ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all who have contributed to

the successful completion of this project. Firstly, I express my
gratitude to the almighty for granting me the strength and
perseverance to see this endeavor through to fruition. Without
divine intervention, this achievement would not have been
possible.

I am deeply indebted to my Principal and my Physics teacher

for their unwavering guidance and support throughout this
journey. Their invaluable insights and mentorship have been
instrumental in shaping the project and ensuring its success.
Their dedication to nurturing my potential has been a driving
force behind the project's completion.

Furthermore, I am immensely thankful to my parents, friends,

and classmates for their constant encouragement and
assistance. Their constructive feedback and guidance have
played a pivotal role in overcoming challenges and refining
the project at every stage. Their unwavering belief in my
abilities has been a source of motivation and inspiration.

In conclusion, I am profoundly grateful to everyone who has

been involved in this project, whether through their blessings,
guidance, or support. Each contribution, no matter how small,
has played a significant role in the project's success.
WHAT IS A TRANSFORMER?

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

changing the A.C. voltages. A transfomer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in a variety of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transfomer size may be so
small that it weight only a few grams where as in high voltage
power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit

to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

Transfomer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both

for high and low current circuits.

PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER:

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction.

According to this principle, whenever there is a change in
current in one coil, then an EMF is produced in neighbouring
coil.

CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSFORMER:

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made

of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two
coils P1 & P2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other.
Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating EMF is connected to P1P2 the primary
coil and a load resistance R. is connected to S1S2 the
secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no
current through the secondary coil so long as the switch is
open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance
of the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.

WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER:

The primary coil is connected to the source of alternating

voltage,alternating magnetic flux is generated in the laminated
core.

The rate at which the magnetic flux changes for each turn of
the coils remains the same. Therefore, an emf is induced both
in the primary and secondary coil.
1. If the primary coil is connected to a source of alternating
voltage, an alternating magnetic flux is set up in the
laminated core.

2. If there is no magnetic flux leakage, then the whole

magnetic flux linked with primary coil is also linked with
the secondary coil. This means that rate at which magnetic
flux changes through each turn is same for both primary
and secondary coils.

3. As a result of flux change, emf is induced in both primary

and secondary coils.

4. The frequency of alternating magnetic flux in the core is the

same as the frequency of the applied voltage.

Therefore, induced emf in secondary will also have the

same frequency as that of applied voltage.

5. The emf induced in the secondary coil eg is given by,

 where Np and Ns are the number of turns in the primary and
secondary coil, respectively.

From equation (i) and (ii),

=K

This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio.

According to law of conservation of energy, the input power

to primary coil must be equal to the output power in the
secondary coil,

Then,
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:

There are two types of transformers, which are,

● Step-up Transformer:
A step-up transformer is used in power transmission to
convert low voltage AC into high voltage AC, to prevent
power loss during transmission. For step up transformer,
the transformer ratio is less than 1 (K > 1).

● Step-down Transformer:
A step-down transformer is used to convert high voltage
AC into low voltage AC for the successful operation of
low voltage devices. For step down transformer, the
transformer ratio is greater than 1 (K < 1).
ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER:

Following are the major sources of Energy losses in a

transformer:

● Copper Loss:
This energy losee is due to resistance of the coils used in
a transformer, it can be minimized by using thick wire.

● Eddy Current Loss:

Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with
solid metal there will be an EMF induced in the form of
eddies, this induced current is called as eddy current.
This current is also having heating effect so energy loss
takes place, this energy loss is called as eddy current
loss. Eddy current loss can be minimised by using
laminated soft iron core.

● Hysteresis Loss:
Energy loss due to magnetisation and demagnetisation of
the soft iron core causes hysteresis loss. Hysteresis loss
can be minimised by a metal with less hysteresis loop.

● Flux Leakage:
The magnetic flux linked with primary coil may not be
fully linked with secondary coil, there will be energy loss
due to this and this is called as magnetic flux leakage
loss.
ADVANTAGES OF A TRANSFORMER:

1. Provide efficient electricity transmission.

2. Minimize energy losses during transmission.

3. Step up or step down voltage levels as required.

4. Provides consistent electricity supply.

5. Supports various industrial and residential applications.

6. Regulate voltage levels and enhance the safety of

equipment and life.

USES OF A TRANSFORMER:

1. A transformer is used in almost all AC operations in

voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner etc

2. Used in the induction furnaces.

3. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes

and for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays

and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of AC over long

distances. Small transformers are used in radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

BIBILIOGRAPHY: