VE

LAMMALBODHI
CAMP
US,
THAN
JAVU
R

P
HYS
ICSI
NVE
STI
GATOR
YP R
OJE
CT
T
RANSF
ORMERS

2
024
-25

BY
:SU
NDARK
RIS
HNA.
P
DAT
E:_
___
___
___
___
_
 CE
RTI
FI
CAT
E

Th
isist
oc er
ti
fytha
tthi
s”
Phys
ic
sInv
est
ig
ato
ryPr
oje
ct”o
nthetop
ic
”
Tr
ansf
ormers
”hasbe
ensuc
ces
sfu
ll
ycompl
et
edbySUNDARKRISHNA
ofc l
assXI
Iunde
rthegu
id
anc
eo fMr.
KUBENDI
RANinpar
ti
cu
l
a r
f
ul
fi
lmen
to fth
ec u
rr
ic
ul
umofCentr
alBoar
dofSeco
ndar
yEduc
a t
i
on
[
CBS E]l
ea
din
gtotheawa
rdofann
ualex
ami
na
ti
onofth
eyear
2024-25.

I
nt
er
na
lEx
ami
n
er E
xt
er
na
lEx
ami
n
er

P
ri
nc
ip
alS
ig
nat
ur
e
 ACK
NOWL
EDGE
MEN
TS

I
hav
eta
kenef
fo
rt
si
nthi
spr
oj
ec
t.Ho
wev
er
,i
two
ul
dnotha
vebe
en
p
oss
i
bl
ewi
tho
utt
heki
n
dsup
por
tan
dhel
pofma
nyi
nd
iv
i
d u
al
s.

Iwo
ul
dli
k
etotha
nkmypr
i
nci
pa
lMs
.
SAHANAan
dsc
hoo
lfo
rpr
ov
id
in
g
mewi
thf
aci
l
i
ti
esre
qui
r
edtod
omypro
je
ct.

I
amhig
hl
yi
nde
bte
dtomyphy
si
cst
each
erMr.
KUBEN
DIRANforh
is
g
ui
dan
cewh
ic
hhassu
st
ai
ne
dmye f
fo
rt
sinal
ls
ta
gesoft
hisp
roj
ec
t
w
ork
.

I
woul
dal
s
oli
k
etot
han
kmyp
are
nt
sfo
rth
ei
rco
nt
in
uou
ssu
ppo
rta
nd
e
nco
ur
age
men
t.

Myth
ank
sandap
pre
ci
at
i
onsa
ls
ogot omyfel
l
owc
la
ss
mat
esandt
he
l
abo
rat
or
yass
is
ta
nti
nde
vel
op
in
gthep r
oj
ecta
ndt
othep
eop
lewh
o
ha
vewi
ll
i
ngl
yhe
lp
edmeou
twi
thth
eirabi
l
it
i
es.
 I
NDE
X

1
.Cer
ti
fi
ca
te
2
.Ack
now
le
dgemen
ts
3
.Ai
m
4
.App
ara
tu
sR eq
ui
re
d
5
.I
nt
rod
uct
io
n
6
.Th
eor
y
7
.En
erg
yLoss
es
8
.I
ll
u
str
at
io
n
9
.Ef
fi
ci
en
cy
1
0.
Con
cl
us
i
on
1
1
.Bi
bl
i
ogr
aph
y
 AI
M
T
oin
ves
ti
ga
tet
her
el
at
i
onb
etw
eent
her
at
ioo
f:

1
. I
np
uta
ndOutp
utv
ol
ta
ge.
2
.Numbe
roftu
rn
in
gsi
nth
esec
ond
aryc
oi
la
ndp
ri
mar
yco
il
o
fatr
ans
fo
rmer
.

AP
PAR
ATU
SRE
QUI
RED

1
.IR
ONR OD
2
.COPPERWIRE
3
.VOLT
METER
4
.AMMETER
 I
NTR
ODU
CTI
ON

ATr
ans
for
meri
sane l
ec
tri
ca
ldevi
cewh
ic
hisus
edfo
r
c
onv
er
ti
nganal
te
rna
tin
gc u
rr
entatl
owvo
lt
agei
nt
otha
tathi
gh
v
ol
ta
georvi
ceve
rsa
.
ATr
ans
for
meri
susedi
nb o
thl
o wandh
ig
hcurr
en
tci
rc
ui
t.T
her
e
a
retw
otyp
esoftr
ansf
ormer
s,
1. Ste
pupT r
an
sfor
mer
2.S te
pd o
wnTran
sfor
mer

P
RIN
CIP
LE

T
hetra
nsf
or
merwo
rk
sonthepri
n
ci
pl
eofmutu
ali
n
duc
ti
on
,i
.e
,
w
henac ha
ngi
n
gcurr
en
tispas
sedth
rou
ghoneoft
hetwo
i
n
duct
i
vel
ycou
pl
edco
il
s,a
nin
duc
edemfi
ssetupi
nth
eoth
er
c
oi
l.
CON
STR UCTI
ON :
-AT rans
formeressen
ti
al
l
yc on
si
st
so ftwocoi
lsofin
sul
at
ed
copperwi
reh av
ingdi
ff
erentnu
mberofturn
sa n
dw ou
ndon
thesames of
tir
onc or
e.
-Thec oi
ltow hi
chele
ctr
ica
l e
ner
gyissuppl
i
ediscal
le
dthe
pri
marycoil
.
-Thec oi
lf ro
mw hi
chthee ne
rgyisd r
awnisc al
l
edthe
seconda
ryc o
il
.
-Top r
eventener
gyloss
esduetoeddyc u
rre
nts
,alami
nat
ed
coreisus
e d.Becaus
eo fhi
ghper
me a
bi
li
tyofsof
tiro
n,t
he
enti
remagn e
ti
cf l
uxduetothecur
renti
nt h
ep r
imar
ycoi
l
pract
ica
ll
yr e
mainsi
ntheironcor
ea n
dh enc
ep ass
esfu
ll
y
thr
oughthes ec
ondar
yc oi
l
.

WOR
KIN
G:
-AsAlt
er
nati
ngcur
rentfl
owsthr
oug
ht h
ep r
ima
rycoi
l,i
t
ge
ner
ate
sa nal
ter
nat
ingmagne
ti
cflu
xinthecor
ew hi
ch
al
s
opass
esthr
oughthesec
onda
rycoi
l
.
-Th
echangei
nfl
uxset
su pani
ndu
cedemfi
nthese
condar
y
co
il
andal
soasel
f-i
nduc
edemfint
hepri
mary
.
-I
fthe
reisnole
akag
eo fmagne
ti
cfl
ux,t
hefl
uxl
i
nkedwit
h
ea
chtur
no fth
ep r
imarycoi
lwi
l
lbee q
ualt
othatli
n
ked
wi
t
heachtur
nofthesecon
dar
ycoi
l
.
 T
HEOR
Y
Cons
i
derasi
tua
ti
onw h
enn olo
adiscon
nec
tedtoth
ese
con
dar
y
co
il
.Le
tN 1
andN2b ethenumberoft
urn
sinth
ep r
i
mar
yan
d
se
con
dar
yc o
il
sre
spect
iv
ely.Th
en,
I
ndu
cedEMFinth
ep ri
marycoi
l=-N1d/ dt
(
E1)
I
ndu
cedEMFinth
es eco
ndarycoi
l=-N2d / d
t
(
E2)
Where isthemagnet
i
cf l
uxli
nke
dw i
t
heachtur
noft
he
pr
i
maryorse
cond
arycoi
latanyins
tan
t,
the
n
E2/E1
=N 2
/ N1
-
LetEbethea p
pl
iedemftothepri
mary.ByL enz
’
slaw,
sel
f-
in
duc
ed
e
mfE1 o
ppos
esEint h
eprimar
yco i
l
.
-
Ther
efo
re,r
esul
t
antemfinthepri
mary=E -
E1
-
Thi
semfsendscur
ren
tI1
,thr
oughthep ri
marycoi
lo
fresi
s
tan
ceR.
E-E1=RI1
-
ButRisverysmal
lsotheter
mR I1canb enegl
ec
ted.
Then, E =E1
E2
/ E1
=Outpu
temf/In
p utemf=N2/N1
-
Therat
i
oN 2/N1,
ofthenumberoftu
rnsins ec
ond
arycoi
lt
otha
tin
t
hepr
imar
y,i
sc a
ll
edTur
nsR a
ti
oo fth
et rans
for
mer.I
ti
sals
ocal
le
d
T
ran
sf
ormerRati
o.
CURRENTSINPRI
MARYAN DSECONDARY:
Ass
umi
ngthetr
an
sfo
rme
rtobei
deal
onesoth
att
her
ear
enoene
rgy
l
oss
es,t
hen
I
npu
tpower
=Ou t
pu
tpowe
r OR E1I
1=
E2I
2
WhereI
1andI2ar
ecur
re
ntsi
nth
epri
mar
yandse
con
dar
yco
il
re
spe
cti
ve
ly
.
I
1/I
2=E2/E1=N2/N1

S
TEPU
PTR
ANS
FOR
MER
”
AS t
epupt
ran
sf
ormeri
sadevi
cet
hatch
ang
esl
owvo
lt
age
a
lt
er
na
ti
ngcu
rr
ent(AC)i
ntohi
ghvo
lt
ageAC.I
tha
sapri
mar
yco
il
w
it
hfew
ertu
rn
stha
ntheseco
nda
ryco
il”

S
TEPDOWNT
RAN
SFOR
MER
”
AS t
epdowntr
ans
fo
rme
risade
vi
cethatc
onv
ert
shi
ghvol
tag
e
a
lt
er
nat
i
ngcurr
en
t(AC)i
nt
olowv
olt
ageAC.Th
ist
ran
sf
o r
merhasa
l
ar
genu
mberoftu
rn
sint
hepr
ima
rywi
ndi
ngan
das ma
ll
ernu
mberfo
r
t
hese
con
darywi
nd
in
g”
 E
NER
GYL
OSS
ES
1
.COP PERLOS S:Someenergyi
slostdu
etohe a
ti
ngof
coppe
rw i
r
esu s
edinthepri
maryandsecon
dar
yw i
ndi
n
gs.
2
.EDDYCU RRENTL OSS:Thealt
ern
ati
ngmagnet
i
cflu
x
in
duce
se d
dyc ur
rent
sinth
ei r
oncorewhi
chle
adstosome
ener
gylos
sintheformofhe a
t.
3.
HYSTERISI
SL OS S
: T
healt
erna
ti
ngc u
rr
entca
rri
esth
eiro
n
cor
ethrou
ghc ycl
esofmagneti
s
ati
onanddemagne
ti
sat
i
on.
Wo r
kisdoneineachofthesecycl
esandi
slos
tasheat.
4.
FLUXLEAKAGE : T
hema g
neti
cfl
uxp r
oduc
edbythe
pr
imar
yc o
ilmaynotful
l
yp a
ssthrou
ghthesecon
dar
ycoil
.
Someofthef l
uxmaylea
kintoai
r.
5
.HUMMINGL OS S:Asthetr
a n
sfo
rmerwork
s,i
t
sc o
re
le
ngth
ensandshort
ensdur
ingeachcycl
eoftheal
ter
na
tin
g
vol
ta
ged u
et oap he
nomenoncal
l
edma gn
eto
str
ic
ti
on.T
his
gi
vesri
setoah ummin
gsound,s
os o
meo fth
ee l
ec
tri
ca
l
ener
gyisl
ostinthefor
mo fhummin
gsound.
 I
LL
UST
RAT
ION

E
FFI
CI
ENCY

Thee
ff
ic
ie
ncyofatr
an
sfo
rmeri
sde f
i
nedas
,
(Pow
erou
tpu
t/powerin
put
)*
1
00%
T
heef
fi
ci
en
cyofarea
ltr
an
sfo
rmerisfa
ir
l
yhig
h(9
0-9
9%)
t
ho
ughn
ot1
00%
 CON
CLU
SION

1
.
Theout
putvol
t
ageofthetr
ansf
or
merac
rosst
he
s
eco
ndar
yc o
ild
epen
dsu p
onthera
ti
o(N2
/ N
1)wi
t
h
r
es
pectt
ot h
einp
utvol
tage
.
2
.Ther
eissomel
ossofpowerbe
twee
nthei
npu
tand
o
ut
putco
ilofatr
ansf
ormer
.
 BI
BLI
OGR
APHY

1
.
NCE
RTT
ext
boo
kCl
as
s12

2
.NCE
RTP
hys
i
csL
abMa
nua
l

3
.I
NTE
RNE
T

4
.WWW.
go
ogl
e.
co
m

5
.WWW.
s
cri
bd
.c
om

6
.Ph
ysi
csR
efe
ren
ceBo
oks