider a pure resistor 𝑅 connected in series with a pure capacitor C
across an alternating voltage source 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

• Let 𝑉 and 𝐼 be the rms values of

applied voltage and current.

• Potential difference across the resistor, 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼

• Potential difference across the capacitor, 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 𝐼
• We know that - the voltage 𝑉𝑅 is in phase with the current 𝐼 whereas the
voltage 𝑉𝐶 lags the current 𝐼 by 90°

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 3

 Series R-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
Phasor Diagram:
• Steps for drawing phasor diagram
1. Since the same current flows through series circuit, 𝐼 ҧ is taken as reference phasor
2. Draw 𝑉ത𝑅 in phase with 𝐼 ҧ
3. Draw 𝑉ത𝐶 such that it lags 𝐼 ҧ by 90°
4. Add 𝑉ത𝑅 and 𝑉ത𝐶 by triangle law of vector addition such that
𝑉ത = 𝑉ത𝑅 + 𝑉ത𝐶
5. Mark the angle between 𝐼 ҧ and 𝑉ത as 𝜙

• It is clear from phasor diagram that current 𝐼 leads applied voltage 𝑉 by

an angle 𝜙 (0° < 𝜙 < 90°)
07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 4
 Series R-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Impedance
▪ 𝑉ത = 𝑉ത𝑅 + 𝑉ത𝐶 = 𝑅 𝐼 ҧ − 𝑗𝑋𝐶 𝐼 ҧ = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝐼 ҧ
▪ Impedance 𝑍ҧ of this R-C circuit,
𝑉ത
= 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍ҧ
𝐼ҧ
𝑍ҧ = 𝑍∠ − 𝜙
1 2 𝑋𝐶 1
▪ Where 𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶2 = 𝑅2 + ; 𝜙 = tan−1 = tan−1
𝜔𝐶 𝑅 𝜔𝐶𝑅

▪ The quantity 𝑍ҧ is called the complex impedance of the R-C circuit

• Impedance Triangle
▪ The impedance triangle is shown here

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 5

 Series R-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Current
▪ From the phasor diagram, it is clear that the current 𝐼 leads the voltage 𝑉 by an angle 𝜙
▪ If the applied voltage is given by 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 then the current equation will be
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
𝑉𝑚 1
▪ Where 𝐼𝑚 = and 𝜙 = tan−1
𝑍 𝜔𝐶𝑅

• Waveforms
▪ The voltage and current waveforms are as shown here

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 6

 Series R-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Power
▪ Instantaneous power p is given by
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
= 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
cos 𝜙 − cos(2𝜔 + 𝜙)
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
2
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
= cos 𝜙 − cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
2 2
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
▪ The power consists of a constant part cos 𝜙 and a fluctuating part cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
2 2
▪ The frequency of the fluctuating power is twice the applied voltage frequency and its
average value over one complete cycle is zero
▪ Average power,
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑃= cos 𝜙 = cos 𝜙 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
2 2 2
▪ Thus, power is dependent upon the in-phase component of the current.
▪ The average power is also called active power and is measured in watts

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 7

 Series R-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Power
▪ Reactive power,
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜙
▪ Apparent power,
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
• Power Triangle
▪ In terms of circuit components, cos 𝜙 = 𝑅/𝑍 and 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑅
▪ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙 = 𝑍𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑍
𝑋
▪ 𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜙 = 𝑍𝐼𝐼 𝐶 = 𝐼2 𝑋𝐶
𝑍
2
▪ 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑍𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑍

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 8

 Series R-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Power factor
▪ It is defined as the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current phasors
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜙
▪ From voltage triangle,
𝑉𝑅
𝑝𝑓 =
𝑉
▪ From impedance triangle,
𝑅
𝑝𝑓 =
𝑍
▪ From power triangle,
𝑃
𝑝𝑓 =
𝑆

• In case of an R-C series circuit, the power factor is leading in nature since
the current leads the voltage by an angle 𝜙

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 9

 Series R-L-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Consider a pure resistor 𝑅, pure inductor 𝐿 and pure capacitor 𝐶 connected
in series across an alternating voltage 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

• Let 𝑉 and 𝐼 be the rms values of

applied voltage and current.

• Potential difference across the resistor, 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼

• Potential difference across the inductor, 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 𝐼
• Potential difference across the capacitor, 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 𝐼
• We know that - the voltage 𝑉𝑅 is in phase with the current 𝐼, the voltage 𝑉𝐿
leads the current 𝐼 by 90° and the voltage 𝑉𝐶 lags behind the current 𝐼 by 90°

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 10

 Series R-L-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
Phasor Diagram:
• Steps for drawing phasor diagram
1. Since the same current flows through series circuit, 𝐼 ҧ is taken as reference phasor
2. Draw 𝑉ത𝑅 in phase with 𝐼 ҧ
3. Draw 𝑉ത𝐿 such that it leads 𝐼 ҧ by 90°
4. Draw 𝑉ത𝐶 such that it lags behind 𝐼 ҧ by 90°
5. Add 𝑉ത𝑅 , 𝑉ത𝐿 and 𝑉ത𝐶 by triangle law of vector addition such that
𝑉ത = 𝑉ത𝑅 + 𝑉ത𝐿 + 𝑉ത𝑪
5. Mark the angle between 𝐼 ҧ and 𝑉ത as 𝜙
• Case-I: VL > VC
• Case-I: V𝐶 > V𝐿

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 11

 Series R-L-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Impedance
▪ 𝑉ത = 𝑉ത𝑅 + 𝑉ത𝐿 + 𝑉ത𝐶 = 𝑅 𝐼 ҧ + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝐼 ҧ − 𝑗𝑋𝐶 𝐼 ҧ = 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ) 𝐼 ҧ
▪ Impedance 𝑍ҧ of this R-L circuit,
𝑉ത
= 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑍ҧ
𝐼ҧ
𝑍ҧ = 𝑍∠𝜙
𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶
▪ Where 𝑍 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2 ; 𝜙 = tan−1
𝑅
▪ The quantity Z is called the complex impedance of the R-L-C circuit

• Impedance Triangle
▪ Case-I: 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶
▪ Case-I: 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿

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 Series R-L-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Current
▪ 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 then the current equation will be
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ± 𝜙
▪ ‘–’ sign is used when 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶
▪ ‘+’ sign is used when 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿

• Waveforms
▪ The voltage and current waveforms are as shown here
• Case-I: 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶
• Case-II: 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 13

 Series R-L-C in AC Circuit
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
• Power
▪ Average power,
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙 = 𝐼2 𝑅
▪ Reactive power,
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜙 = 𝐼 2 𝑋
▪ Apparent power,
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑍 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
• Power Triangle
• Case-I: 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶
• Case-II: 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿

• Power factor
▪ It is defined as the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current phasors
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜙
𝑉𝑅 𝑅 𝑃
𝑝𝑓 = = =
𝑉 𝑍 𝑆

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 14

 Examples
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam

Numerical Example-1:
• An alternating voltage of 80 + 𝑗 60 V is applied to a circuit and the current
flowing is 4 – 𝑗 2 A. Find the (i) impedance, (ii) phase angle, (iii) power factor,
and (iv) power consumed.
Solution:
𝑉ത = 80 + 𝑗60 𝑉
𝐼 ҧ = 4 − 𝑗2 𝐴

i) Impedance,
𝑉ത 80 + 𝑗60 100∠36.87°
ҧ
𝑍= = = = 22.37∠63.43°
𝐼ҧ 4 − 𝑗2 4.47∠ − 26.56°
𝑍 = 22.37∠63.43° Ω
ii) Phase angle,
𝜙 = 63.43°

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 15

 Examples
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
iii) Power factor,
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜙 = cos 63.43° = 0.447 (𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
iv) Power consumed,
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙 = 100 × 4.43 × 0.447 = 199.81 𝑊

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 Examples
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam

Numerical Example-2:
• A load of 20 kW operates at 0.8 lagging power factor when connected to a
420 V, single phase, 50 Hz source. Find (i) current in the load, (ii) power
factor angle, (iii) impedance, (iv) resistance of load, (v) reactance of load, (vi)
voltage and current equations.
Solution:
𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑊
𝑝𝑓 = 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑉 = 420 𝑉
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧

i) Current in the load,

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
20 × 103 = 420 × 𝐼 × 0.8
𝐼 = 59.52 𝐴

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 17

 Examples
©2023 Dr. M. N. Alam
ii) Power factor angle,
𝜙 = cos −1 0.8 = 36.87°
iii) Impedance,
𝑉 420
𝑍= = = 7.056 Ω
𝐼 59.52
iv) Resistance of load,
𝑅 = 𝑍 cos 𝜙 = 7.056 × 0.8 = 5.6448 Ω
v) Reactance of load,
𝑋 = 𝑍 sin 𝜙 = 7.056 × sin 36.87° = 4.2336 Ω
vi) Voltage and current equations,
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 = 420 2 sin 2𝜋 × 50 𝑡 = 593.97 sin 100𝜋𝑡
The current lags behind the voltage by 36.87°
𝑣 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 = 59.52 2 sin 2𝜋 × 50 𝑡 − 36.87°
= 84.174 sin 100𝜋𝑡 − 36.87°

07-10-2023 EE132 - Dr. M. N. Alam, EED, NITW 18