Unit - 111

Renewable Sources
of Energy
ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND
corßErtVAT10N

3,1.1 Energy management

Definition
Energymanagementis planning and operation of
energyproductionand energy consumption units as well
as energy distribution and storage.
For the paste decades, energy generation has been
shiftedto alternative energy sources like renewable energy
formssuchas solar, wind and biomass energy, etc., instead
of the conventionalfossil fuel sources. Apart from the
growthin the energy sector, there has been an equivalent
increasein business and organizations, which has brought
tremendouscompetition in the market in terms of
ncreasingenvironmental standards and reducing global
yarning,carbonfoot print and green house gas emissions.
Energymanagementintroduced in an organization,
aneffectivelymanage how much energy they produce
and
owto controlsand monitor. A large
Id
amount of energy
moneycan be saved by employing
•inciples. energy management
It can also help companies
IProving by not only
productivitybut also the quality that
Ingenergy they offer
efficiencytechniques and better
anufacturing materials and
processes.
3.2 3.3

Environmental
Obiectives sciences of Ener optimizing energy
(or) Aims and 5ources
(i) of energy to continue
Resource management step 2
conservation. Repeat
(ii) efficiency.
Climate
(iii) cost protection.
savings/ minimize conservation
(iv) Mini waste. Energy
mize environmental
of using less
The ultimate effects.
is the practice
not only to aim (or) Definitionconservation the costs and reduce
save the cost objectivesof this Energy lower
but also to inorder
achievecomplete impact.
Principles of energy environmental by using
management be achieved either
It controls the Thiscan
efficiently (using less energy for
costs of the energy more
functionand (i) energy service),
a constant (by
amount of service used
not
2. The second principle the
is to controlenergy (ii) by reducing
functions driving less).
3. The third principle is to
control and meteronly conservation
main functions, which the Objectives (or) Aims of energy The main
functions which make up 80%
accounts for only
20% Energy conservationis the key element.
of the costs.
4. The last principle states that the objectivesare
major
energy management program should effortofan (i) to reduceoverall energy demand,
be
installing controls and achieving results. put into (ii) to lower energy cost,
Steps involved in the process cf energy management (iii) to reduce energy consumption,
The following 5 steps are important in the process (iv) to lowerthe overall green house gas emission.
of energy management. •Principle
(or) Law of conservation of energy
Step 1: Collecting and analyzing continuous data. The principle of energy of conservation states that
energy
canneitherbe created nor destroyed but it can be
Step 2: Identify optimizations in equipmentschedules, transformed from one type to another.
set points and flow rates to improveenergy
efficiency. Accordingto this the total energy of an isolated
system remains constant.
o
Step 3: Calculate return on investment. Units
energy saved can be metered and calculate mportance
of energy conservation
just like units of energydelivered. Energyconservationis very
important because of the
followingreasons.
Execute energy optimization solutions.
 Environmental
It reduces of Ener
our sources
of able efficient appliaoce«
2.
aJ%0 helps less energy during use.
you wiJJconsume
including utility to %avcmoney por
biJl%and other on
can be 8% to 300% more
3.
cut%down on energy bilj%. heaters
water heater.
natural resourcc expanding 6, a conventional storage water
When wc
extraction impacting
natural efficientthan
conserve energy energy efficient windows
more energy windows,
efficiently Install Joss through your
entering the earth's heat
s. atmosphere. To prevent replace single-pane windows with
It us to replace the (i) you can
altcrnatc energy source. energy, used double-pane windows,
With
windows with "low-e" coatings can
(ii) gas filled
an

15 ways to conserve
energy (or) conservation be fixed.
There are 15 ways to
start conserving your HVAC system
l. Adjust your day-to-dav energy. 8. Upgrade upgrade your home's
behaviors Mostenergyefficient way to
Example HVAC systemis installing air source heat pump. In order
pump transfers heat
to heatand cool your home a heat
Switch off lights (or) appliances fromone place to another.
need them. when you do not !
9. Weatherizeyour home
2. Replace your light bulbs Air leaks into your home are windows, doors and
Traditional incandescent light bulbs consume vents.To preventthese leaks, care must be taken in such
more a waythat no cracks (or) opening between the walls and
amount of electricity and must be replaced by energy
windowsis present.
efficient alternatives like CFL and LED bulbs.
3. (Jse smart pouer strips 10. Insulate your home
"Phantom loads" (or) the electricity used by Insulationretains heat during the winter and keeping
electronics, when they are turned off (or) standby mode, heatout of your home
during the summer.
are the major source of energy waste. Smartpowerstrips 11. Wash your
clothes in cold water.
eliminate this problem, when they are not in use. 12. Replacing
dirty air filters regularly can reduce energy
4. Install a programmable (or) smart thermostat consumption upto 15%.
It automatically turn-off (or) reduce heating 13. As
and
microwave is more energy efficient, microwave
awaY•
cooling during the time when you are asleep (or) oven can be used instead of ordinary stove.
3.6
of Ene
EnvironmentalSciences
and sources energy to communities
14. Using natural sustainabili access to it.
light, like sun, we providing lacked
can reduce (vii) previously
the that
15. Dress
appropriately for the weather
inside
and tidal energy and
wind energy,
energy,
3.2 NEW ENERGY SOURCES Solar
energy.
geothermal
3.2.1 Need of new energy sources
types
Different
Fossil fuels and nuclear energy are 32,3 energy resources
the imponant (or) Renewable
sources
Newenergy include
These are expected to be widely used in the developed
are being
near future that
However, fossil and nuclear energy resources energy.
non-renewable and will somedaybe exhausted,while (i) Hydrogen conversion.
thermal energy
continued use possess environmental risks related their (ii) Ocean
to air wave energy.
pollution, global climate change, land use and waste (iii) Tidal and
disposal. These issues have stimulated the searchfor new energy.
(iv) Geothermal
energy sources for producing and using energy.
(v). Solar energy.
3.2.2 Possibilities of implementation of (vi) Wind energy.
new energy sources (vii) Bio-mass energy.
New energy sources are type of renewableenergy (viii) Artificial Intelligence (Al).
sources, that play a crucial role in sustainabledevelopment (ix) Photovoltaics (PV).
and can be implemented due to the following reasons. (DESS).
(x) Distributed energy storage systems
(i) Green house gas emission is low. (xi) Grid integration.
(ii) Lowering our carbon food print. (xii) Space technologies.
(iii) Improving energy security. (xiii) Norwegian Crystals.
(iv) Reducing harmful air pollutants. (xiv) Algal bio-fuels.
(v) Consumingless water. (xv) Body heat.
solar investment
(vi) Government policies such as new energy
(xvi) Dance floor.
tax credit, reduces the cost of
sources even further.
 l. Environmental 39 E

Hydrogen sciencesand
of Ener
sources
the future split into protons and
hydrogen and generateq
is hydrogen Ode, moves to cathode
gas (H2). Like electrons
The
electricity naturalgas electrons
in power in Oxygen
plants. electricity.
and 02
Hydrogen Produce oxygen
possess high Hydrogen
non-polluting, calorific
because the value.
02
combustion Drive
productis is Electricity
water. Fuel cell Energy
2 21-120+ 150 Electrolysis
kJ
2 gas can be
to power cars compressed in a
and buses. fuel tank
and used
H20
Sources of hydrogen
(i) Fig. 3.1 Hydrogen fuel cell
Plentiful hydrogen
is available from
water can be split water (Ho.
into gaseous H2
and 02 byan powerplants can be built using large banks
Electrical
offuelcells,but small groups of cells provide electricity
(ii) Hydrogen can forindividualhome and commercial buildings.
also be produced from
naturalgasand
(iii) Ethanol reacts Problem
with high-temperature
produce hydrogen. steam to (i) Difficultiesin storing enough hydrogen for motor
(iv) Biomass is converted vehiclesto run long distances.
into sugar-richfeed stocksthat
can be fermented to produce (ii) Infrastructureto refuel these vehicles.
hydrogen.
(v) Microbes such as green (iii) Highly inflammable and
algae, consumewaterin the explosive in nature.
presence of sun light and produce
hydrogenas a (iv) Safe handling
is required.
by-product.

dydrogen fuel cell 2. Oceanthermal

energy (OTE)
Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells. The electrons There is often large temperature difference between
hydrogen atoms generate electricity in the fuel cell.The thesurfacelevel
and deeper level of the tropical oceans.
Thistemperature
ombination of 1-12and 02 creates water and heat from difference can be utilized to generate
electricity.The energy
re reaction. The heat may be used to produce electricity, available due to the difference in
temperature of water is called ocean thermal energy.
 3.11
3.10
Environmental on line
Condition sciences
and can be brought
power plants
other energy
sources.
The than most uses
more is temperature difference should qulicwy efficiently used for direct
required between and
surface water be of effectively
and deeper GTEis
Significance of OTE such
eenhouses.
(a) OTE is continuous,
renewable and energy by capturing radiant energy
derived
(b) The use of cold deep pollution 5 Solar energyis heat, electricity (or)
water, as the chill free solar it into
air-conditioning, has also and converting
been proposed.er fluid unlight
(c) Electric power generated from s
by OTE can hot
water.
be used solar energy
of
Significance noise and pollution free.
3. Tidal energy (or) Tital are
power Solarcells cookers, require neither
fuel nor
water heaters,
Tidal energy is a renewable energy (ii) solar while cooking food.
natural rise and fall of ocean tides and poweredbythe attention and isolated areas,
currents. be used in remote
(iii)Solarcellscan
Significance of tidal energy regions.
forests,hilly
(i) Tidal power plants do not require large areas
of energy
valuable lands as they are on the bays (or)estuaries. 6. yond
Movingair is called wind. Energy
recovered from
(ii) As the sea water is inexhaustible,it is completely theforceof wind is called wind energy. The energy
independent of the uncertainty of precipitation possessed by wind is because of its high speed. The wind
(rainfall). is harnessedby making use of wind mills.
energy
(iii) It is pollution-free energy source, as it doesnotuse Significance
of wind energy
any fuel and also does not produceany wastes. (i) The generationperiod of wind energy is low and
powergeneration starts from comissioning.
4. Geo-thermal energy (ii) It is recommendedto broaden the nation's energy
is called
The heat produced deep in the Earth's corethehigh optionsfor new energy sources.
from
Geothermal energy. The energy harnessed to produce (iii)It is made available easily in many off-shore,
be used
ternperature present inside the earth can on-shoreand remote areas.
electricity.
7. Bio-mass
energy
Significance or geothermal energy geot Biomassis the organic matter, produced by plants
is higher for (Or) animals,
(j) The powcr gcncration JcvcJ used as sources of energy. Most of the
cncrgics,
than for solar and wind
 of Ene
.12 sources systems (DESS)
EnvironmentalSciences and
Sustainabil•
wable
gene energy
storage
system (DESS) is a
)iomass is burned directly storage time.
for heating, cooling . ted energy energy for use at a later
•bJted
and 10. components.
that stores two main
Examples Wood, crop residues, seeds with
, cattle
sewage, agricultural wastes, etc., dung is provided
The batteries and
charged
Sigrificance of bio-mass energy DC and
prevent power fluctuation
1. The cost of obtaining bio-energy is to
plant is less than the
through bio-
cost of obtainingenergy ) majorrole
problems.
from quality
power
2. Biomass consumes more C02 than is integration
combustion of biomass.
releasedduring 11. Grid
is the practice of developing
Gridintegration variable renewable energy to the
3. It provides a stored form of energy and in
many waysto deliver
efficient
cases in a form suitable for vehiclepropulsion. grid.

8. Artificial intelligence(Al) in the energy sector 12. Space technologies

Artificial intelligence (Al) is used to forecastdemand energy technologies like
Space-based
and manage the distribution of resources, to ensurethat
power is available at the time and place it's neededwith (i) harvestinghydrogenfrom the moon to power
a minimum of waste. Al plays an essential role in the fuel cell on earth,
world's transition to clean energy. Artificial intelligenceis (ii) orbiting solar rays that absorb
particularly important in the renewable energy industry, around-the-clockdirect sunlight and send the
where it often can't be stored for long periods of timeand energy back down to stations on the ground
has to be used close to the time and location whereit is via radio (or) microwaves, are being
generated. developedas the new energy technology.
13. Norwegian
crystals
9. Photo Voltaics (PV)
(i) Low carbon mono
Solar companies are integrating PV systemsto is a type of crystal, crystalline silicon ingots,
minimize the need for additional land usage. As a result' used for high performance
photovoltaic devices.
integrated PV, floatovoltaics and agrivoltaics are logical
(ii) Gallium-doped
shift in trends. Now thin film PV cells are being developed ingots, that increases the
weight lifetime of the solar
to make solar panels flexible, cost-effective,light cells.
and environment friendly.
 3.14
3.15
Environmental
Sciences
and of Ene
as a carrier gas, for
Sources
footprint of
solar panel genewabV
hydrogenis used
componentsat Inelectronics,of electronic components.
ultra manufacture
3.
the in industries for many applications.
Algae is an Hydrogenis used
huge alternative
commercial potential. to liquid fossil fuels. 4.
releases C02 Like It
when burnt. But fossil fuel,
C02 released
by algae fuel is
unlike fossil fuel fuel combines with nitrogen to produce
removed from (i) It fertilizers.
via., photosynthesis
as the algae (or) the atmosphere ammonia,a base for
like
plant grew. good reagent for textile fibers
The impact of algal (ii) It is a foam.
much lower. Algal bio-fuels on nylon, polyurethane
fuel production has the treatment
on land and water
resources. It can be
a is
Hydrogenis used in metallurgy for heat
Impact 5.
(or) to alter their
seawater (or) even grey
waste water. producedusing to producemechanical parts
process
properties.
15. Body heat
6. Hydrogen is used during fuel refining to remove this
The heat, liberated by sulphurvia a process of desulphurization.
area lüe cent-al station, market humansin thecrowded
place, is channelledthrough 7. Atomichydrogenwelding (AHW) is a type of arc
the station's vent system. Then it weldingwhich utilizes a hydrogen environment.
is used
in undergound tanks and pumped to warmupwater
through the heating 8. A mixtureof hydrogen and nitrogen is used to
system.
preventoxidationin flat glass production.
16. Dance floors 9. As an efficientreducing and etching agent, hydrogen
is used to create semiconductors, LEDs, displays.
The kinetic energy of the dance floor is convened
to electricity that lights up the dance floor itseli 10. Hydrogengas is used as a
therapeutic gas for a
numberof different diseases.
Pave g en , a london based company is demonstrating 11. Hydrogen fuel
cell
this its development of the energy harvesting Hydrogen
fuel cell uses hydrogen as a fuel in an
electrochemicalprocess that combines H2 and 02 to
Produce electricalenergy with water
3.3 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROGEN ENERGY by-productTwo main applications of
and heat as the only
(i) Stationary fuel cells are,
industnö
1. Hvdrozen is a reagent, used in many power sources.
manufactuæ (a)The
including chemicals, textile fiber se are used to
power office buildings, data
gla•s, electronics and metallurgy. centres,
grocery
launchers. stores and off-grid
It is also used as a fuel for rocket telecommunication towers.
3.16 of Ener
EnvironmentalSciences and sources
Sustainaå wable fast.
It is used as a part of uninterruptible times is visual pollution.
powersupply Charging and
(LIPS) system, where continuous uptime
not make noise
is critical. s. does time.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(FCVs) 9. It used for long
be
It can
(a) The heat produced by the hydrogen fuel 10.
cell
used for space and water heating (or) canbe L)i9dODB$
industrial expensive.
I It is store.
Hydrogen fuel cells power clean trucks, fork is difficult to
It
etc., highly inflammable.
3. It is
(c) Hydrogen power is being considered
for 4. Infra-structure.
transportation applications including hydrogen fuel
cell buses. issues.
5. Regulatory
(d) Hvdrogen fuel cell trains have now appeared
(e) Hydrogen offers versatile options for mobilepower 3.4 APPLICATIONS OF OCEAN ENERGY
generation. Some of the hydrogen fuel cells were RESOURCES
developed by NASA to provide electricityfor rockets Tidalenergy(or) tidal power is a form of ocean
and shuttles in space. energythat is harnessed by converting tide energy into
(f) Hydrogen fuel cells have found a numberof marine formsof power. Tidal energy is obtained from the
useful
applications (used in boats and submarines). rise and fall of tides. Tidal barrages and dams are
constructedacross a narrow opening to the sea. Water
3.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of rushesintothe dam when the sea level rises which moves
thebladeof the turbines which helps in the generation of
hydrogen fuel cells electricity.
Advantages Below are some important applications of ocean
I. Hydrogen is readily available. energy.

2. It does not produce harmful emissions. 1. Ocean

waves
3. It is environmentally friendly. Potentialenergy associated
with ocean waves can be
essedusing
4. It can be used as fuel in rocket. modular technologies.
powerfulthanfossil 2.
5. It is energy efficient and more Temperature gradients
fuels. Differencein thermal
deepwater energy between sea surface and
6. It is renewable. can be harnessed by Ocean Thermal Energy
conversion
n foot prints. (OTEC
3. to dr staHlbtyof
coastalfl«xiings
At rmv:S fresh
eoezgy salinity
tae
aeste-iz$&dconvenicn technologies. • of tidal pouet plant is expensive and
6) capital investment.
4. Ckun energy convertorg requireshigh
repairing is a challenge.
ate tbe technoJr»gy uye,d to trap antenance and equiprnent
Of fbe wave try convert it to electrical
the (ii)
influence on marine life forms.
power. (iii) Negative
capacity is required.
(iv) Storage
problems like habitat change arises.
0%0JJating waveg (v) Environmental
hydraulic rnot(jrg
e)ecftica) getjctatryt% power take—of) APPLICATIONS OF TIDAL ENERGY
3.5
wv'vc convertorg CONVERSION
wavc energy convctlor%
(or) J, Electricitycan be generated from the tidal energy.
Jow hygl' turbinc%,convctl% 2, Tidal energy is used in grining mills for the
f/ by of' occunjuJatcd mechanicalcrushing of grains.
wovc
3, Tidal cncrgy is used to rotate a turbine.
4, Tidal cncrgy is used to store energy in a
('i ( wccti lcvcl
hydroelectric(lain, acting as large energy storage.
Otili/,cd 10 5. Tidal barrages and reservoirs can be modified to
energy.
o, Tidal barrages are capable of preventing damages to
the coast, during high storms.
Advantages disadvantages Ot
Tidal barrages also help to create easy transport
betweenthe two arms of an estuary (or) a bay.
3.5.t Advantages
and disadvantages
Advantages(or)
Merits
It is envicontuent
friendly.
It is cheaper and
costs efficient.
00 Low operating
last and maintenance costs.
 Environmental Sciences
and 3.21
4. The source of Sources of Ene
energy is inexhaustible. Renewable
5. Protects coastal flooding. surrounding rock. at the
lighter than the
6. Tidal energy sources it is boundarycan reach over 4(Xrc.
can last for
decades. coremantle
Power output is highly
predictable.
Disadvantages 3,6.3 Concept
extracts the heat found within
1. Construction of tidal power Geothermaltechnology
plants is expensive of the earth, which can be used directly for
thesubsurface (or) converting it to electricity.
2. heatingand cooling
Equipment repairing and water,
3.
maintenanceis difficult. The steam comes from the reservoirs of hot
Environment problems, like habitat more below the earth's surface,
change,arises. founda few miles (or) a generator, which produces
Storage capacity is required. rotatesa turbine that activates
5. Negative influence on marine life forms. electricity.

6. Location limited.
3.6.4 Power plants of GTE
3.6 GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT (GTE) Geothermalpower plant uses hydrothermal resources
that have both water (hydro) and heat (thermal).
Geothermalpower plants requires high temperature
3.6.1 Definitions (3000F to 7000F) hydrothermal resources that come from
eitherdry steam wells (or) from hot water wells.
1. Geothermal Power
It is the electrical power generatedfrom geothermal Generallywe use these resources by drilling wells
intothe earth and then piping steam (or) hot water to the
energy. surface.The hot water (or) steam rotates a turbine that
generateselectricity.The depth of the geothermal wells is
2. Geothermal Energy as much as 2 miles.
the earth'score.
It is the heat produced deep in
Types of geothermal
power plants
3.6.2 Origin energyfound
in plants.
There are three basic types of geothermal power
the thermal of
Geothermal energy is the formation
originates from materials. The 1. Dry
the earth's crust which of steam power plant
radioactive decay cause
the planet and from pressure in earth's interior It uses steam
directly from a geothermalreservoir to
drive
high temperature and mantle to behaveupwardsince generator's turbines.
rock to melt and solid
some convecting
the mantle
s results in parts of
3.22 Environmental Sciences Ener
and sources of and is i
Turbine
Sustainabili
Fenewable cools, it condenses to water Most
Generator Load the steam ground to be used again.
the
back intoplants are flash steam plants.
power
plants
4 cycle power
Binary
Steam 3, ad
Cold water Generator
Turbine
uctlon Injection

Rock layers Steam

4 Heat exchanger
with working fluid
Hot water Cold water
Fig. 3.2 Dry steam power plant
Production Injection
well well
2. Flash steam power plant
It takes high-pressure hot water from deepinsidethe
Rock layers
earth and converts it into steam to drive generator'sturbine.
Steam Load
Flash
Generator
Turbine
1

Fig. 3.4 Binary cycle power plants

1
It transfers the heat from geothermal hot water to
Hot Cold water
another liquid.The heat causes the second liquid to convert
water it intosteam,which is used to drive a generator's turbine.
Injection
Production V
1
well 3.6.5Advantagesand disadvantages of GTE
4 Advantages
Rock layers l. GTE is environmentally
friendly.
2. GTE is a source
of renewable energy.
3. It is the
plant sustainable form of energy.
Fig. 3.3 Flash steam poqer
3.24 Environmental ciences Ener
and sources of
SustQ10Qblll enewablO
4. The potentialof GTE is huge. R QUESTIONS
PART B in
3.1 and various steps involved
5. Energy generated from this principle
is reliable Explainthemanagement.
6. As GTE is natural, no fuel is required. energy principle and importance of
the objectives,
the
Whatareconsersion.
2.
Disadumtages ways through which conservation of
Location is restricted. Explain the
3. made.
energy is sources.
2. As GTE does not release green house gases, detailed notes on new energy
are many other gases released into the there 4. Write
the applications of hydrogen energy.
(cause side effects). 5. Explain
the applications of ocean energy.
3. May cause earthquakes. 6. Explain
of
Writenotes on advantages and disadvantages
4. It is expensive resource. 7.
(ii) ocean energy
(i) hydrogen energy
5. Management is required to maintain sustainability. origin, concept and advantage and
8. Explain the
disadvantages of GTE.
manufactured.
3.6.6 Applications of GTE 9. Whatis meant by GTE and how is it
10. Explain the applications and advantages and
1. GTE is used for space heating and cooling. disadvantages of GTE.
2. GTE is used to generate electricity. ll. Enumerateon the energy harnessing based on the
3. It is also used for industrial process heat. oceanenergy resources and tidal energy conversion.
(A.U. Apr/May 2023)
4. It is used for desalination of geothermalwaterand
heavy water production. 12. Enumeratein a suitable manner about the origin and
powerplants of geothermal energy.
5. It is also used in the extraction of mineralsfrom (A.u Apr/May 2023)
geothermal fluids.
6. Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs) are used to heat
buildingsin the winter and cool them in summer.
heated
7. The direct use of GTE involves the use of other
any
water from the ground without the need for
sources.