| Ajt-31. ‘Transformation of Co-ordinates. et 4 The: “go-dtdinates, ‘Bf point or the equation of acurve, ‘fojed oem and aSet of axes of co-ordinates. The above.co-ci _ changes when ithe origin is changed or the direction of ax se ghanging’the co-ordinate of a point ot the! eqtiation of:a’ ty Now wéhave. $9 investigaté the mode of Af i Ghee acebig ts the trans from iat awcnaaccn Let us take anew painof aes © Ox’ and OY parallel’to. [pair,OX and OY; O being ‘the-net ‘origin. whose ca-ordinaté a¥¢ (4, ) referred coeur es ‘ eS (n'y) be: the co-ordinates, referred to the axes OXx-andO ordinate ‘referred t6 the old axes are (t,) itis required to transform ‘the co-ordinates (x, y) in terms sob ares and Pa Pepe PS Leite ” of apoint P, whose co-Change of Axes 21 The transformed co-ordinates are pin ss xv=r-—a + and y= y—B : i ‘s_ Rule : In order to shift the origin to (c, B) the transformation is obtained ‘by replacing x by x aand y by y +B. If from-the transformed equation’ we want to get the old equations then (2) 0 XPT sand y by y— B. This is known as shifting the origin buck. \ ‘otation of axes (origin fixed) Me aie bar : : \\ ‘find ‘the. change~in .the co-ordinates: of ai point. when the idirection of axes-s. turned OV itrough an angle 8 where-as the origin-of co-ordinates. reriains:the sine. ~ ‘ ig! igi ‘ ae Let OX-and OY be the old axes anid OX’ and OY’ sel thgnew axes.\O is the common origif for the two sets of axes. Let the. angle X’ OX ‘through which the. axes have rotated be represented by 8. Sie . YX Poy. 2 Fig. 11 ie Se ‘et P be any point in the plane and let its co-ordinates referred to the old axes be (x, y), «and refeited to the new axes be (x’,). REA Ss ge {et us try to determine x and y in tes of x, and.6, Draw PM perpendicular to OX, PN’ erpendicular-to OX’, and N’N perpendicular to OX, arid N-Mf patallel to OX, ‘Then._x =OM=ON~MN=ON—MN: ” Eoldaes 3 = ON’ cos 0— PN’ sin @= x cosy sin * * LG y=MP_=MM’+MP=NN’4 MP ‘ . : z £ . = ON’ sin @+ PN’ cos @=x'sin@ + "cos -.-- ~ ae Hence the formula for the rotation of the axes through an angle 0 are. zi X= x'cos@—y'sin 6)” poses p hes SSUES y=x'sin 0 + y’ cos 6 @) c : See WO 34. Change of origin with the change of the direction of Sikes: \ JZ itis really the combihation of Art. 32nd Art. 33, ‘The: best method is to’apply Art: 32 and then Art. 33. Of course the two transformations tiay also be made. ‘simultaneously. Let us suppose that the system of axes be rectangular. The origin is shifted fo the point (a, B) and then the,axes are rotated through an angle 0: If the co-ordinates of any point be (x, y) ‘in the old system, and (2, y') in the new system, from Art. 32; and Att, 33. Nieeninianis. oes 573A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry we have. X=a+x' cos0—y sin . mndyipsvsnorpene} “ | ‘Art. 35. Invariants. [R.U. 1983] If by the rotation of the rectangular co-ordinate axes about the ofigin, the expression, ax? + Zhxy'+ by? changes to a’x? + Qh'x’y'+ b'y?, a+b =a! +! and ab—h =a‘! —h2 Let (x,y) be the ‘co-ordinates of a point P referred to a ‘set of rectangillar_axés. Ifthe axes are roated through an angle @ about the origin, let the co-ordinates of the same point P be (, y)) referred to the new system of rectangular axes. Then we have by (8) Art, 33, x= cos ©—y sin 8 and y= sinO + jf cos 0. By using the above transformations the expression ax? + 2yxy + by? becomes &-' | i a(x’ cos © — ¥ sin 0)? + 2h (x'cos 0 —y’ sin 0) (x sin'8 +1 cos 6) +b (7 sin 6 + y/ cos 6)? = a’x? + Dh'x'y's Vy? where a = a cos*@ + 2h sin @ cos 0 + b sin’ @ ¥ =a sin’ —2h sin 0 cos. 0 +b c0s’6 . (2) HW =h cos — sin’) —(a—b) sin0.c0s0. — @) From (1) and (2) we have on’simplification < “ ad +h a+b : Again 2a’ = 2a cos*® + 4h sin @ cis © +.2b sin?O =a (i +.c0$ 26)'+ 2h sin 20 + (t — cos 20) 3 = a+b +2hsin 20 + (@—2) cos 28 xe a (4) Similarly. 2b’ =. + b= 2h sin 20— (a—b) cos 20 ae ee (6) From (4), (5) and (3) we have 4(d—h?) = (a + by? — {2h sin 20 + (a — b)cos 20]? : = {2h cos 20 — (a—b) sin 207° = (a+b) — 4h — (@— bY = dab — 4h? . or, ab’ — hi? = ab — The two: quantities a+ and ab—h? for the’ expression ax? + 2hxy + by? are called invariants of transformation from one system of rectangular axes (Without change of the origin), because their. values remain unchanged by the transformation. = ‘Cor. Removal of the-xy-ferm from the expression ax? + 2hxy + by? If we rotate the rectangular axes through an angle @ about the origin, we have transformations by Eq-3, Art. 33: es x=¥ cos Oy sin®, y=¥ sin 0+ cos 0 Putting the values of x and y in ax? + 2hxy'+ by? } we have, a’x? +2h'x'y +b'y? | : ——9 eee St eneamnaia gneenemnanm etemmenenns etme ia perme peaneninnik eirenbend daertmmanin 7 m Change of Axes . 23 wherer the values of a’. and h' are available from (1), (2) and (3) of Art 35. The co-efficient of x’ Y' term in'the new expression’is 2h’ where h’ = it (cos? — sin’9) — (a= b) sin6 cos®. In order to remove the'x’y’ term, the co-efficient W is zeroie. >h(cos?8 — sine) — (a —b) sin 8 cos 8 =0 E :heas20=5 0 sin 99, n29= 2 (6) Hence if the axes ‘are rotated through an angle @=}tan7! = expression ax? + 2hyx + by? vanishes, L. ea paiezmine the equation ofthe curve 2? +3y?— 8x + 6y—7 = 0 when then origin ia to the point (2, 1), ue when then origin is transferred to the point (2)—1) Put x =°42, y.= y"— 1 in the above equation. ‘Then 2(x’ + 2)2+.3 (y—1?-— 8 +2) +6 Y=1)—7=0 Athen xy term in the 18. : ‘the equation of the parabola S +9 +2x—dy+3=0 Es Sar s @ ‘ of axes through 45°” as ‘axes have been roated through an arigle 45°, then x= x’ cos 45°—y sin 45°= (x —y)/W2 sin 45° + y' cos 45°'= (x + y)/¥2-° === e i; x * Put them in (1), then a ea = + e3=0 On sitnplification the equation reduces to 2y? —\2v —3)2y'+3=0, Now dropping the suffixes; the equation is. 2y? — Vox —3\2y +3 =0 Ans, Ex. 3. Remove the first degree isms in 3x2 44y— 1x4 4y413=0 Complete the square, oF, (24x + (eey+])-0 onste—ap-+4(y +5) =0 = rate i24 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry Putx—2=x andy +} =y in (iy 3x244y2=0 This is satisfied-only by x’ =0; y’=0, which is the new origin: By shifting origin at (2 ;1)), the first. degree terms can be removed. Ex4. By transforming to parallel axes through’a'properly chosen point (I, f); prove that the equation. 1h 12x? — 10xy +2? + 11x —5y +2=0 can be reduced to one containing only the terms of the 2nd degree. ‘Transforming to parallel axes through (h, k) we have © 126! + WP 10 (+ W)'Y +) 42 y+ RR +11 +) —5 y+ 42-0 or, 12x2— LOr’y’ + 2y? + (24h — 10K + 11) x + (| 10h + 4k — 5)y/ + (128? — 10KK + 2k? + 5k +2) = : @ Now equate the co-efficienté of x, y to zero then : fee 24h — 10k +120 also— 10h +4k=5=0 and 24? — 10hk-+ 282+ 11h—5k+2=0 °° Solve the first'two equations k =—}, k = Sand it is clear that these values of hk satisfy the equation (i). Hence the equation. () becomes 12x? —10r'y' +2y2=0. EXERCISE 1V. 1. Transform to parallel axes through the new origin of the equations, ; (a) Origin (@, 2), 2x? + P—4x+4y =0 | Ans22+~=6 : = ‘PD. U. 1982] () Origin (3, 1), 227 = 6x + 2y2+ ‘2. Transform to axes inclined af 45° to the original axex the equations. ‘Ans, x?-+ 2y? + dy =0. equations: eye ‘Ans. 2xy = a? (i) 2 —y —2yoe— they +2=0 Ans. 1y +60, 4y= 3. Remove the first degree terms in each of the following equation. ant (a) — 4° —6x —8y—10=0 ‘ ; Ans. S12 —4y?=9 (b) 2x? + 5y?— 12% + 10y—7 =0- Ans. 202 +P = 40 » (C32 —4y? + 6x +24y—135=0 i 2 Ans, 32 —4y? = 102 a accel a RE ao tet| é Change of Axes B 4. Prove that the value of g? +? in the equation ax? thay + by? + 2gx + 2fy ees remains uneffected by orthogonal transformation without change of origin. 5. Transform the equation 11x24 24ry + 4y?— 20x — 40y —5 = 0 to rectangular axes through the point (2, = d)and inclined at an angle ta} ‘ Ans. 2—4y?+1=0 “G- Determine the angle through which the axes mist be rotated to remove the xy term in the equation. 7x?— 6V3xy + 13y? = 16 Ans. 6= 30", a+ ay? = 4 7. By. transforming to parallel axes through a properly chosen point (h, “k) prove that the saute ate xy —Sx—4y +115! Ocan be reduced to one containing terms ofthe 2nd degree only. 2“ Ans.2,3) 8. The direction of axes remaining the same, choose’ tiew origin such that the new co- x crate ofthe pif points whos li eons a 6,18) and (2, 41) may be the forms (h, &) and (—h, —k) ° “Ans. (1,—1) 9. Transforin the equation 17x? + 182y=74?—16x —32y —18 = O'to one in which there is SE NOS RR ans eee Feb mete 3 ‘Ans: (15-1), tar-13/4, 22+ y= 1 10. Transform’ the axes inclined at 20° to the original axes the equation, 22 + 2¥3xy— Pam 2 Ans. 2 y= a? ‘Th ech 20h 18r— 2y +50 = 0s transformed to 4x? +.2y? = 1 when referred to réctangular axes through the point (2,3) Find the inclination of the latter axes-to the fotmer._ + IR. U, 1960] | Co-ordinate—4ts PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES Let us consider the equation ax? + 2hxy + by? =0 a _ qQ FOF, (9x4 hy) N02 = aby yl lax hy — = ab) =0- ©) “On multiplying it by a, it may written in the form” a2 + Dalry + aby? = 0, fa #0 vor. ax? + ahry + hey? — (1 — a = or, {ax + hy)? — ty Vi? — ah = ‘The equation (1) therefore, represents the two straight lines whose‘equations are ax +hy +y We —ab) =0. - Bs eS Se (2) arid ax-+hy— yi? — ab) = 0 eg “@) cach of which passes through the origin. ‘The two lines (2). Gin the toc of te équiation (1) for (1)-is satisfied by the co-ordinates of all points which satisfy (2)-and (3) ‘These two straight linés are ‘real and different if h? > ab, real and coincident if H? = ab, and imaginary if h?- ab Cor. ‘L Two lines of above equation will be imaginary if I? < ab. ie Art. Aree crow ofthe angles between the Lincs represented by ax*+ iy + y= 0 | { “Let: the lines y — mx =0 andy — mx = 0 Y | represented by ae ua | } x2 + Dhay + by? = 0 he Qphave slopes © 57 y mand m, and make angles 9: and 0; with OX. Let one -. =, of the, bisectors make an angle 6 ‘with OX. from the diagram we have s. 0=0,+3—9 XxIn either case 25 tan) #tan@, _ my + my tan 20 = tan (1 +.) =] — tan Oytan'®y 1mm, 2tan@ m+ m, ©. T tan? @ ~1—myma Fram Eq, (1), we have by ma) (y— mer) = by? + Dery + ax? x im +m =25 mms Aloo ifC (9) be any point on one ofthe bisectors (scefig) tan0=y/x ¥ = From (3) by (4) and (5), we have “Dh f xy ab i.e. the required equation of the bisectors is £ oe eof ee hee OO Note. 1. In (2); ink sie the wise ic bith besa enon OC wah OX sad the second value of @ is the angle made by the external bisector OD with OX... : Alternative Method ;- ie Let the given equation ax? + 2hixy + by? = Ovepresent he ie Teage) yomz= sadyc tr fm +m soo mym, oy qQ ‘The equations of the required bisectors are LES : = ee tee , Wises Nara eee ~ ® ‘Squaring, we have y= myx? (1 + m2) = (Y— mex}? (+m?) ; or, (rm? — mz?) (x2 —y?) = Zay {(omy — mz) — mym (my, — ma) (oF, (my — my) (1m, — m2) (22 = y")= Day: ( — ma\(1—= my) or. ee yp) = xy (1mm): or, (-22 (2 yh) = 2ry OH or, h@—y) =xy @—b) voy wy a—b wh ss a... 5f wor . . AText t Book on Co-ordinate Geometry (Ce GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE > Att. 40. Find the condition that the general. equation of the second ‘degree NS apt Day +b + Bge vy v= = i ni @ * “may represent a pair of straight lines. > If we transfer the origin to a point (a, 6). the point of interséction of two straight lines and keep the direction of the axes unaltered, the eq. (1) reduces to. (x4 oF + 2h (x +0) (y +B) +b (y+ BP + 2g (x +0) + 2Fy +B) +0= Oby Art. 32(Rale) i © or,ax? + Dhary + by? + 2 (aol + hB-+ ghx + 2(ha.-+bB fy + a0? + 2hof + DB? + 2a +2fB +c = 0 4 ot 7 (2) The equation (2) may represent a'pair of straight lines, if it is reduced to a homogeneous equation in x arid_y. This is possible if the co-effcients of x and y and the constant terms are saperately zero. i.e: : i a0.+hB+¢=0 & eb 3 Sie a (3) + Ho sbB +f=0 i be @ and ao? + 2hoB + bp? +2fa+c=0 43 ae fe (6) The relation (5) may be written as % $ (an +hB +g) +B (ha +oB+/) +304 /B+c=0 a0 2s © By (9) and (4); the relation (6) beconties ga + jp+¢ = (7) v. Now: if we eliminate 0: and B from (3), (4) and (7), the eed bins ‘ Ae sla oh bow 2 EB lab g spe ae, cot GEM ny 8) eer ee EY of, A= abe + 2fgh—aft—bg?— ch? =0° a5 eh Ge 9) Alternative method — By Calculus Suppose F (x, y) = dx + Dhery + by? + 2gx + 2y ee 0 : sQeemysnCemy tr). Q ‘This relation being true for al'Values of x and y, it niust adit of partial differentiation w. t. to each of the variables x and y. So we have, by taking partial differentaiation of (1) f f \ f SF _2tx+hy +2) =F (ermytn)4l(ixtmyen) is @) iF ana =Uhx + by tf) =m! (e+ my +n) +m (l tm'y +n’) oe ee @) ef Let (a, B) be the point of intersection of the liries tepresented by the genéral equation (1) clot mB+n=0, ta. +mB+r =0 { Putting a, B respectively for x ; y in (2) and (3) we have - ! “Ga+hB+n=0 a ae (4) } “4 ha+bp+f=0 as I wes (5)Pair of Straight Lines 31 Again puttin (c., B) in the left hand side of (1) we have’ ‘no? + 2hof + bP? +2ga.+2fp +c=0 | or, (a0. +hB +g) +B (ho + bB +f) + (ga+fB+c) =0 i By (4) and)” go+pp+c=0 } - Eliminating a, B from (4), (©) and (6) we have + we Ja hg [40 ; hob f sor abet cate fatonedr Bf m sce aad cca pw Sec Cor. 1. Solving (4) and (5), we have a hf—bg~ G gh—of .F ienes: OH py CMB my He =e 2 where G, F, Care the co-factors of gf c, in Note : 1. From ttie above discussions we see that if F (x,y) =| = Obe the equation of two tes, the point of intersection (6B) would be obsaed’ by saving the equations. ae SHB) os) 5 eae ceuies O.and b#0; we solveit for y and proceed as before. We thus find the canidition 2f gh— bg? — ch? = 0. Cor. 3. Ifa =0, b= 0nd 20 hen he general equations become ny + 2px +24) +¢=0 ony +E) x4 Gr) y +5520 Dividing by 2 or +h yok PO : t or, (ax +f) (hy +g) = —} ck i : ec . z ee tn, Sid tay vee ald Hes & * Note ;.2 There is another method of finding the condit thal the ganoral secmd degree J souet a oO ere er fe —}e1=0 or, 2fg—ch =0 ie equation may represent-a pair of straight lines. This.process will be demonstrated by a worked out le. See worked sum No. 1: 41. (A) Angle between the lines given:by 1 WNiJ22 + 2hty + by? + 2px + Bfy t= 0 : i Detar? + Diny + by + Iga + fy¥c= x + my +m) (Cetm'y +) BS q) Wt =a, mm’ = b, nn’=c : Int + Vn = 2h, mn’ + min 2f, nl’ +n’ =2¢ ete we (2) be+ my +n =Oand Py + m’y +1’ =0 «2 n mt mandy none hapennemeppipinsabe