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Basics of Measurement Part 1

Basics instruments

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9 views

Basics of Measurement Part 1

Basics instruments

Uploaded by

gadhaveyadav55
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASICS

OF

MEASUREMENT .

PART
-
- I
INSTRUMENTATION

Instrumentation is a technology of measurement which serves not only


science but all branches of engineering, medicine, and almost every
human endeavour, The knowledge of any parameter largely depends
on the measurement.

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

A knowledge of the performance characteristics of an instrument is


essential for selecting the most suitable instrument for specific
measuring jobs. It consists of two basic characteristics-
1.static and
2.dynamic.

Static Characteristics
The static characteristic of a measurement instrument is the
characteristics of the system when the input is either held constant or
varying very slowly. The static characteristics are of the following types:

1. Sensitivity. The sensitivity of measurement is a measure of the


change in instrument output that occurs when the quantity being
measured changes by a given amount

2. Linearity. It is normally desired that the output reading of the


instrument is linearly proportional to the quantity being measured. An
instrument is considered linear if the relationship between output and
input can be fitted in a line if it is not a straight line it should not be
concluded that the instrument is inaccurate, it is a misconception

3.Range and Span. It defines the maximum and minimum values of the
inputs or the outputs for which the instrument is recommended to use.
For example, for a temperature measuring instrument the input range
may be 100-500°C and the output range may be 4-20 mA. Span is
algebraic difference of the upper and lower limits of the range.
4.Reproducibility. In the measurement, the given value may be
repeated or measured assuming that environmental conditions are
same for each measurement. We say that the measuring
instruments have a certain amount of inherent uncertainty in their
ability to reproduce the same output reading after some time.

5. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy is a closeness with which the


instrument reading approaches the true value of the variable under
measurement. Accuracy is the degree to which instrument reading match
the true or accepted values. It indicates the ability of instrument to indicate
the true value of the quantity.

Accuracy refers to how closely the measured value of a quantity


corresponds to its “true” value.

Precision is a measure of the reproducibility of the measurement i.e., its


measure of the degree to which successive measurements differ from one
other. It is the degree of agreement within a group of measurements or
instruments. For example if any resistance has true value 3.385,695 W, it
always read 3.4 MW in scale reading.

6.Resolution Resolution is the smallest amount of input signal change


that the instrument can detect reliably. If the input is slowly increased
from some arbitrary input value, it will again be found that output does
not change at all until a certain increment is exceeded. This increment is
called resolution or discrimination of the instrument. Thus the smallest
increment in input which can be detected with certainty by an instrument
is its resolution or discrimination.

Example - A digital voltmeter has a read-out reading from 0 to 9,999


counts. Determine the resolution of the instrument in volt when the full
scale reading is 9.999 V.
Difference between resolution and sensitivity

Resolution is basically the smallest signal an instrument can


detect but sensitivity is the smallest difference between two
input signal which the device can detect but may not change its
output.

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