EXP.

NO: 1
CREATE A DATABASE TABLE, ADD CONSTRAINTS (PRIMARY KEY,
UNIQUE, CHECK, NOT NULL), INSERT ROWS, UPDATE AND DELETE
DATE: 20-03-24 ROWS USING SQL DDL AND DML COMMANDS.

AIM

To execute basic command in MySQL using DDL and DML.

PROCEDURE

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Create a database and use it for basic operations.

Step 3: Create a table with necessary attributes and execute DDL and DML commands.

Step 4: Display the result.

Step 5: Stop

DDL (DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE)

• CREATE
• ALTER
• DROP
• TRUNCATE
• COMMENT
• RENAME

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER (4), ENAME VARCHAR2 (10),
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10), SALARY NUMBER (8,2));
Table created.

SQL: DESC <TABLE NAME>;

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY EMPNO NUMBER (6);

Table altered.

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(6)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

1
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (DOB DATE, DOJ DATE);
Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER (7)

ENAME VARCHAR 2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR 2(10)
SALARY NUMBER (8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR 2(6)
DOB DATE
DOJ DATE

REMOVE / DROP
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN DOJ;
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER (7)

ENAME VARCHAR 2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR 2(10)
SALARY NUMBER (8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR 2(6)
DOB DATE

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP DROP (DOB, QUALIFICATION);

Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER (7)

ENAME VARCHAR 2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR 2(10)
SALARY NUMBER (8,2)

NOT NULL Constraint

MySQL> CREATE TABLE Student (Id INTEGER, Last Name TEXT NOT NULL, FirstName
TEXT NOT NULL, City VARCHAR (35));
MySQL> INSERT INTO Student VALUES(1, 'Hanks', 'Peter', 'New York');
MySQL> INSERT INTO Student VALUES(2, NULL, 'Amanda', 'Florida');

Output

2
UNIQUE Constraint
MySQL> CREATE TABLE ShirtBrands(Id INTEGER, BrandName VARCHAR(40) UNIQUE,
Size VARCHAR(30));
MySQL> INSERT INTO ShirtBrands(Id, BrandName, Size) VALUES(1, 'Pantaloons', 38), (2,
'Cantabil', 40);
MySQL> INSERT INTO ShirtBrands(Id, BrandName, Size) VALUES(1, 'Raymond', 38), (2,
'Cantabil', 40);

Output

CHECK CONSTRAINT
CHECK (expr)
MySQL> CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int NOT NULL,Name varchar(45) NOT NULL, Age
int CHECK (Age>=18) );

MySQL> INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age)

VALUES (1,'Robert', 28), (2, 'Joseph', 35), (3, 'Peter', 40);

MySQL> INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age) VALUES (1,'Robert', 15);

Output

In the below output, we can see that the first INSERT query executes successfully, but the second
statement fails and gives an error that says: CHECK constraint is violated for key Age.

PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT

CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Name varchar(45) NO
T NULL, Age int, City varchar(25));
INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age, City) VALUES (1,'Robert', 15, 'Florida') ,
(2, 'Joseph', 35, 'California'), (3, 'Peter', 40, 'Alaska');
INSERT INTO Persons(Id, Name, Age, City) VALUES (1,'Stephen', 15, 'Florida');

3
Output

RESULT

Thus, the queries were executed successfully.

4
EXP.NO: 2
CREATE A SET OF TABLES, ADD FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS
AND INCORPORATE REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY
DATE: 27-03-24

AIM

To create a set of tables and add foreign key and referential integrity constraints.

PROCEDURE

Step 1:Start

Step 2:Create Table Department and Employee with necessary attributes.

Step 3:Add Foreign Key constraints in department table by altering it.

Step 4:Check referential integrity constraints by perform any operation.

Step 5: Stop

DEPARTMENT

CREATE TABLE Department(

Id INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name NVARCHAR(50)
);
-- Insert some test data in Department Table
Insert into Department values (10, 'IT');
Insert into Department values (20, 'HR');
Insert into Department values (30, 'INFRA');

EMPLOYEES

CREATE TABLE Employees(

Id INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
DepartmentID INT
);

-- Adding the Foreign Key Constraint

ALTER TABLE Employees ADD FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentId) REFERENCES
Department(Id);

-- Insert some test data in Employees Table

INSERT into Employees VALUES (101, 'Anurag', 10);
INSERT into Employees VALUES (102, 'Pranaya', 20);
INSERT into Employees VALUES (103, 'Hina', 30);

Delete from Parent Table

DELETE FROM Department WHERE Id = 10;

5
OUTPUT

SQL> DELETE from Department where Id=10;

ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constrai

nt fails (`db2`.`employees`, CONSTRAINT `employees_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`Departm

entID`) REFERENCES `department` (`Id`))

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

6
EXP.NO: 3
QUERY THE DATABASE TABLES USING DIFFERENT ‘WHERE’
CLAUSE CONDITIONS AND ALSO IMPLEMENT AGGREGATE
DATE: 28-03-24 FUNCTIONS

AIM

To write queries using WHERE clause and Aggreate Functions.

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Start

Step 2: Write queries using different WHERE Clause

Step 3:Write queries for Aggregate functions like count,avg,min,max

Step 4:stop

MySQL WHERE Clause

Syntax:

Select * from Tablename WHERE conditions;

MySQL WHERE Clause with AND condition

SELECT * FROM officers WHERE address = 'Lucknow' AND officer_id < 5;

7
WHERE Clause with OR condition

SELECT * FROM officers WHERE address = 'Lucknow' OR address = 'Mau';

MySQL WHERE Clause with combination of AND & OR conditions

SELECT * FROM officers WHERE (address = 'Mau' AND officer_name = 'Ajeet')

OR (officer_id < 5);

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

Consider a table named "employees" that contains the following data.

MySQL> SELECT COUNT(emp_name) FROM employees;

8
Output:

MySQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE emp_age>32;

Output:

Consider our database has a table named employees, having the following data. Now, we are going
to understand this function with various examples:

MySQL> SELECT SUM(working_hours) AS "Total working hours" FROM employees;

Output:

9
MySQL avg() function example

Consider our database has a table named employees, having the following data. Now, we are going
to understand this function with various examples:

MySQL> SELECT AVG(working_hours) Avg_working_hours FROM employees;

Output:

We will get the result as below:

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

10
EXP.NO: 4
QUERY THE DATABASE TABLES AND EXPLORE SUB QUERIES AND
SIMPLE JOIN OPERATIONS
DATE: 03-04-24

AIM:

To execute and verify the SQL commands for Simple JOIN and sub queries.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table
STEP 4: Execute Commands for JOIN operation and extract information from the table.
STEP 5: Execute Commands for Sub queries operation.
STEP 6: Stop

MYSQL INNER JOIN (SIMPLE JOIN)

Consider two tables "officers" and "students", having the following data.

SQL> SELECT officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name

FROM officers INNER JOIN students ON officers.officer_id = students.student_id;

Output

11
MYSQL SUBQUERY

SQL>SELECT emp_name, city, income FROM employees WHERE emp_id IN (SELECT e

mp_id FROM employees);

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

12
EXP.NO: 5 QUERY THE DATABASE TABLES AND EXPLORE NATURAL, EQUI
AND OUTER JOINS
DATE: 04-04-24

AIM

To write a query to perform natural join ,equi join and outer join.

PROCEDURE

Step 1: Start

Step 2:Create table with necessary attributes .

Step 3: Perform natural join,equi join and outer join operations with queries

Step 4: Stop

Syntax:
SELECT [column_names | *] FROM table_name1 NATURAL JOIN table_name2;

/* -- Table name: customer -*/

CREATE TABLE customer ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_name VARCHAR(55), account int, email VARCHAR(55) );

/* -- Table name: balance -*/

CREATE TABLE balance ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
account int, balance FLOAT(10, 2) );

/* -- Data for customer table -*/

INSERT INTO customer(customer_name, account, email) VALUES('Stephen', 1030, 'stephen
@javatpoint.com'), ('Jenifer', 2035, '[email protected]'), ('Mathew', 5564, 'mathew@java
tpoint.com'), ('Smith', 4534, '[email protected]'), ('David', 7648, '[email protected]');

/* -- Data for balance table -*/

INSERT INTO balance(account, balance)
VALUES(1030, 50000.00), (2035, 230000.00), (5564, 125000.00), (4534, 80000.00),
(7648, 45000.00);

NATURAL JOIN:

MySQL> SELECT cust. customer_name, bal.balance FROM customer AS cust NATURAL

JOIN balance AS bal;

13
MYSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN

Syntax:

SELECT columns FROM table1 RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.co
lumn;

Consider two tables "officers" and "students", having the following data.

MySQL>SELECT officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name,

students.student_name FROM officers RIGHT JOIN students ON officers.officer_id =
students.student_id;

Output

EQUI JOIN

SELECT column_name (s) FROM table_name1, table_name2, ..... , table_nameN

14
WHERE table_name1.column_name = table_name2.column_name;

Consider two tables named customer and balance

MySQL> SELECT cust. customer_name, bal.balance FROM customer AS cust, balance AS bal
WHERE cust.account = bal.account_num;

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

15
EXP.NO: 6 WRITE USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS AND STORED PROCEDURES
IN SQL
DATE: 18-04-24

AIM:
Creating user defined functions and stored procedures by using
Structures Query Language
QUERY:

SQL UDFs
The following example creates a temporary SQL UDF named AddFourAndDivide and
calls it from within a SELECT statement:

CREATE TEMP FUNCTION AddFourAndDivide(x INT64, y INT64) RETURNS FLOAT64

AS(
(x+4) / y

);
SELECT
val, AddFourAndDivide(val,2) FROM
UNNEST([2,3,5,8]) AS val;

This example produces the following output:

16
+ + +
| val f0_ |

+ + +
| 2 3.0 |
| 3 3.5 |
| 5 4.5 |
| 8 6.0 |

+ + +

CREATE FUNCTION mydataset.AddFourAndDIvide( x INT64, y INT64) RETURNS FLOAT64

AS(
(x+4) / y

);

You must specify a dataset for the function(mydataset in this example). After you run
the CREATE FUNCTION statement, you can call the function from a query:

SELECT
val,mydataset,AddFourAndDivide(val,2) FROM
UNNEST([2,3,5,8,12])AS val;

17
Templated SQP UDF parameters:

A parameter with a type equal to ANY TYPE can match more than one argument type when
the function is called.
i) If more than one parameter has type ANY TYPE, then BigQuery doesn’t
enforce any type relationship between these arguments
ii) The function return type cannot be ANY TYPE. It must be either omitted,
which means to be automatically determined based on sql_expression, or
an explicit type.
iii) Passing the function arguments of types that are incompatible with the
function definition will result in an error at call time

The following example shows a SQL UDF that uses a templated parameter.
CREATE TEMP FUNCTION AddFourAndDivideAny(x ANYTYPE, y ANYTYPE)
AS(
(x+4) / y
);
SELECT
addFourAndDivideAny(3,4)AS integer_input; addFourAndDivideAny(1.59,3.14)AS
floating_point_input;

This example produces the following output:

+ + +
| integer_input | floating_point_input |

+ + +
| 1.75 | 1.7802547770700636 |
18
+ + +
The next example used a templated parameter to return the last element of an array
of any type:
CREATE TEMP FUNCTION lastArrayElement(arr ANY TYPE) AS(
arr[ORDINAL(ARRAY_LENGTH(arr))]
);
SELEC
T
lastArrayElement(x) AS last_element
FROM(
SELECT[2,3,5,8,13] AS x);

This example produces the following output:

+ +
| last_element |

+ +
| 13 |

+ +

RESULT:

Thus the above sql query has been executed and verified successfully

19
EXP.NO: 7 EXECUTE COMPLEX TRANSACTIONS AND REALIZE DCL AND TCL
COMMANDS
DATE: 18-04-24

AIM

To write a query to perform DCL and TCL commands.

PROCEDURE

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Create table with necessary attributes.

Step 3: Perform DCL query like GRANT and REVOKE

Step 4: Perform TCL like SAVEPOINT,ROLLBACK and COMMIT.

Step 5: Stop.

DCL COMMANDS

GRANT

GRANT privilege_name ON object_name TO {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}

[WITH GRANT OPTION];

MySQL> GRANT SELECT ON employee TO

user1;Command Successfully Completed

REVOKE

REVOKE privilege_name ON object_name FROM {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}

MySQL> REVOKE SELECT ON employee FROM

user1;Command Successfully Completed

TCL(TRNSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;

Savepoint created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(105,'PARTHASAR','STUDENT',100);

1 row created.

20
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

105 PARTHASAR STUDENT 100

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000
102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

ROLL BACK

SQL> ROLL BACK S1;

Rollback complete.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

COMMIT

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

RESULT

Thus the queries were executed successfully

21
EXP.NO: 8 WRITE SQL TRIGGERS FOR INSERT, DELETE, AND UPDATE
OPERATIONS IN A DATABASE TABLE
DATE: 24-04-24

AIM
To create database triggers using PL/SQL code

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Creates a trigger for insertion of each row.

STEP 2: Declare a cursor which contains the roll number field
STEP 3: Before insertion check of the roll number already exists in the table
STEP 4: If it exists raise an application error and display “roll no exists”.
STEP 5: Else perform insertion

SYNTAX
create or replace trigger trigger name [before/after] {DML
statements} on [table name] [for each row/statement] begin

exception
end;

PROGRAM
SQL>create table poo(rno number(5),name varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL>insert into poo values (01.‟kala‟);
1 row created.
SQL>select * from poo;

RNO NAME
------ ----------
1 kala
2 priya

SQL>create or replace trigger pool before insert on poo for each row
2 declare
3 rno poo.rno%type
4 cursor c is select rno from poo;
5 begin

22
6 open c;
7 loop;
8 fetch c into rno;
9 if:new.rno=rno then
10 raise_application_error(-20005,‟rno already exist‟);
11 end if;
12 exit when c%NOTFOUND
13 end loop;
14 close c;
15 end;
16 /
Trigger created.

OUTPUT
SQL>insert into poo values(01,‟kala‟)
Insert into poo values (01,‟kala‟)
*
ERROR at line1:
ORA-20005:rno already exist
ORA-06512:”SECONDCSEA.POOL”,line 9
ORA-04088:error during execution at trigger “SECONDCSEA.POOL”

RESULT
Thus the PL/SQL blocks are developed for triggers and the results are verified.

23
EXP.NO: 9 CREATE VIEW AND INDEX FOR DATABASE TABLES WITH A
LARGE NUMBER OF RECORDS
DATE: 01-05-24

AIM
To execute and verify the SQL commands for Views and Indexes.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.

STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.

STEP 4: Create the view from the above created table.

STEP 5: Execute different Commands and extract information from the View.

STEP 6: Stop

CREATION OF TABLE

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

EMPLOYEE_NAMEVARCHAR2(10),
EMPLOYEE_NONUMBER(8),
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10),
DEPT_NO NUMBER (5),DATE_OF_JOIN DATE);

Table created.

TABLE DESCRIPTION
SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)
DATE_OF_JOIN DATE

CREATION OF VIEW
SQL> CREATE VIEW EMPVIEW AS SELECT
EMPLOYEE_NAME,EMPLOYEE_NO,DEPT_NAME,DEPT_NO,DATE_OF_JOIN FROM
EMPLOYEE;
view created.

DESCRIPTION OF VIEW

SQL> DESC EMPVIEW;

NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)

24
DISPLAY VIEW

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

INSERTION INTO VIEW

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPVIEW VALUES ('SRI', 120,'CSE', 67,'16-NOV-1981');

1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO
RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
SRI 120 CSE 67

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO DATE_OF_J

RAVI 124 ECE 89 15-JUN-05
VIJAY 345 CSE 21 21-JUN-06
RAJ 98 IT 22 30-SEP-06
GIRI 100 CSE 67 14-NOV-81
SRI 120 CSE 67 16-NOV-81

DELETION OF VIEW

DELETE STATEMENT
SQL> DELETE FROM EMPVIEW WHERE EMPLOYEE_NAME='SRI';

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

RAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

UPDATE STATEMENT:

SQL> UPDATE EMPKAVIVIEW SET EMPLOYEE_NAME='KAVI' WHERE

EMPLOYEE_NAME='RAVI';

1 ROW UPDATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPKAVIVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

KAVI 124 ECE 89
VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

25
DROP A VIEW:

SQL>DROP VIEW EMPVIEW;

VIEW DROPED

CREATE INDEX
MySQL> CREATE DATABASE
indexes;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01
sec)

USE indexes;

Database changed

MySQL>CREATE TABLE

employees (employee_id int,

first_name varchar(50),

last_name varchar(50),

device_serial varchar(15), salary int );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

INSERT INTO employees VALUES

(1, 'John', 'Smith', 'ABC123', 60000), (2, 'Jane', 'Doe', 'DEF456', 65000),

(3, 'Bob', 'Johnson', 'GHI789', 70000), (4, 'Sally', 'Fields', 'JKL012', 75000),

(5, 'Michael', 'Smith', 'MNO345', 80000), (6, 'Emily', 'Jones', 'PQR678', 85000),

(7, 'David', 'Williams', 'STU901', 90000), (8, 'Sarah', 'Johnson', 'VWX234', 95000),

(9, 'James', 'Brown', 'YZA567', 100000);

Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.010 sec)

Records: 9 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

MySQL>CREATE INDEX salary ON employees(salary);

Mqsql>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary = 100000;

+ + + + + + + + + + +

| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered
| 1 | SIMPLE | employees | NULL | ref | salary | salary | 5 | const | 1 | 100.00 |
+ + + + + + + + + + +

1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

RESULT

Thus views and indexes created successfull

26
EXP.NO: 10 CREATE AN XML DATABASE AND VALIDATE IT USING XML
SCHEMA
DATE: 09-05-24

Aim

To create a XML database file and Validate the Schema

Algorithm

Step 1: Start

Step 2:Open MySQL command

prompt(version.5.5) Step 3:Create new database as

bookstore and use it.

Step 4:Create XML Schema for data values and load values

Step 5:Validate XML using ExtractValue function.

Step 6:Stop

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE person (

person_id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

fname VARCHAR(40) NULL,

lname VARCHAR(40) NULL,

created TIMESTAMP

);

XML FILE PERSON.XML

<list>
<personperson_id="1"fname="Kapek"lname="Sainnouine"/>
<personperson_id="2"fname="Sajon"lname="Rondela"/>
<personperson_id="3"><fname>Likame</fname><lname>Örrtmons</lname></person>
<personperson_id="4"><fname>Slar</fname><lname>Manlanth</lname></person>
<person><fieldname="person_id">5</field><fieldname="fname">Stoma</field>
<fieldname="lname">Milu</field></person>
<person><fieldname="person_id">6</field><fieldname="fname">Nirtam</field>
<fieldname="lname">Sklöd</field></person>
<personperson_id="7"><fname>Sungam</fname><lname>Dulbåd</lname></person>
<personperson_id="8"fname="Sraref"lname="Encmelt"/>
</list>

INSERT VALUES USING LOADXMLDATAFILE

LOAD XML LOCAL INFILE 'c:/db/person.xml' //this is ths location of the xml data file

INTO TABLE person

ROWS IDENTIFIED BY '<person>';

27
OUTPUT

MySQL>Select * from person;

VALIDATE XML USING EXTRACTVALUE FUNCTION

MySQL> SELECT

ExtractValue('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

Result

Thus the XML Database is created and Validated

28
EXP.NO: 11 CREATE DOCUMENT, COLUMN AND GRAPH BASED DATA USING
NOSQL DATABASE TOOLS.
DATE: 15-05-24

Aim

To Create Document,column and Graph using NOSQL Tools.

Algorithm

Step 1:Start

Step 2:Create Database in MongoDB

Step 3:Create Collection and Document in MongoDB

Step 4:Display all document

Step 5:Stop

Create database in mongodb

>Install Mongodb shell

>Connect with localhost

>Connection string:

mongodb://localhost:27017

output:

29
Create collection in mongodb

use <database_name> command

OUTPUT:

Create document in mongodb

mydbnew>db.details.insertOne({"website":"mywebsite"})
Output:

Display all documents

Db.details.find()

30
 Output

CREATING CHART USING SAMPLE DATA

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Log into MongoDB Atlas.

To access the MongoDB Charts application, you must be logged into Atlas

Step 2: Select your desired Atlas project, or create a new project.

If you have an Atlas Project with clusters containing data you wish to visualize,

Step 3: Select the project from the Context dropdown in the left navigation pane.

Step 4: Create an Atlas cluster. The MongoDB Charts application makes it easy to connect

Collections in your cluster asdata sources. Data sources reference specific collections and

charts views that you can access in the Chart Builder to visualize the data in those collections

or charts views.

Step 5: Launch the MongoDB Charts application. In Atlas, click Charts in the navigation bar.

Step 6: Choose data from clusters

31
OUTPUT

Result

Thus the Document and Graph is created.

32
EXP.NO: 12 DEVELOP A SIMPLE GUI BASED DATABASE APPLICATION AND
INCORPORATE ALL THE ABOVE-MENTIONED FEATURES
DATE: 22-05-24

Aim

To develop a program in python to implement the GUI based application

Algorithm

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Import necessary files to perform database operations

Step 3:Design Login Screen with User Name and Password fields.

Step 4: Check with appropriate conditions to login.

Step 5: Stop

PROGRAM
import tkinter as tk
import
MySQL.connectorfrom
tkinter import *

def submitact():

user = Username.get()
passw = password.get()

print(f"The name entered by you is {user} {passw}")

logintodb(user, passw)

def logintodb(user, passw):

# If password is enetered by the

# user
if passw:
db = MySQL.connector.connect(host ="localhost",
user = user,
password = passw,
db ="College")
cursor = db.cursor()

# If no password is enetered by the

# user
else:
db = MySQL.connector.connect(host ="localhost",
user = user,
db ="College")
cursor = db.cursor()

# A Table in the database

savequery = "select * from STUDENT"

try:
cursor.execute(savequery)
myresult = cursor.fetchall()
33
 # Printing the result of the
# query
for x in myresult:
print(x)
print("Query Executed successfully")
except:
db.rollback()
print("Error occurred")
root = tk.Tk()
root.geometry("300x300")
root.title("DBMS Login Page")

# Defining the first row

lblfrstrow = tk.Label(root, text ="Username -", )
lblfrstrow.place(x = 50, y = 20)

Username = tk.Entry(root, width = 35)

Username.place(x = 150, y = 20, width = 100)

lblsecrow = tk.Label(root, text ="Password -")

lblsecrow.place(x = 50, y = 50)

password = tk.Entry(root, width = 35)

password.place(x = 150, y = 50, width = 100)

submitbtn = tk.Button(root, text ="Login",

bg ='blue', command = submitact)
submitbtn.place(x = 150, y = 135, width = 55)

root.mainloop()

Output:

Result

Thus the GUI application program executed successfully.

34
EXP.NO: 13

CASE STUDY USING ANY OF THE REAL LIFE DATABASE

DATE: 29-05-24

ER diagram of Bank Management System

ER diagram is known as Entity-Relationship diagram. It is used to analyze to structure of the
Database. It shows relationships between entities and their attributes. An ER model provides a
means of communication.

ER diagram of Bank has the following description :

• Banks are identified by a name, code, address of main office.

• Bank have Customer

• Banks have branches.

• Branches are identified by a branch_no., branch_name, address.

• Customers are identified by name, cust-id, phone number, address.

• Customer can have one or more accounts.

• Accounts are identified by account_no., acc_type, balance.

• Customer can avail loans.

• Loans are identified by loan_id, loan_type and amount.

• Account and loans are related to bank’s branch.

Entities and their Attributes are :

• Bank Entity : Attributes of Bank Entity are Bank Name, Code and Address.
Code is Primary Key for Bank Entity.
• Customer Entity : Attributes of Customer Entity are Customer_id, Name, Phone Number

and Address.
Customer_id is Primary Key for Customer Entity.
• Branch Entity : Attributes of Branch Entity are Branch_id, Name and Address.
Branch_id is Primary Key for Branch Entity.
• Account Entity : Attributes of Account Entity are Account_number, Account_Type and
Balance.
Account_number is Primary Key for Account Entity.
• Loan Entity : Attributes of Loan Entity are Loan_id, Loan_Type and Amount.
Loan_id is Primary Key for Loan Entity.

This bank ER diagram illustrates key information about bank, including entities such as
branches, customers, accounts, and loans. It allows us to understand the relationships between
entities.
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ER Diagram of Bank Management System :

Relationships are :

• Bank has Branches => 1 : N

One Bank can have many Branches but one Branch can not belong to many Banks, so
the relationship between Bank and Branch is one to many relationship.

• Branch maintain Accounts => 1 : N

One Branch can have many Accounts but one Account can not belong to many
Branches, so the relationship between Branch and Account is one to many
relationship.

• Branch offer Loans => 1 : N

One Branch can have many Loans but one Loan can not belong to many Branches, so
the relationship between Branch and Loan is one to many relationship.

• Account held by Customers => M : N

One Customer can have more than one Accounts and also One Account can be held by
one or more Customers, so the relationship between Account and Customers is many
to many relationship.

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 • Loan availed by Customer => M : N
(Assume loan can be jointly held by many Customers).
One Customer can have more than one Loans and also One Loan can be availed by one
or more Customers, so the relationship between Loan and Customers is many to many
relationship.

NORMALIZATION PROCESS
Database normalization is a stepwise formal process that allows us to decompose
database tables in such a way that both data dependency and update anomalies are minimized. It
makes use of functional dependency that exists in the table and primary key or candidate key in
analyzing the tables. Normal forms were initially proposed called First Normal Form (INF),
Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF). Subsequently, R, Boyce, and
E. F. Codd introduced a stronger definition of 3NF called Boyce-Codd Normal Form. With the
exception of 1NF, all these normal forms are based on functional dependency among the attributes
of a table. Higher normal forms that go beyond BCNF were introduced later such as Fourth Normal
Form (4NF) and Fifth Normal Form (5NF). However, these later normal forms deal with situations
that are very rare.

TRIGGERS

CREATE TRIGGER update_account AFTER INSERTON transactionsBEGIN

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UPDATE accounts a SETa.balance=
(CASE WHEN new.withdrawal=1 THEN a.balance-new.amount ELSE
a.balance+new.amountEND) WHERE a.id = new.accountID;
END;
pseudocode, Represents

• If the transaction is a deposit, add the money

• If the transaction is a withdrawal, check if it is discretionary
• If it is discretionary, remove from the balance and the allowance remaining
• If it is not, remove only from the balance.

ACID properties in DBMS

To ensure the integrity and consistency of data during a transaction (A transaction is a unit of
program that updates various data items, read more about it here), the database system maintains
four properties. These properties are widely known as ACID properties.

Atomicity

This property ensures that either all the operations of a transaction reflect in database or none.
The logic here is simple, transaction is a single unit, it can’t execute partially. Either it executes
completely or it doesn’t, there shouldn’t be a partial execution.

Let’s take an example of banking system to understand this: Suppose

Account A has a balance of 400$ & B has 700$. Account A is transferring 100$ to Account B.

This is a transaction that has two operations

a) Debiting 100$ from A’s balance
b) Creating 100$ to B’s balance.

Let’s say first operation passed successfully while second failed, in this case A’s balance would
be 300$ while B would be having 700$ instead of 800$. This is unacceptable in a banking system.
Either the transaction should fail without executing any of the operation or it should process both
the operations. The Atomicity property ensures that.

There are two key operations are involved in a transaction to maintain the atomicity of the
transaction.

Abort: If there is a failure in the transaction, abort the execution and rollback the changes made
by the transaction.

Commit: If transaction executes successfully, commit the changes to the database.

Consistency

Database must be in consistent state before and after the execution of the transaction. This
ensures that there are no errors in the database at any point of time. Application programmer is
responsible for maintaining the consistency of the database.

Example:
A transferring 1000 dollars to B. A’s initial balance is 2000 and B’s initial balance is 5000.

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Before the transaction:
Total of A+B = 2000 + 5000 = 7000$

After the transaction:

Total of A+B = 1000 + 6000 = 7000$

The data is consitendct before and after the execution of the transaction so this example
maintains the consistency property of the database.

Isolation

A transaction shouldn’t interfere with the execution of another transaction. To preserve the
consistency of database, the execution of transaction should take place in isolation (that means no
other transaction should run concurrently when there is a transaction already running).

For example account A is having a balance of 400$ and it is transferring 100$ to account B & C
both. So we have two transactions here. Let’s say these transactions run concurrently and both
the transactions read 400$ balance, in that case the final balance of A would be 300$ instead of
200$. This is wrong.

If the transaction were to run in isolation then the second transaction would have read the correct
balance 300$ (before debiting 100$) once the first transaction went successful.

Durability

Once a transaction completes successfully, the changes it has made into the database should
be permanent even if there is a system failure. The recovery-management component of
database systems ensures the durability of transaction.

STORED PROCEDURE

CREATE PROCEDURE [bank].[GetTransactions]

-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here
@AccountID int = 0,
@StartDate datetime = 0,
@EndDate datetime = 0
AS
BEGIN
-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from
-- interfering with SELECT statements.
SET NOCOUNT ON;

-- Insert statements for procedure here

SELECT * from bank.Transactions
WHERE AccountID = @AccountID AND [Date] BETWEEN @StartDate AND @EndDate
END

Second, here's the EXEC statment:

EXEC bank.GetTransactions
@AccountID = 100000,
@StartDate = '4/1/2007',
@EndDate = '4/30/2007'

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