Topical Review - Geometry

Topic Keywords Notes Practice

problems
Geometry Basics Angles 2-3 4-8
Triangles
Vocabulary
Addition & Subtraction postulates
Logic Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive 9-10 10-13
Logic Rules
Laws of Inference
Transformations Line reflection, point reflection, rotation, translation, 14-15 16-19
dilation, glide reflection
Isometry, opposite isometry, orientation, composition
Inequalities Triangle side and angle theorems 20 20-21
Exterior angle theorem
Mid-segment theorem
Interior & exterior angles of a polygon
Parallel lines Alternate interior angles 22 22-24
Corresponding angles
Quadrilaterals Properties of special quadrilaterals 25 26-27
Coordinate Equation of a line, point-slope formula 28 29-31
Geometry Slope formula, Midpoint formula, Distance formula
Slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines
Concurrency (Orthocenter, Circumcenter, Centroid)
Similarity Mean proportional 32 32-34
Special Right triangles (30-60-90 & 45-45-90)
Right triangle proportions (King of the Mountain)
Proportions in similar triangles
Midsegment theorem
3-D Geometry Volume 35-36 37
Lateral and Surface Area
Area, Perimeter, and Circumference
Points, Lines and Planes theorems 38 38
Circles Equations of circles 39-40 41-42
Farc +/- Narc
PP, WE=WE, WE=TT
Tangents, Secant, Chords
Locus Locus of a point, 2 points, line, 2 parallel lines, & 43 43-44
intersecting lines
Constructions Copy/bisect an angle, perpendicular bisector, copy a Separate 45-47
segment, perpendicular line through a point packet
Systems of Graphing a parabola, solving linear systems, solving 48 48-49
equations & quadratic-linear systems
Quadratics
Proofs Congruent Triangle Proofs, Similar Triangle Proofs, 50-51 52-57
Indirect Proofs, Circle Proofs, Coordinate Geometry
Proofs, Quadrilateral Proofs, Inequality Proofs

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Essentials of Geometry

Right Angle - Exactly 90° Straight Angle - Exactly 180° Supplementary Angles

*Perpendicular lines form right <MAT + <HAT = 180°

angles *If two angles form a linear pair they
*All right angles are congruent are supplementary
Acute Angle Obtuse Angle Vertical Angles Complementary Angles

Less than 90°

Greater than 90° &
Less than 180° <MAT + <HAT = 90°
Vertical angles are congruent

*The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°

Scalene Triangle Obtuse Triangle

No sides are congruent

No angles are congruent
One angle greater
than 90°

Isosceles Triangle Right Triangle

At least two sides are congruent One right angle

Two angles (base angles) are The two other angles are
congruent acute and
complementary

leg 2  leg 2  hypotenuse 2

Equilateral/Equiangular Triangle Acute Triangle

All sides are equal All angles less than 90°

All angles equal 60°

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Frequently Used Definitions
Midpoint A midpoint divides a line segment into two congruent parts
Bisector A bisector divides a line segment into two congruent parts
Angle bisector An angle bisector divides an angle into two congruent parts
Median A line segment drawn from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the
opposite side, dividing it into two congruent parts.
Altitude A line segment drawn from the vertex of a triangle to the the opposite side,
forming right angles
Perpendicular Bisector The perpendicular bisector of a line segment forms right angles at the
midpoint, dividing the line segment into two congruent parts

Frequently Used Theorems

Reflexive Property A quantity is equal to itself (AB = AB)
Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a
Transitive Property If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
Addition Postulate If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums are equal
Subtraction Postulate If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the differences are
equal
Division Postulate Halves of equal quantities are equal
Substitution Postulate A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any expression
Partition Postulate The whole is equal to the sum of its parts
Perpendicular Lines Perpendicular lines form right angles
Right Angles All right angles are congruent
Vertical Angles Intersecting lines form congruent vertical angles
Supplements If two angles are congruent, their supplements are congruent.
If two angles are supplementary to the same angle, they are congruent
Linear Pair If two angles form a linear pair, they are supplementary
Base Angle Theorem If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite these sides are
(Isosceles Triangles) congruent
Converse of the Base If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite these angles are
Angle Theorem congruent
Theorems regarding the The median from the vertex of an isosceles triangle bisects the vertex angle
Median of an The median from the vertex of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the
Isosceles Triangle base

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Basics of Geometry - Vocabulary

Match each term to its correct definition. Write the letter on the blank to the left of the term.

_____1. Acute Angle A. A ray that divides an angle into 2 congruent adjacent angles.

_____2. Addition Postulate B. An angle with measure between 90° and 180°.

C. A line segment drawn from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of

_____.3 Adjacent Angles
the opposite side.
D. A line, ray, or segment drawn to a line segment, forming right angles
_____4. Altitude
at its midpoint, dividing the line segment into two congruent parts.
_____5. Angle E. If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums are equal
_____6. Angle Bisector F. The distance between the endpoints of a segment.
_____7. Bisector of a line segment G. A segment, line, ray, or plane that intersects a segment at its midpoint.
_____8. Collinear Points H. 2 angles with a common vertex and side but no common interior pts.
_____9. Congruent I. Extends infinitely in two directions.
_____10. Coplanar Points J. Having the same size and shape.
_____11. Length K. Point that divides a segment into 2 congruent segments.
L. Line segment drawn from the vertex of a triangle to the opposite side,
_____12. Line
forming right angles.
M. If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the differences
_____13. Median
are equal.
_____14. Midpoint N. Has no dimension.
_____15. Obtuse Angle O. The initial point of the two rays that create the angle.
_____16. Perpendicular Bisector P. An angle with measure equal to 180°.
_____17. Perpendicular Lines Q. Points that lie on the same line.
_____18. Plane R. Part of a line that consists of 2 endpts and all pts between the endpts.
_____19. Point S. Points that lie on the same plane.
T. Part of a line that consists of an initial pt. and all pts. on the line that
_____20. Ray
extend in one direction.
_____21. Right Angle U. Two lines that do not intersect and are not coplanar.
_____22. Segment V. Extends infinitely in two dimensions.
_____23. Skew Lines W. An angle with measure between 0° and 90°.
_____24. Straight Angle X. An angle with measure equal to 90°.
_____25. Subtraction Postulate Y. Consists of 2 different rays that have same initial point.
_____26. Vertex of an Angle Z. Two lines that intersect to form right angles.

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Practice Set:
1 Two angles are complementary. One angle has a measure that is five times the measure of the
other angle. What is the measure, in degrees, of the larger angle?

2 The ratio of two supplementary angles is 2:7. What is the measure of the smaller angle?
a) 10
b) 20
c) 14
d) 40

3 AB and CD intersect at E. If m<AEC = 5x-20 and m<BED = x + 50, find, in degrees m<CEB.

4 In the diagram, OA  EC . Find the measure of:

a. <DOE
b. <AOB
c. <DOC

5 Which phrase does not describe a triangle?

a) acute scalene
b) equilateral equiangular
c) isosceles right
d) obtuse right

6 If the measures, in degrees, of the three angles of a triangle are x, x+10, and 2x – 6, the triangle
must be
a) isosceles
b) equilateral
c) right
d) scalene

7 M is the midpoint of AB. If AB = 4x and AM = 3x – 5, find x.

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8 In the accompanying diagram, CD bisects AB at E.
If AE = 2x – 7 and BE = x + 3, find the measure of AB.

9 PQ bisects <RPS. If <RPQ = 4x – 40 and <SPQ = x + 50, find x.

10 In ABC , the measure of <B is 21 less than four times the measure of <A, and the measure of <C
is 1 more than five times the measure of <A. Find the measure, in degrees, of each angle of
ABC .

11 Let E be between F and G. Use the segment addition postulate to solve for r.
FE = 5r – 35, EG = 7r – 25, FG = 36.

12 mJHI  (2 x  8) , mGHI  (8 x  4) and mJHG  64 . Find mJHI and mGHI .

13 The notation for the length of the segment between P and Q is _________.

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14 If mCOE  55 and mCOD  30 , then what is the measure of DOE ?

15 Assume K is between J and L. If JK = 20  x 2 , KL = 2 – x, and JL = 10, find x.

16 Use the diagram shown. If mKJM  2 x 2  6 x  5 , mKJL  85 , and mLJM  x 2  1 , find x

17 **18

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19 Use the diagram below and the given information to identify each of the following special
segments of a triangle.
Given: BAE  EAC , BF  FC

Name the following:

Median ____________

Altitude _____________

Angle Bisector ____________

Perpendicular bisector _____________

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Logic
Conditional Original statement pq
If p, then q
Converse Switch if and then q p
Inverse Negate if and then ~ p ~ q
Switch and negate if and then
Contrapositive (inverse of the converse) ~ q ~ p
*Note: the contrapositive has the same truth value as the
original conditional statement)

Logic Rules
Rule Truth Table
Conditional (if…then) Only FALSE when True
implies False

Conjunction (and) Only TRUE when both are

true

Disjunction (or) Only FALSE when both are

false

Biconditional (if and only if) Only TRUE when both are the
same

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Laws of Inference
Law Symbolic Form Meaning
Law of The Law of Detachment states that if you have
Detachment a conditional statement that is true and the first
part (the hypothesis) is true then the second
part (the conclusion) must be true.

Law of The Law of Contrapositives states that if you

Contrapositive have a conditional statement that is true then
you may state that the contrapositive is true.

Law of The Law of Disjunctive Inference states that if

Disjunctive you know that a disjunctive statement, p  q is
Inference true and one part, p, is false, then the other part
must be true.

Practice Set:
1 What is the inverse of the statement “If I do not buy a ticket, then I do not go to the concert”?
a) If I buy a ticket, then I do not go to the concert.
b) If I buy a ticket, then I go to the concert.
c) If I go to the concert, then I buy a ticket.
d) If I do not go to the concert, then I do not buy a ticket.

2 What is the converse of the statement “If it is sunny, I will go swimming”?

a) If it is not sunny, I will not go swimming.
b) If I do not go swimming, then it is not sunny.
c) If I go swimming, it is sunny.
d) I will go swimming if and only if it is sunny.

3 What is the contrapositive of the statement “If I study, then I pass the test”?
a) I pass the test if I study.
b) If I do not study, then I do not pass the test.
c) If I do not pass the test, then I do not study.
d) If I pass the test, then I study.

4 If a conditional statement is true, what also must be true?

a) the negation of the statement.
b) the inverse of the statement.
c) the converse of the statement
d) the contrapositive of the statement.
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5 Which statement is logically equivalent to “If Andrea gets a job, she buys a new car.”
a) Andrea get a job and she buys a new car.
b) If Andrea does not buy a new car, she does not get a job.
c) If Andrea does not get a job, she does not buy a new car.
d) If Andrea buys a new car, she gets a job.

6 If x = 3, which statement is false?

a) x is prime and x is odd
b) x is odd or x is even
c) x is not prime and x is odd
d) x is odd and 2x is even

7 The statement "x is divisible by 5 or x is divisible by 4" is false when x equals

a) 10
b) 20
c) 16
d) 27
8 If the statements c, c  d, and p  ~d are true, which statement must also be true?
a) p
b) ~d
c) ~p
d) c  p

9 If a  ~b, b  c, and ~c are all true statements, then which statement must also be true?
a) a
b) ~a
c) b  a
d) ~b

10 If pq is false, then what is the truth value of p ~ q ?

11 Frank, George, and Hernando are a plumber, a cabinet maker, and an electrician, though not
necessarily in that order. Each can do all work appropriate to his own field, but no work in
other fields. Frank was not able to install a new electric line in his home. Hernando was not
able to make cabinets. George is also a building contractor who hired one of the other people to
do his electrical work. Which statement must be true?

a) Hernando is an electrician.
b) George is a cabinet maker.
c) Frank is a plumber.
d) Frank is an electrician.

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12 Assume that the given sentences are true. Write a conclusion that is a simple sentence, if
possible. If no conclusion is possible, write “no conclusion”.

a. If I do my homework, I pass the course

I do my homework.
___________________________________
b. We are going skiing or we will play hockey.
We did not go skiing.
__________________________________
c. If x is prime, then x ≠ 9.
x = 9.
__________________________________
d. 3 is a prime number if and only if 3 has exactly two factors.
3 has exactly two factors.
__________________________________
e. I study French or Spanish.
I do not study French.
__________________________________
f. If I do not get up on time, then I am late for school.
I am late for school.
__________________________________________
13

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14 Fill in the table below.

p Q ~p (~pq) (pq) (~pq) (pq)

T T
T F
F T
F F

Is this statement a tautology? Explain.

15 Complete the following Truth Table with the appropriate truth values.

16 Complete the following truth table.

Which of the above statements is an example of a Tautology?

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Transformations

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Vocabulary
Isometry: Preserves size (distance)
Orientation: Label the order of the vertices
Direct Isometry: preserves order
Opposite (Indirect Isometry): changes order
Composition of Transformations: Work from RIGHT to LEFT.
Ex: rx  D2  x, y  First, perform the dilation and then using that point, reflect in the x-axis.
Glide reflection: A composition of a line reflection and a translation.

Preserves Preserves Type of Isometry

Size? Orientation?

Line Reflections
and Yes No Opposite Isometry
Glide Reflections

Rotations Yes Yes Direct Isometry

Translation Yes Yes Direct Isometry

Dilation No Yes NOT an isometry

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Practice Set:
1 If (a,b) is a point in quadrant II, then (-a,b) lies in which quadrant?

2 A line reflection preserves

a) distance and orientation
b) angle measure and orientation
c) distance but not angle measure
d) distance and angle measure
3 What kind of symmetry does the name OTTO have?
a) vertical line symmetry only
b) horizontal line symmetry only
c) both vertical and horizontal line symmetry
d) neither vertical nor horizontal line symmetry
4 What is the image of (-4, -3) when reflected in the x-axis?

5 What are the coordinates of P’, the reflection of P(2,6) in the line y = x ?

6 When the points A(-5,0), B(0,5), C(5,0), and D(0,-5) are joined, square ABCD is formed. Which
of the following is not a line of symmetry?
a) y = 0
b) y = 5
c) y = x
d) y = -x

7 If P’, the image of point P under a reflection in the x-axis, is in the second quadrant, in what
quadrant is P”, the image of P’ under a reflection in the line y = x?

8 If the point (-3, -2) is reflected in the origin, what are the coordinates of its image?

9 Which capital letter does not have point symmetry?

a) S
b) N
c) C
d) H

10 If the image of A(5,3) under a translation is (9,-1), find the image of B(-1,2) under the same
translation.

11
What is the image of (2,5) after R90 ?

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12 In the figure given, square ABCD is inscribed in circle O. What is
R90  A ?

a) A b) B c) C d) D

13
Find the image of point P(5,4) under the glide reflection T 3 ,  3  r y  x .
a) (2,1) b) (1,2) c) (-1,-2) d) (-12,-15)

14 If triangle ABC has vertices A(0,-6), B(6,3) and C(-3,6), graph and state the coordinates of triangle

A”B”C” under the composition of transformations D 1  ry  axis .

3

15 Which transformation produces a figure similar but not congruent to the original figure?
1)
2)
3)
4)
16 Which transformation is an opposite isometry?
a) dilation
b) line reflection
c) rotation of 90
d) translation

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 Topical Review - Geometry
17 If O is the center of regular octagon ABCDEFGH, find the result
for the composition of functions operating on the given vertex.

a) rAE  R90 ( B )

b) R180  rHD ( E )

18 Two parabolic arches are to be built. The

equation of the first arch can be expressed as
y   x 2  9, with a domain
of  3  x  3 , and the second arch is
created by the transformation T7,0. On the
accompanying set of axes, graph the
equations of the two arches. Graph the line
of symmetry formed by the parabola and its
transformation and label it with the proper
equation.

19 After a composition of transformations, the coordinates , , and become ,

, and , as shown on the set of axes below.
Which composition of transformations was used?
1)
2)
3)
4)

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20
On the set of axes below, Geoff drew rectangle ABCD. He will transform the rectangle by using
the translation and then will reflect the translated rectangle over the x-axis.

What will be the area of the rectangle after these

transformations?
1) exactly 28 square units
2) less than 28 square units
3) greater than 28 square units
4) It cannot be determined from the
information given.

21 On the accompanying set of axes, graph the equation ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  9 and label it A. Then
graph the image of A, after a transformation of T4,2 , and label this new graph B.
(a) Write the new equation of graph B.

(b) Graph the image of graph B, after a Transformation of ry  x . Label it graph C.

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Inequalities
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
The longest side of a triangle is opposite the largest angle.
The shortest side of a triangle is opposite the smallest angle.
The exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two non-adjacent interior angles.
The exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of the two non-adjacent interior angles.
A line segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle (the mid-segment) is parallel to the
third side and half the length of the third side.

Interior & Exterior Angles of a Regular Polygon

180  n  2 
Sum of interior Angles

Each interior angle

180  n  2 
n
Sum of the exterior angles 360
Each exterior angle
360
n
Practice Set:
1 If the lengths of two sides of a triangle are 4 and 10, what could be the length of the third side?
a) 6 b) 8 c) 14 d) 16

2 Phil is cutting a triangular piece of tile. If the triangle is scalene, which set of numbers could
represent the lengths of the sides?
a) {2,4,7}
b) {4,5,6}
c) {3,5,8}
d) {5,5,8}

3 If two sides of a scalene triangle are 3 inches and 5 inches, name all possible integer values for
the length of the third side.

4 An exterior angle at the base of an isosceles triangle measures 100 degrees. Find the measure of
the vertex angle.

5 In the figure, <BCD is an exterior angle of triangle ABC.

If m<BCD=3x, m<A=x, and m<B=80, find x.

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 Topical Review - Geometry
6 On the banks of a river, surveyors marked locations A,B,
and C. The measure of <ACB=70 and the measure of
<ABC = 65. Which expression shows the relationship
between the lengths of the sides of this triangle?
a) AB < BC < AC
b) BC < AB < AC
c) BC < AC < AB
d) AC < AB < BC

7 In triangle PQR, m<P=59 and an exterior angle at Q measures 117. Which is the shortest side of
the triangle?

8 In triangle ABC, m<A=40 and the measure of the exterior angle at vertex B is 120. Which is the
longest side of the triangle?

9 If, in triangle ABC, m<A = 80 and m<B = 40, then

a) BC = 2AC
b) AB is the shortest side of triangle ABC
c) BC is the longest side of triangle ABC
d) The exterior angle at vertex C is an acute angle.

10 One piece of the birdhouse that Natalie is

building is shaped like a regular pentagon, as
shown in the accompanying diagram. If side
AE is extended to point F, what is the measure
of exterior angle DEF?
a) 36 b) 108
c) 72 d) 144
11 The sum of the measures of the interior angles of an octagon is
a) 180 b) 540 c) 360 d) 1080

12 Find the measure of one interior angle of a regular hexagon.

13 Find the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a pentagon.

14 Solve for x: b)
a)

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Parallel Lines

If two lines are parallel…

Corresponding angles Are equal <1 = <5
<2 = <6
<3 = <7
<4 = <8
Alternate Interior angles Are equal <3 = <6
<4 = <5
Alternate Exterior angles Are equal <1 = <8
<2 = <7
Same side interior angles Are supplementary <3 + <5 = 180
<4 + <6 = 180

Practice Set:
1 If m<1 = 2x + 40 and m<4 = 4x – 10, find the value of x so that AB  CD .

2 If m<2 = x and m<3 = 3x – 12, find the value of x so that AB  CD .

3 If AB  CD and m<2 = 110, find m<4. Justify your answer.

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 Topical Review - Geometry
4 A transversal intersects two lines. Which condition would always make the two lines parallel?
1) Vertical angles are congruent.
2) Alternate interior angles are congruent.
3) Corresponding angles are supplementary.
4) Same-side interior angles are complementary.
5 Based on the diagram below, which statement is true?

1)
2)
3)
4)

6 As shown in the diagram below, lines m and n are cut by transversal p.

If and ,
lines m and n are parallel when x
equals
1) 1
2) 6
3) 13
4) 17

7 In the diagram below, line p intersects line m and line n.

If and , lines
m and n are parallel when x equals
1) 12.5
2) 15
3) 87.5
4) 105

8 Line n intersects lines l and m, forming the angles shown in the diagram below.

Which value of x would prove ?

1) 2.5
2) 4.5
3) 6.25
4) 8.75

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9 In the diagram below, lines n and m are cut by transversals p and q.

What value of x would make lines n

and m parallel?
1) 110
2) 80
3) 70
4) 50

10 In the diagram below, and at R.

If , find .

11 In the diagram below of quadrilateral ABCD

with diagonal , , ,
, , and
. Determine if is parallel to
. Explain your reasoning.

*12

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Quadrilaterals

Parallelogram  opposite sides congruent

 opposite sides parallel
 opposite angles congruent
 consecutive angles supplementary
 diagonals bisect each other
 diagonals form two congruent triangles
Rectangle  opposite sides congruent
 opposite sides parallel
 opposite angles congruent
 consecutive angles supplementary
 diagonals bisect each other
 diagonals form two congruent triangles
 All right angles (all angles are congruent)
 Diagonals are Congruent
Rhombus  opposite sides congruent
 opposite sides parallel
 opposite angles congruent
 consecutive angles supplementary
 diagonals bisect each other
 diagonals form two congruent triangles
 All sides are equal
 Diagonals are perpendicular
 Diagonals bisect the angles
Square  opposite sides congruent
 opposite sides parallel
(Rectangle +  opposite angles congruent
Rhombus)  consecutive angles supplementary
 diagonals bisect each other
 diagonals form two congruent triangles
 All right angles (all angles are congruent)
 Diagonals are Congruent
 All sides are equal
 Diagonals are perpendicular
 Diagonals bisect the angles
Trapezoid  Has one pair of parallel sides
 Has one pair of non-parallel sides
(Note: the median of a trapezoid is parallel to its bases and its length is equal to
the average of the lengths of the bases.)
Isosceles Trapezoid  Has one pair of parallel sides
 Has one pair of non-parallel sides
 The non-parallel sides are congruent
 diagonals are congruent
 base angles are congruent.

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Practice Set:
1 In which quadrilateral do the diagonals NOT bisect each other?
a) Square
b) Trapezoid
c) Rhombus
d) Rectangle
2 What method could be used to prove a rectangle?
a) diagonals are perpendicular and two pairs of parallel sides
b) Two pairs of parallel sides
c) Diagonals bisect each other
d) Diagonals are congruent and opposite sides congruent
3 Which of the following is also a rectangle?
a) parallelogram
b) rhombus
c) trapezoid
d) square
4 If ABCD is a parallelogram, which statement must be true?
a) AC  BD
b) AD  BC
c) <A and <C are supplementary
d) A  D
5 In parallelogram ABCD, diagonals AC and BD intersect at E. If EC = 31,
EB = 3x, and AE = 4x-5, what is the value of BD?

6 Which of the following is not a property of all rectangles?

a) the diagonals bisect each other
b) the diagonals are perpendicular to each other
c) the diagonals are congruent
d) the angles are congruent

7 Which of the following statements is not always true for a rhombus?

a) the diagonals are congruent
b) the diagonals are perpendicular
c) the diagonals bisect each other
d) the diagonals bisect opposite angles

8 In rhombus PQRS, PQ = 3x + 3, PS = 5x – 1, and RS = 10x – 11. What is the perimeter of the

rhombus?

9 Which statement is false?

a) A parallelogram is a quadrilateral
b) A rectangle is a parallelogram
c) A square is a rhombus
d) A rectangle is a square
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 Topical Review - Geometry
10 In quadrilateral ABCD, AB  CD and AB  CD . Which statement is true?
a) the diagonals bisect the angles of the quadrilateral.
b) The diagonals bisect each other
c) The diagonals are equal in measure
d) The diagonals are perpendicular
11 A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if one set of its opposite sides are:
a) parallel and the other two sides are congruent
b) parallel only
c) congruent only
d) parallel and congruent
12 In rhombus PQRS, diagonals QS and PR intersect at A. If QS = 14 and PR = 12, what is the area
of triangle PRS?
a) 21 sq units
b) 42 sq units
c) 84 sq units
d) 126 sq units
13 If the lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 30 cm and 40 cm, find the length of one side of
the rhombus. Find the perimeter of the rhombus.

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Coordinate Geometry

y  mx  b
Slope-Intercept formula

m  slope
b  y  int ercept
y  y1  m  x  x1 
Point-Slope formula

m  slope
 x1 , y1   po int
Slope formula
y2  y1
x2  x1
Distance formula
 x  x   y  y
2 2
d
 xx y y
Midpoint formula

 , 
 2 2 
Parallel lines have equal slopes
Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes

Concurrent When three line segments within a triangle intersect in one point
Angle Bisector Concurrence The angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent
Theorem
Perpendicular Bisector The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent
Concurrence Theorem
Orthocenter The point where the altitudes of a triangle intersect
Circumcenter The point where the three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a
triangle intersect
Centroid The point where the three medians of a triangle intersect
Medians of a triangle Any two medians of a triangle intersect in a point that divides each
Theorem median in the ratio 2:1

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Practice Set:
1 Which equation represents a line that is parallel to the line y  3  2 x ?
a) 4 x  2 y  5 b) y  3  4 x c) 2 x  4 y  1 d) y  4 x  2

2 Which line is perpendicular to the line whose equation is 5 y  6  3x ?

5 3 5 3
a) y   x  7 b) y   x  7 c) y  x  7 d) y  x  7
3 5 3 5

3 Find the midpoint, M, of YZ, given Y (-4,-2) and Z (-2, 4).

4 The coordinates of the midpoint of CD are M (7, -1). If the coordinates of C are (5,3), find the
coordinates of D.

5 What is the length (in simplest radical form) of the radius of a circle whose center is C(1,2) and
that passes through the point D(-3,8)?

6 Write the equation of a line that is parallel to 2x – 3y = 6 and goes through the point (6, -5).

7 Write the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the line whose equation is y  4 x  9 and
passes through the point (8,-2).

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 Topical Review - Geometry
8 Write the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment that connects the points A(-4, 5)
and B(2, 7).

9 The vertices of triangle ABC are A(0,0), B(4a,0), and C(2a,2b).

a. Find the coordinates of D, the midpoint of AC .

b. Find the coordinates of E, the midpoint of BC .
c. Show that AB = 2DE.

10 In which triangle do the three altitudes intersect outside the triangle?

(1) a right triangle
(2) an acute triangle
(3) an obtuse triangle
(4) an equilateral triangle

11 The diagram below shows the construction of the center of the

circle circumscribed about ABC.

This construction represents how to find the intersection of

(1) the angle bisectors of ABC
(2) the medians to the sides of ABC
(3) the altitudes to the sides of ABC
(4) the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of ABC

12 In the diagram of ABC below, Jose found centroid P by constructing the three medians. He
measured CF and found it to be 6 inches.

If PF  x , which equation can be used to find x?

(1) x  x  6 (3) 3x  2 x  6
2
(2) 2 x  x  6 (4) x  x  6
3

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 Topical Review - Geometry
13 Given: Triangle ABC with points A (-3, -1),
B (2, -1), C (5, 3)
Find the coordinates of the orthocenter

14 Name the point of concurrence:

a. The point where the medians of a triangle intersect. _____________________________
b. The point where the altitudes of a triangle intersect. _____________________________
c. The point where the angle bisectors of a triangle intersect. _____________________________
d. The point where the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect.
_________________________

15 Complete the statement with the word always, sometimes or never.

a. The perpendicular bisectors __________________ have a vertex as an endpoint.
b. The medians will __________________ intersect inside an acute triangle.
c. The angle bisectors will __________________ intersect outside the triangle.
d. The altitudes of an acute triangle will __________________intersect inside the triangle.
e. The perpendicular bisectors of an obtuse triangle will __________________ intersect outside
the triangle.
f. The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle __________________ pass through the midpoint of a
side of a triangle.
g. The angle bisectors of a triangle __________________ intersect at a single point.

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Ratio, Proportion, & Similarity

Two triangles are similar if two angles of one are congruent to two angles of the other.

The symbol for similar is ~.  AA  AA

Mean Proportional
The mean proportional (or geometric mean) of two positive numbers a and b is the positive number x
a x
such that 
x b.
Altitude Rule: Leg Rule:
part of hypotenuse altitude hypotenuse leg
 
altitude other part of hyp leg projection

Special Right Triangles

45 – 45 – 90 30 – 60 - 90

Practice Set:
1 The hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle is 12. Find, in radical form, the length of one leg of
the triangle.

2 A base angle of an isosceles triangle measures 30, and the length of one of the legs is 12. What
is the length of the altitude down to the base of the triangle?
a) 6 3 b) 6 c)12 d) 9

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 Topical Review - Geometry
3 In the accompanying diagram, ABC is an equilateral triangle with a
perimeter of 30. What is the length of altitude h of this triangle?

a) 5 2 b) 10 2
c) 5 3 d) 10 3

4 In right triangle BAC, mA = 90, mB = 45, and AC = 8. What is the length of BC ?
a) 8 3 b) 4 2 c) 8 2 d) 16 2

5 The sides of a triangle are 5, 6 and 10. Find the length of the longest side of a similar triangle
whose shortest side is 15.

6 In the diagram, is parallel to . BD = 4, DA = 6 and EC = 8. Find BC to the nearest

tenth.

7 In the diagram, is parallel to . BD = 4, DA = 6 and

DE = 12.
Find AC.

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 Topical Review - Geometry
8 Given AC = 42, CB = 46, AB = 48. D, E, F are midpoints.
Find the perimeter of triangle DEF.

9 The length of the sides of a triangle are 9, 40, and 41. Find the perimeter of the triangle formed
by joining the midpoints of the three sides.

10 FUN is a right triangle, UR is the altitude to the hypotenuse FN , UR = 12, and the lengths of
FR and FN are in the ratio 1:10. What is the length of FR ?
a) 1 b) 36 c) 1.2 d) 4

11 Four streets in a town are illustrated in the accompanying diagram. If the distance on Poplar
Street from F to P is 12 miles and the distance on Maple Street from E to M is 10 miles, find the
distance on Maple Street, in miles, from M to P.

12

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Three – Dimensional Geometry

Use your formula sheet to get the volume, lateral area, and surface area formulas.

*Not on formula sheet:

Cube Rectangular Solid

V  s3 V  lwh
Surface area: Surface area:
 Find the area of one side Find the sum of the areas of all of the sides
(Area of a square is side X side)
 Multiply by 6

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Area & Perimeter

Picture Area Formula

As
Square
2

A  bh
Parallelogram

Triangle
1
A  bh
2
bh
Or A
2
1
Trapezoid

A   b1  b2  h
2
Or
A
 b1  b2  h
2
A r
Circle
2

Perimeter = Add all sides

Circumference of a Circle C  2 r or C   d

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 Topical Review - Geometry
Practice Set:
1 Find the Volume and Surface area of each figure. (Round to the nearest whole number)
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Planes & Lines Theorems

There is exactly one plane containing a line and a point not on the line
Two intersecting lines determine a plane
If two planes intersect, they intersect in exactly one line
If a line not in a plane intersects the plane, then it intersects in exactly one point
If a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then the line is
perpendicular to the plane determined by these lines
Two planes are perpendicular to each other if and only if one plane contains a line perpendicular to the
other
Through a given point on a plane, there is only one line perpendicular to the given plane
Through a given point on a line, there can be only one plane perpendicular to the given line
If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then any line perpendicular to the given line at its point of
intersection with the given plane is in the plane
If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then every plane containing the line is perpendicular to the given
plane
If a plane intersects two parallel planes, then the intersection is two parallel lines
Two lines perpendicular to the same plane are parallel
Two planes perpendicular to the same line are parallel
Two lines perpendicular to the same plane are coplanar

Practice Set:
1 If two different lines are perpendicular to the same plane, they are
(1) collinear (3) congruent
(2) coplanar (4) consecutive

2 Through a given point, P, on a plane, how many lines can be drawn that are perpendicular to that plane?

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) more than 2 (4) none

3 In the diagram below, line k is perpendicular to plane P at point T.

Which statement is true?

(1) Any point in plane P also will be on line k.
(2) Only one line in plane P will intersect line k.
(3) All planes that intersect plane P will pass through T.
(4) Any plane containing line k is perpendicular to plane P .

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Circles

Equations of Circles
Center at the origin
x2  y 2  r 2
 x  h   y  k 
Center not at the origin 2 2
 r2

Segments of Circles
Intersecting Chords
PP  PP
The product of the parts of one chord equals the
product of the parts of the other chord

Two Secants
WE  WE
W = whole secant segment
E = external part of secant segment

Secant & Tangent

WE  TT
W = whole secant segment
E = external part of secant segment
T = tangent segment

Hat Rule Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same

external point are equal

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Angles of Circles
Type of Angle Picture The Angle will be:
Central Angle Equal to the intercepted arc

Inscribed Angle Half the intercepted arc

Angle formed by a tangent and Half the intercepted arc

a chord

Tangent and Radius A Right angle

Angle formed by two chords Half the sum of the intercepted arcs
(Vertical Angles)

 Farc  Narc   
2
Angles outside the circle… Half the difference of the intercepted
Angle formed by 2 tangents, 2 arcs
secants, or a tangent and a
secant
 Farc  Narc   
2

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Practice Set:
1 Given: In the circle, secants PA and PD are drawn from point P. If PB
= 3, PA = 6, and PC = 2, what is the length of PD?

2 In circle O, what is the measure of angle x ?


3 In circle O, chords AB and CD intersect at E. If mAC  98 and

m<CEB = 112, what is mDB ?
a) 38
b) 49
c) 68
d) 83

4 Circle O is inscribed in triangle ACE. If AB = 6 inches, BC = 5

inches, and DE = 7 inches, what is the perimeter of triangle ACE?
a) 33 in
b) 36 in
c) 42 in
d) 46 in


5 In circle O, secant PBC and tangent PA are drawn. If mAB  48 and

mCB  160 , what is m<P ?
a) 52
b) 76
c) 100
d) 104

6 In the circle, secant ADB and tangent AC are drawn from external point
A. If AD = 3 and DB = 9, what is the length of AC?

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 Topical Review - Geometry
7 In a circle, chords AB and CD intersect at point E. E is the midpoint of chord CD, AE = 4, and
BE = 16. What is the value of CD?
a) 8 b) 10 c) 16 d) 20

8 In the accompanying diagram, triangle ABC is Find:


inscribed in circle O, AP bisects <BAC, PBD is a) mBF
tangent to circle O at B, and b) m<ABC
mACB : mCAB : mABC  4 : 3 : 2 . c) m<BEP
d) m<P
e) m<PBC

The center and radius of the given circle  x  3   y  8  39 are:

9 2 2

a) (3,-8), r = 39 c) (-3, 8), r  39

b) (-3, -8), r  39 d) (3,-8), r  39

10 The center of a circle represented by the equation ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  100 is located in Quadrant

a) I b) II c) III d) IV

11 The diameter of a circle has endpoints at ( 2,3) and (6,3). What is an equation of the circle?
a) ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  16
b) ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  4
c) ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  16
d) ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  4

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Locus
The Locus of Is Picture
A Point A circle with the given point as the center and
radius d.

Two Points A line that is the perpendicular bisector of the

segment joining the two given points

One Line Two lines parallel to the given line and on

either side of the given line

Two Parallel One line parallel to the given lines and midway
Lines between them

Two Intersecting Two other intersecting lines that bisect the

Lines angles formed by the given lines

Practice Set:
1 The locus of points equidistant from the points (4,-5) and (4,7) is the line whose equation is

a) y = 1 b) x = 1 c) y = 2 d) x = 4

2 In the coordinate plane, what is the total number of points 5 units from the origin and equidistant
from both the x and y axes?

3 Which equation represents the locus of all points 5 units below the x-axis?
a) x = -5 b) y = -5 c) x = 5 d) y = 5

4 The locus of points equidistant from two sides of an acute scalene triangle is
a) an angle bisector
b) a median
c) an altitude
d) the third side

5 How many points are equidistant from two parallel lines and also equidistant from two points on
one of the lines?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

6 The distance between parallel lines m and n is 12 units. Point A is on line n. How many points are
equidistant from lines m and n and 8 units from point A?

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 Topical Review - Geometry
7 In the diagram below, town C lies on straight road p. Sketch the points that are 6 miles from town
C. Then sketch the points that are 3 miles from road p. How many points satisfy both conditions?

8 Dan is sketching a map of the location of his

house and his friend Matthew’s house on a set of
coordinate axes. Dan locates his house at point
D(0,0) and locates Matthews house, which is 6
miles east of Dan’s house, at point M(6,0). On
the accompanying set of coordinate axes, graph
the locus of points equidistant from the two
houses. Then write the equation of the locus.

9 A city is planning to build a new park. The park

must be equidistant from school A at (3,3) and
school B at (3, -5). The park also must be
exactly 5 miles from the center of town, which is
located at the origin on the coordinate graph.
Each unit on the graph represents one mile. On
the accompanying set of axes, sketch the
compound loci and label with an X all possible
locations for the new park.

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Constructions
1 Copy the angle

2 Create a triangle using the following segments

3 Bisect the segment

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 Topical Review - Geometry
4 Construct a a line perpendicular to the given line through point P

5 Bisect the angle

6 Construct the altitude to side BC.

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 Topical Review - Geometry
7 Construct the median to side AB

8 Construct a line parallel to the given line.

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Systems of Equations & Quadratics

1 Which ordered pair is the solution of the following system of equations?

3x + 2y = 4
–2x + 2y = 24

a) (2,–1) b) (–4,8) c) (2,–5) d) (–4,–8)

2 What are the vertex and the axis of symmetry of the parabola
shown in the diagram below?

a) The vertex is (-2,-3), and the

axis of symmetry is x = -2.
b) The vertex is (-2,-3), and the
axis of symmetry is y = -2.
c) The vertex is (-3,-2), and the
axis of symmetry is y = -2.
d) The vertex is (-3,-2), and the
axis of symmetry is x = -2.

3 The accompanying diagram shows the graphs of a linear equation and a

quadratic equation. How many solutions are there to this system of
equations?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 0

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 Topical Review - Geometry
4 Solve the following system of equations algebraically.
y = x 2 + 4x – 2
y = 2x + 1

5 Solve the following system of equations graphically.

y  x 2  6x  5
2x  y  5

6 Solve the following systems graphically

( x  3) 2  y 2  9
yx

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Congruent Triangle Proofs

Methods of proving NOT valid
Congruent Triangles
SSS AAS NO donkey theorem (SSA or ASS)
SAS HL (right triangles only)
ASA NO AAA
CPCTC – Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent (Use after proving two
triangles are congruent)
Similar triangle proofs
If asked to prove: Your reason will be:
Two triangles similar AA  AA
a c In similar triangles, corresponding sides are in
A proportion  proportion
b d
A product  a  d    b  c  In a proportion, the product of the means equals
the product of the extremes

Indirect Proofs
(Use when one of the given statements and/or the prove statement is a negative statement ex. AB  CD )
1. Your first statement will be opposite what you want to prove. Reason: Assumption
2. Write your given statements, except the “negative” given.
3. Continue your argument until you obtain a contradiction to the “negative” given.
4. Place the negative given into the proof
5. Conclude that what you assumed in the first step is false
6. Your last statement will be the prove statement. Reason: Law of Contradiction.
*Note: Indirect proofs may be written in paragraph form as well as in a two-column format.

Commonly Used Theorems in Circle Proofs

Radius All radii of the same circle are congruent.
Chords In a circle, congruent chords have congruent arcs.
In a circle, parallel chords intercept congruent arcs.
Congruent central angles, have congruent chords.
Congruent chords are equidistant from the center of a circle.
Tangents Tangent segments drawn to a circle from the same external point are
congruent.
An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle.
Angles An angle formed by a tangent and a radius is a right angle.
If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, they are congruent.
If two inscribed angles intercept congruent arcs, they are congruent.

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Coordinate Geometry Proofs

To Prove: Plan

Line segments are congruent Use the distance formula to show they have equal
lengths
Lines are parallel Use the slope formula to show they have equal
slopes
Lines are perpendicular Use the slope formula to show they have negative
reciprocal slopes
Lines bisect each other Use the midpoint formula to show they have the
same midpoint
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram 4 distance formulas to show 2 pairs of opposite sides
congruent OR
4 slope formulas to show 2 pairs of opposite sides
parallel OR
2 midpoint formulas to show the diagonals bisect
each other.
A quadrilateral is a rectangle Any method of parallelogram PLUS:
2 distance formulas to show both diagonals
congruent OR
2 slope formulas to show consecutive sides are
perpendicular
A quadrilateral is a rhombus Any method of parallelogram PLUS:
4 distance formulas to show all 4 sides are congruent
OR
2 slope formulas to show diagonals are perpendicular
A quadrilateral is a square Must prove it is both a rectangle and a rhombus by
any combination of methods.
A quadrilateral is a trapezoid 4 slope formulas to show that exactly one pair of
opposite sides are parallel and one pair not parallel.
A quadrilateral is an isosceles trapezoid 4 slope formulas to show that exactly one pair of
opposite sides are parallel and 2 distance formulas to
show the non-parallel sides are congruent
A triangle is an equilateral triangle 3 distance formulas to show all three sides are
congruent
A triangle is an isosceles triangle 2 distance formulas to show exactly two sides are
congruent
A triangle is a right triangle 3 distance formulas and then use the Pythagorean
Theorem to show that it holds OR
2 slope formulas to show that two sides are
perpendicular
A triangle is a scalene triangle 3 distance formulas to show that no sides are
congruent

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Decide which, if any, method could be used to prove the triangles congruent.

Practice Set:

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 Topical Review - Geometry
1

3 Given: In triangle ABC,

BD bisects <ABC, BD  AC

Prove: AD  CD

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 Topical Review - Geometry
6

AB  CD
7
Given: DE  AC ,
EC ED
Prove: 
BC AB

8 Given: AB  BC , DC  BC
Prove: ABED = AECD

9 Given:
ABC is scalene
BD bisects <ABC

Prove: BD is not perpendicular to AC

10 Given:
TW  RS
1  2

Prove: TW is not the median to side RS

11

12 Given: Rectangle ABCD, E is the midpoint of DC

Prove: EAB  EBA

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 Topical Review - Geometry
13 Given: quadrilateral ABCD, diagonal AEFC,
DE  AC , BF  AC , AE  CF , DE  BF
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

14 Given: parallelogram ABCD, diagonal AC ,

and ABE

Prove: m1  m 2
15 In the accompanying diagram, and
BOD is the diameter of circle O. Write an explanation or a
proof that shows RBD and YDB are congruent.

16

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 Topical Review - Geometry
17

18

19

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20

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 Topical Review - Geometry

Page 4 Pages 5-8 Pages 10-13 12.a) I pass the course

(Vocab) 1. 75 1. b b) We play hockey
1. W 2. d 2. c c) x is not prime
2. E 3. 112.5 3. c d) 3 is a prime number
3. H 4.a)75 4. d e) I study Spanish
4. L b)15 5. b f) no conclusion
5. Y c )105 6. c 13.a) ~a (Contrapositive & Detachment)
6. A 5. d 7. d b) p (Detachment)
7. G 6. d 8. c c) no conclusion
8. Q 7. 5 9. b d) a (Disjunctive Inference)
9. J 8. 26 10. True e) no conclusion
10.S 9. 30 11. a f*) s  q (Chain Rule)
11. F 10. <A=20, <B=59,
12. I <C=101 14. No.
13. C 11. 8 p q ~p (~pq) (pq) (~pq)(pq)
14. K 12. <JHI=20, T T F T T T
15. B <GHI=44 T F F F T F
16. D 13. c F T T T T T
17. Z 14. b F F T T F F
18. V 15. -4 15.
19. N 16. 7
20. T 17. Explanation
21. X 18*. x=21, y=16
22. R 19. Median =AF
23. U Altitude = AH
24. P Angle Bisector = AE 16. ( p  q)  (~ q ~ p) is a tautology
25. M Perp Bisector = GF
26. O

Pages 16-19 14. A”(0,-2) 18. x = 3.5 Pages 20-21 Pages 22-24
1. I B”(-2,1) 1. b 1. 25
2. d C”(1,2) 2. b 2. 48
3. a 3. 2 < x < 8 3. 110
4. (-4,3) 4. 20 4. 2
5. (6,2) 5. 40 5. 4
6. b 6. c 6. 3
7. IV 7. QP 7. 2
8. (3,2) 19. 3 8. AB 8. 2
9. c 20. 1 9. c 9. 3
21 x  2   y  5  9
2 2
10. (3,-2) 15. 2 10. c 10. 27
11. (-5,2) 16. b 11. d 11. Yes, alternate
12. d 17. a) B b) G 12. 135 interior <s are 
13.b 13. 360 12.* x = 16, y = 20
14a) 36
b) 45

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 Topical Review - Geometry
Pages 26-27 Pages 29-31 Page 37 Pages 43-44 Pages 48-49
1. b 1. a 1a) 188 1. c 1. b
2. d 2. c b) 204 2. 4 2. a
3. d 3. (-3,1) c) 276 3. b 3. b
4. b 4. (9,-5) d) 131 4. a 4. (3,7) & (1,3)
5. 54 5. 2 13 e) 452 5. a 5. (0,5) & (4,-3)
6. b 2 f) 180 6. 2 6. (0,0) & (-3,-3)
7. a 6. y  x  7 7. 4
3
8. 36 Page 38 Page 52
9. d 1
7. y   x 1. (2) a) ASA
10. b 4 2. (1) b) SSS
11. d 8. y  3x  3 3. (4) c) None
12.c 9.a) (a, b) b) (3a, b) 8. x = 3 d) AAS
13.100 c) Midsegment thm or use Pages 41-42 e) SAS
distance of AB and DE 1. 9 f) None
10. 3 2. 25 g) None
11. 4 3. a h) HL
12. 2 4. b i) SSS
13. (5, -7) 5. a j) HL
14a) Centroid 6. 6 k) HL
b) Orthocenter 7. c l) ASA
c) Incenter 8. a) 60 b)40 9. m) SSS
d) Circumcenter c)70 d) 50 n) None
15a) Never e) 60 o) HL
b) Always 9. d p) None
c) Never 10. d
d) Always 11. a
Pages 32-34 e) Always Page 53
1. 6 2 f) Always 1a) <O
2. b g) Always b) AT
3. c c) <OGD
4. c d) GD
5. 30 e) <G
6. 13.3 f) ACT
7. 30
8. 68 2. x = 7 y = 8
9. 45
10. d
11. 8
12. 4

Mrs. McClenahan Page 59