1

M.SC., BIOCHEMISTRY
SYLLABUS
(WITH EFFECT FROM 2023 -24 ONWARDS)

TAMILNADU STATE COUNCIL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION,

CHENNAI 600005
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Programme: M.Sc BIOCHEMISTRY

Programme LIFC
Code:
Duration: 2 years

Programme PO1. To make students understand the importance of biochemistry

Outcomes: as a subject that deals with life processes, as well as the concepts,
theories and experimental approaches followed in biochemistry, in
order to pursue a research career, either in an industry or academic
setting.

PO2. To develop analytical and problem-solving skills

PO3. To create an awareness among the students on the

interconnection between the interdisciplinary areas of
biochemistry.

PO4. To give the necessary practical skills required for

biochemical techniques and analysis.

PO5. To develop a communication and writing skills in students.

PO6. To develop leadership and teamwork skills

PO7. To emphasize the importance of good academic and work

ethics and their social implications.

PO8. To emphasize the importance of continuous learning and to

promote lifelong learning and career development.

PO9. To teach students how to retrieve information from a variety

of sources, including libraries, databases and the internet.

PO10. To teach students to identify, design and execute a

research problem, analyze and interpret data and learn time and
resource management.
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Programme Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO)

Specific
Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, students should be
able to:

PSO1. Understand the principles and methods of various

techniques in Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, Enzyme
kinetics and Molecular Cell Biology. Based on their understanding,
the students may would be able to design and execute experiments
during their final semester project, and further research programs.

PSO2. Insight on the structure-function relationship of

biomolecules, their synthesis and breakdown, the regulation of
these pathways, and their importance in terms of clinical
correlation. Students will also acquire knowledge of the principles
of nutritional biochemistry and also understand diseases and their
prevention.

PSO3. To understand the concepts of cellular signal transduction

pathways and the association of aberrant signal processes with
various diseases. Acquire insight into the immune system and its
responses, and use this knowledge in the processes of
immunization, vaccine development, transplantation and organ
rejection.

PSO4. To visualize and appreciate the central dogma of molecular

biology, regulation of gene expression, molecular techniques used
in rDNA technology, gene knock-out and knock-in techniques.

PSO5. To create awareness in students about the importance of

good laboratory practices and the importance of ethical and social
responsibilities of a researcher. Teach them how to review
literature and the art of designing and executing experiments
independently and also work as a part of a team.
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M.Sc. Biochemistry Syllabus (With effective from 2023-24 on wards)

Sem Code Title of the course Credit Int Ext Total

23UPBIC1C01 Basics of Biochemistry 5 25 75 100
23UPBIC1C02 Biochemical and molecular biology 5 25 75 100
techniques
23UPBIC1C03 Physiology and cell Biology 4 25 75 100
Sem-1
23UPBIC1E01/ Microbiology and immunology/ 3 25 75 100
23UPBIC1E07 Immunology and Immunotechniques
23UPBIC1E02/ Biosafety, Lab safety and IPR/ 3 25 75 100
23UPBIC1E08 Forensic Science
20
23UPBIC1C04 Enzymology 5 25 75 100
23UPBIC1C05 Clinical Biochemistry 5 25 75 100
23UPBIC1L01 Practical-I Laboratory Course On 4 40 60 100
Biomolecules And Biochemical
Techniques
Sem-2 23UPBIC1E03/ Cellular Metabolism/ Plant 3 25 75 100
23UPBIC1E09 Biochemistry
23UPBIC1E04/ Developmental Biology/ Oncology 3 25 75 100
23UPBIC1E10
23UPBIC1N01 Swayam 2 25 75 100
23UPPGC1H01 Fundamentals of Human Rights 1 25 75 100
23
23UPBIC1C06 Molecular Biology 5 25 75 100
23UPBIC1C07 Gene Editing, cell and Gene therapy 5 25 75 100
23UPBIC1L02 Practical -2 Lab Course in 5 40 60 100
Enzymology, Microbiology and Cell
Biology
23UPBIC1L03 Practical-3 Laboratory Course on 4 40 60 100
Sem-3 Clinical Biochemistry
23UPBIC1E05/ Bio statistics and data science/ 3 25 75 100
23UPBIC1E11 Research Methodology and
Biostatistics
23UPBIC1N02 Molecular basis of disease and 2 25 75 100
therapeutic strategies
23UPBIC1I01 Internship 2 25 75 100
26
23UPBIC1C08 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 5 25 75 100
23UPBIC1C09 Biochemical Toxicology 5 25 75 100
23UPBIC1P01 Project with Viva-voce 7 50 150 200
Sem-
23UPBIC1E06/ Clinical Diagnostics/Industrial 3 25 75 100
4
23UPBIC1E12 Microbiology
23UPBIC1S01 Plant Tissue culture 2 25 75 100
23UPBIC1X01 Extension activity 1 25 75 100
23 2600
Total Credits 92
23UPBIC1C – Core; 23UPBIC1E –Elective, 23UPBIC1N-NME; 23UPBIC1PR- Project; 23UPBIC1S –Skill based
 5

S.No Code Sem Title of the course Elective

1 23UPBIC1E01/ 1 Microbiology and immunology/ Elective-1
23UPBIC1E07 Immunology and Immunotechniques (Discipline centric)
2 23UPBIC1E02/ 1 Biosafety, Lab safety and IPR/ Elective -2
23UPBIC1E08 Forensic Science (Generic)
3 23UPBIC1E03/ 2 Cellular Metabolism/ Elective-3
23UPBIC1E09 Plant Biochemistry (Discipline centric)
4 23UPBIC1E04/ 2 Developmental Biology/ Oncology Elective -4
23UPBIC1E10 (Generic)
5 23UPBIC1E05/ 3 Bio statistics and data science/ Elective-5
23UPBIC1E11 Research Methodology and Biostatistics (Discipline centric)
6 23UPBIC1E06/ 4 Clinical Diagnostics/ Elective-6
23UPBIC1E12 Industrial (Industry/
Microbiology Entrepreneurship)

ELECTIVE COURSES OFFERED

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Course Code CORE PAPER I - 23UPBIC1C01

Title of the BASICS OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Course:

Credits: 5

Pre-requisites, if Basic Knowledge of Biochemistry and Biomolecules

any:
Course Objectives The main objectives of this course are to:
1. Students will be introduced to the structure of biomolecules.
2. The significance of carbohydrates in biological
processes will be understood.
3. The structure, properties and biological significance of lipids in the
biological system will be studied
4. Students will learn about the concepts of protein structure and their
significance in biological processes and creatively comprehend the
role of membrane components with their biological significance.
5. Students will gain knowledge about the structures and functional
roles of nucleic acids in the biological system

On successful completion of the course, the students should be able to:

Course Outcomes CO1: Explain the chemical structure and functions of

carbohydrates. (K1, K2)
CO2: Using the knowledge of lipid structure and function, explain
how it plays a role in Signalling pathways ( K3,K4)
CO3: Describe the various levels of structural organisation of
proteins and the role of proteins in biological system (K4, K5)
CO4: Apply the knowledge of proteins in cell-cell
interactions.(K3,K4)
CO5. Applying the knowledge of nucleic acid sequencing in research
and diagnosis (K2, K3,K4)

Units
Carbohydrates- Classification, structure (configurations and
I conformations, anomeric forms), function and properties of
monosaccharides, mutarotation, Disaccharides and oligosaccharides
with suitable examples. Polysaccharides - Homopolysaccharides
(starch, glycogen, cellulose, inulin, dextrin, agar, pectin, dextran).
Heteropolysaccharides - Glycosaminoglycans– source, structure,
 7

functions of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphates, heparin, keratan

sulphate,. Glycoproteins - proteoglycans. O- Linked and N-linked
glycoproteins. Biological significance of glycan. Blood group
polysaccharides. Bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycans, teichoic acid) and
plant cell wall carbohydrates.
Lipids – Classification of lipids, structure, properties and functions of
II fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids
and steroids – Biological importance. Eicosanoids- classification,
structure and functions of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes.
Lipoproteins – Classification ,structure, transport ( endogenous and
exogenous Pathway ) and their biological significance.

Overview of Aminoacids - classification, structure and properties of

III amino acids, Biological role.Non Protein aminoacids and their
biological significance .Proteins – classification based on composition,
structure and functions. Primary, secondary, super secondary (motifs)
(Helix-turn –helix, helix-loop-helix, Beta-alpha-beta motif, Rosemann
Rossmann fold, Greek key), tertiary and quaternary structure of
proteins. Structural characteristics of collagen and hemoglobin.
Determination of amino acid sequence.Chemical synthesis of a
peptide, Forces involved in stabilization of protein structure.
Ramachandran plot. Folding of proteins. Molecular chaperons – Hsp
70 and Hsp 90 - biological role.
Membrane Proteins - Types and their significance. Cytoskeleton
IV proteins - actin , tubulin , intermediate filaments . Biological role
of cytoskeletal proteins. Membrane structure-fluid mosaic model
Nucleic acids – types and forms (A, B, C and Z) of DNA. Watson-
V Crick model-Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of DNA.
Triple helix and quadruplex DNA. Mitochondrial and chloroplast
DNA. DNA supercoiling (calculation of Writhe, linking and twist
number). Determination of nucleic acid sequences by Maxam Gilbert
and Sanger‟s methods. Forces stabilizing nucleic acid structure.
Properties of DNA and RNA. C-value, C-value paradox, Cot curve.
Structure and role of nucleotides in cellular communications. Major
and minor classes of RNA, their structure and biological functions.

Reading List
(Print and Online) 1. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Bioc
hemistry_Online_(Jakubowski)
2. https://www.thermofisher.com/in/en/home/life-science/protein-
biology/protein-biology-learning-center/protein-biology-resource-
library/pierce-protein-methods/protein-glycosylation.html
3. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biology/7-88j-protein-folding-and-
human-disease-spring-2015/study-materials/
 8

4. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-
technology/science/biology/nucleic-acids-and-chromatin/content-
section- 3.4.2
5. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cell-Membrane
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/102103012/pdf/mod3.pdf
Self-Study 1. Classification of Sugars
2. Nutritional classifcation of fatty acids
Recommended 1. David L.Nelson and Michael M.Cox (2012) Lehninger Principles
Texts of Biochemistry (6th ed) W.H. Freeman.
2. Voet.D & Voet. J.G (2010) Biochemistry , (4th ed), John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
3. Metzler D.E (2003). The chemical reactions of living cells (2nd
ed), Academic Press.
4. Zubay G.L (1999) Biochemistry , (4th ed), Mc Grew-Hill.
5. Lubert Stryer (2010) Biochemistry,(7th ed), W.H.Freeman
6. Satyanarayan,U (2014) Biochemistry (4th ed), Arunabha Sen
Books & Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata.
Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations, short
summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse(K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate between
various ideas.
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create (K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion.
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S L M S M M M S M M
CO 2 S M L S M M M S M M
CO 3 S M M S S M L S M M
CO 4 S M M S M M M S M M
CO 5 S S M S S M M S M M
S: Strong = 3, M: Medium – 2, L: Low = 1
 9

Course Code CORE PAPER II - 23UPBIC1C02

Title of the
BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES
Course:
Credits: 5
Pre-requisites, if Comprehensive Knowledge of Tools of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology
any:
Course Biochemical techniques combine various inter-disciplinary methods in
Objectives biological research and the course aims to provide students with the
following objectives:
1. To understand the various techniques used in biochemical investigation
and microscopy.
2. To explain chromatographic techniques.\ and their applications
3. To explain electrophoretic techniques.
4. To comprehend the spectroscopic techniques and demonstrate their
applications in biochemical investigations.
5. To acquire knowledge of radio labelling techniques and centrifugation.

Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1. Attain good knowledge in modern used in biochemical investigation
and microscopy and apply the experimental protocols to plan and carry out
simple investigations in biological research. (K1, K5)
CO2. Demonstrate knowledge to implement the theoretical basis of
chromatography in upcoming practical course work. (K3, K5)
CO3. Demonstrate knowledge to implement the theoretical basis of
electrophoretic techniques in research work. (K3, K5)
CO4. Tackle more advanced and specialized spectroscopic techniques that
are pertinent to research. (K1, K2 & K5)
CO5. Tackle more advanced and specialized radioisotope and
centrifugation techniques that are pertinent to research work. (K1, K2 &
K5)
Units
General approaches to biochemical investigation, cell culture techniques
and microscopic techniques. Organ and tissue slice technique, cell
distribution and homogenization techniques, cell sorting, and cell counting,
tissue Culture techniques. Cryopreservation, Biosensors- principle and
I
applications. Principle, working and applications of light microscope, dark
field, phase contrast and fluorescent microscope. Electron microscope-
Principle, instrumentation of TEM and SEM, Specimen preparation and
applications-shadow casting, negative staining and freeze fracturing.
 10

Chromatographic Techniques:
Basic principles of chromatography- adsorption and partition techniques.
Chiral Chromatography. Adsorption Chromatography and hydrophobic
interaction Chromatography. Affinity chromatography. Gas liquid
II
chromatography- principle, instrumentation, column development, detectors
and applications. High pressure liquid chromatography- principle,
instrumentation, delivery pump, sample injection unit, column packing,
development, detection and application. Reverse HPLC, capillary
electrochromatography.
Electrophoretic Techniques:
General principles of electrophoresis, supporting medium, factors affecting
electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing-principle, ampholyte, development of
pH gradient and application. SDS PAGE-principle and application in
III
molecular weight determination. Detection - staining using CBB, silver,
fluorescent stains. 2D PAGE. Electrophoresis of nucleic acids- agarose gel
electrophoresis of DNA, pulsed field gel electrophoresis- principle,
apparatus, application. Electrophoresis of R N A , curve. Microchip
electrophoresis and Capillary electrophoresis.
Spectroscopic techniques:
Basic laws of light absorption- principle, instrumentation and applications
of UV-Visible, IR, ESR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy, Turbidimetry and
IV
Nephelometry. Luminometry (Luciferase system, chemiluminescence). X ˗
ray diffraction. Atomic absorption spectroscopy ˗ principle and
applications ˗ Determination of trace elements
Radiolabeling Techniques and Centrifugation:
Nature of radioactivity-detection and measurement of radioactivity,
methods based upon ionisation (GM counter) and excitation (scintillation
counter), autoradiography and applications of radioactive isotopes,
V
Biological hazards of radiation and safety measures in handling radioactive
isotopes.
Basic principles of Centrifugation. Preparative ultracentrifugation ˗
Differential centrifugation, Density gradient centrifugation. Analytical
ultracentrifugation ˗ Molecular weight determination.
Reading List Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology:
(Print and Online) https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0017514/Subjects/principals%20and%20tech
iniques%20of%20biochemistry%20and%20molecular%20biology%207th
%20ed%
Self-Study 1. Types of rotors
2. Colorimetry – principle and applications
 11

Recommended 1. Keith Wilson , John Walker (2010) Principles and Techniques of

Texts Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (7th ed) Cambridge University
Press
2. David Sheehan (2009), Physical Biochemistry: Principles and
Applications (2nd ed), Wiley-Blackwell
3. David M. Freifelder (1982) Physical Biochemistry: Applications to
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,W.H.Freeman
4. Rodney F.Boyer (2012), Biochemistry Laboratory: Modern Theory and
techniques,(2nd ed),Prentice Hall
5. Kaloch Rajan (2011), Analytical techniques in Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Springer
6. Segel I.H (1976) Biochemical Calculations (2nd ed),John Wiley and
Sons
7. Robyt JF (2015) Biochemical techniques: Theory and Practice (1st ed),
CBS Publishers & Distributors
Method of Evaluation:

Test I Test II Assignment End Semester Examination Total Grade

10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations, short
summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse(K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate between
various ideas.
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create (K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion.
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S L M S S L L S S M

CO 2 S M M S M L M S S L

CO 3 S M L S M M M S M L

CO 4 S S L S S M M S M M

CO 5 S S M S M M M S M M
S-Strong M S: Strong = 3, M: Medium – 2, L: Low = 1
 12

Course Code CORE PAPER –III - 23UPBIC1C03

Title of the
PHYSIOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY
Course:
Credits: 4
Pre-requisites, if
any: Anatomy, Cells and Biological Compounds

Course To understand the functions and activities of organs, tissues or cells and of
Objectives physical and chemical phenomena involved in the human body

After completion of the course, the students should be able to:

CO1. specifically understand the biological and chemical processes within
a human cell (K1, K2, K5, K6)
CO2. identify and prevent diseases (K2, K3, K4, k5, K6)
Course Outcomes
CO3. understand defects in digestion, nutritional deficiencies and
intolerances, and gastrointestinal pathologies (K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6)
CO4. identify general characteristics in individuals with imbalances of
acid- base, fluid and electrolytes.(K1 , K2 , K3 , K4, K5, K6)
CO5. process the mechanism: the transmission of biochemical
information between cell membrane and nucleus. (K1, K2, K5)

Units
Major classes of cell junctions- anchoring, tight and gap junctions. Major
families of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)- cadherins. Types of tissues.
I Epithelium- organisation and types. The basement membrane. Cell cycle-
phases and regulation. Cell death mechanisms- an overview-apoptosis,
necrosis.

Reproductive system- sexual differentiation and development; sperm

transport, sperm capacitation. Clinical relevance of female reproductive
II physiology- menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause. Fertilization and
infertility issues.

Digestive system- structure and functions of different components of

digestive system, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins, role of bile salts in digestion and absorption, mechanism of HCl
formation in stomach, role of various enzymes and hormones involved in
III
digestive system. Composition of blood, lymph and CSF. Blood cells –
WBC and RBC. Blood clotting mechanism and blood groups- ABO and
Rhesus system.

Respiratory system-Gaseous transport and acid-base homeostasis.

IV Mechanism of the movement of O2 and CO through lungs, arterial and
 13

venous circulation. Bohr effect, oxygen and carbon dioxide binding

haemoglobin. pH maintenance by cellular and intracellular proteins.
Phosphate and bicarbonate buffers, Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte
balance.

Sensory transduction, Nerve impulse transmission- nerve cells, synapses,

resting membrane potential, Nernst equation, action potential, voltage
gated ion-channels, impulse transmission, neurotransmission,
neurotransmitter receptors, rod and cone cells in the retina, changes in the
V
visual cycle, photochemical reaction and regulation of rhodopsin, odour
receptors, learning and memory. Chemistry of muscle contraction – actin
and myosin filaments, mechanism of muscle contraction, energy sources
for muscle contraction.

Hormones – Classification, Biosynthesis, circulation in blood,

modification and degradation. Mechanism of hormone action, Target cell
concept. Hormones of Hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreatic, thyroid &
VI
parathyroid, adrenal and gonadal hormones. Synthesis, secretion,
physiological actions and feedback regulation of synthesis.

Reading List https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cell-Cycle

(Print and online) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility-causes
https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/reflux-disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760509/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249628/
Self-Study 1. Variation in cell differentiation and progression
2. Lesch Nyhan syndrome , orotic aciduria and GERD
Recommended 1. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and
Texts Experiments (6th ed). John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
2. Bruce Alberts and Dennis Bray (2013),Essential Cell Biology,(4th
ed),Garland Science.
3. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2010). Cell and
Molecular Biology.(8th ed). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,
Philadelphia.
4. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular
Approach. (5th ed). Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
5. Wayne M. Baker (2008) the World of the Cell. (7th ed). Pearson
Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco. Cell Biology
6. John E. Hall (2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
(12th ed), Saunders
7. Harrison‟s Endocrinology by J. Larry Jameson Series: Harrison‟s
Specialty, 19th Edition Publisher: McGraw-Hill, Year: 2016.
 14

Method of Evaluation:

Test I Test II Assignment End Semester Examination Total Grade

10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations, Short
summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4) -Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate between
various ideas.
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.
Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S S S S M S S S M

CO 2 S S S S S L S S S M

CO 3 S S S S S M M S S M

CO 4 S S S S S M M S S M

CO 5 M S L S S L M M L L
S: Strong = 3, M: Medium – 2, L: Low = 1
 15

Course Code CORE ELECTIVE PAPER –I - 23UPBIC1E01

Title of the
MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
Course:

Credits: 3
Pre-requisites, if The student should possess basic knowledge about microorganisms,
any: types and their general characteristics. The students are also expected
to possess basic understanding about the process of infection,
immunological defence and pathological outcomes, if any.

1. To appreciate the classification of microorganisms based on their

structure, size and shape with an insight into the ancient scriptures
about microbes.
2. To understand the role of microorganisms in environment and also to
learn the culture conditions.
3. To recognize the possible contamination of foods by
microorganisms, to learn about counteracting preservative measures
Course and to know about probiotic nature of microorganisms.
Objectives 4. To gain knowledge on pathogenic mediation by microorganisms and
preventive measures as well.
5. To comprehend the features of antimicrobial agents, their
mechanism of action along with the side effects and also to explore
natural remedial measures against microbes.
6. To be able to exploit the various features of microorganisms for the
beneficial industrial production.
After completion of the course, the students should be able to:

CO1. To classify (by both ancient and modern modes) different types
of microorganisms and explain life cycle of the microbes (K1, K2 &
K5)
CO2. To recognize the microorganisms involved in decay of foods
and will be able to apply various counteracting measures. The students
Course also will be able to relate the role of certain beneficial microbes in
Outcomes day-to- day‟s food consumption. (K1, K2 & K4)
CO3. To understand the common pathogenic bacterial and fungi that
cause toxic effects and also will be able to employ curative measures.
(K1 & K2)
CO4. To analyse various features of wide variety of antimicrobial
agents along with their mode of action, in addition, being able to
apprehend the valuable potentials of traditional and easily available
herbs. (K2, K5 & K6)
CO5. To apply knowledge gained in production of industrially
important products as both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical. (K2, K4
& K5)
 16

Units

Taxonomical classification - bacteria, viruses (DNA, RNA), algae,

I fungi and protozoa. Distribution and role of microorganisms in soil,
water and air. Types of culture media, isolation of pure culture,
growth curve and the measurement of microbial growth.

General principles of traditional and modern methods of food

preservation - Removal or inactivation of microorganisms, boiling,
steaming, curing, pasteurization, cold processing, freeze drying,
irradiation, vacuum packing, control of oxygen and enzymes. Microbes
II
involved in preparation of fermented foods - cheese, yoghurt, curd,
pickles, rice, pan cake, appam, ragi porridge (கேழ்வரகு கூழ்)
and bread.

Food poisoning- bacterial food poisoning, Salmonella, Clostridium

blotulinum (botulism), Staphylococcus aureus, fungal food poisoning –
aflatoxin, food infection – Clostridium, Staphylococcus and
Salmonella. Food microbiological screening- Real time PCR, ELISA,
III
Aerobic and anaerobic Plate Count, dye reduction method,
anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, anaerobic sporeformers,
Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)

Antimicrobial chemotherapy, General characteristics of antimicrobial

agents. Mechanism of action – sulfonamides, sulphones and PAS.
IV Penicillin, streptomycin- spectra of activity, mode of administration,
mode of action, adverse effects and sensitivity test., Antiviral and
antiretroviral agents, Antiviral RNA interference.

Cells of the immune system – neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,

mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells,
and lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). Antigens and Complement
System: definition, properties- antigenicity and immunogenicity,
V antigenic determinants and haptens. Antigen - antibody interactions -
molecular mechanism of binding. Affinity, avidity, valency, cross
reactivity and multivalent binding. Immunoglobulins & Immune
Response: Structure, classes and distribution of antibodies. Antibody
diversity. Transplantation immunology- graft rejection and HLA
antigens. Immunological techniques, Flow cytometry and its
application.
 17

Reading List (Print https://www.ijam.co.in/index.php/ijam/article/view/1326 (Krumi

and Online) (Microorganisms) in Ayurveda- a critical review)
Virtual Lectures in Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Rochester
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.578970/full#h
9
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02151/full

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7559905/
Self-Study 1. Microbial infections and gut microbiome with relevance to tridoshas
2. Microbial population and pH variations in different dairy products.
1. Michael J.Pelczar Jr.(2001) Microbiology (5th ed), McGraw Hill
Recommended Education (India) Private Limited
Texts 2. Frazier WC , Westhoff DC, Vanitha NM (2010) Food Microbiology
(5th ed), McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
3. Willey J and Sherwood L (2011) ,Prescott‟s Microbiology (8th ed)
McGraw Hill Education (India)
4. Ananthanarayanan , Paniker and Arti Kapil (2013) Textbook of
Microbiology (9th ed) Orient BlackSwan
5. Judy Owen , Jenni Punt Kuby (2013) ,Immunology (Kindt, Kuby
Immunology) (7th ed) W. H. Freeman & Co
6. Brooks GF and Carroll KC (2013) Jawetz Melnick&Adelbergs
Medical Microbiology,(26th ed) McGraw Hill Education
7. Greenwood D (2012) ,Medical Microbiology, Elsevier Health

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:

Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.

Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,

Short summary or overview.

Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Observe, Explain.

Analyse (K4)- Finish procedure in stepwise manner, Differentiation between various ideas,
Map knowledge

Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.
Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion, Debating,
Presentation
 18

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S L S S S S M S S S

CO 2 S S S S S M L M S S

CO 3 S M M S M M M M L M
CO 4 S M M M M M M S S S

CO 5 S L S S M L L S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 19

Course Code CORE ELECTIVE PAPER –II - 23UPBIC1E02

Title of the
Course: BIOSAFETY, LAB SAFETY AND IPR

Credits: 3
Pre-requisites, if The student should have a basic knowledge of hazards associated with
any: the handling of biological agents and importance of intellectual property
from scientific research.
Course 1. To assimilate the hazards associated with the handling of biological
Objectives and chemical agents.
2. To understand how to protect from the hazards by the implementation
of various safety measures in biochemical laboratories.
3. To implicate the importance of protecting the scientific intellect by
filing patent and understand the various offices for filing and
maintaining patents
4. To understand the scope of patenting in biological research.
5. To create an awareness of ethics associated with used of genetically
modified organisms/cells and its rationale for use in living organisms.

Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:

CO1.To understand and implement various aspects of biosafety and

carry out risk assessment of products in biological research
CO2. Understand the basic concepts of ethics and safety that are
essential for different disciplines of science and procedures involved and
protection of intellectual property and related rights.
CO3. To appreciate the intellectual property rights and its
implementation of on the invention related to biological research.
CO4. To understand the statutory bodies that regulate the property
rights and its validity in various countries.
CO5. Critique the ethical concerns associated with modern
biotechnology processes and plan accordingly.

Units

Biosafety: Historical background; introduction to biological safety

cabinets; primary containment for biohazards; biosafety levels;
recommended biosafety levels for infectious agents and infected animals;
I
biosafety guidelines - government of India, roles of IBSC, RCGM,
GEAC etc. for GMO applications in food and agriculture; environmental
release of GMOs; risk assessment and risk management.
 20

Laboratory safety - Chemical, electrical and fire hazards; handling and

manipulating human or animal cells and tissues, toxic, corrosive or
mutagenic solvents and reagents; mouth pipetting, and inhalation
exposures to infectious aerosols, Safe handling of syringe needles or
II
other contaminated sharps, spills and splashes onto skin and mucous
membranes.
History of biosafety microbiology and molecular biology, Risk
assessment, Personal protective equipment, Laboratory facilities and
safety equipment, Disinfection, decontamination, and sterilization,
Regulatory compliance.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Introduction to patents, types of

patents, process involved in patenting in India, trademarks, copyright,
industrial design, trade secrets, traditional knowledge, geographical
indications, history of national and international treaties and conventions
III on patents, WTO, GATT, WIPO, Budapest Treaty, Patent Cooperation
Treaty (PCT) and TRIPS. Patent databases: Searching international
databases; analysis and report formation. The patentability of
microorganisms-claims, Characterization and repeatability disposition in
the culture collections, legal protection for plants and other higher
organisms, new plant varieties by rights, tissue culture protocols

Patent filing and infringement: Patent application- forms and guidelines,

fee structure, time frames; types of patent applications: provisional and
complete specifications; Publication of patents-gazette of India, status in
IV
Europe and US. Research Patenting: Patenting by researchers and
scientists-University/organizational rules in India and abroad.

Bioethics:
Introduction to bioethics, human genome project and its ethical issues,
genetic manipulations and their ethical issues, ethical issues in GMOs,
foods and crops in developed and developing countries, ethical issues
V
involved in stem cell research and use, use of animals in research
experiments, animal cloning, human cloning
and their ethical aspects.
Self-Study 1. Review of drug patent documents
2. Safety in biological research laboratories

Reading List 1. V. Shree Krishna, (2007). Bioethics and Biosafety in Biotechnology,

(Print and New Age International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers. (Unit III, Unit IV and
Online) Unit V)
2. Deepa Goel, Shomini Parashar, (2013). IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics,
Pearson. (Unit II)
3. R. Ian Freshney, 2016. Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic
Technique and Specialized Applications, 6th Ed, John Wiley &
Blackwell.
4. BAREACT, Indian Patent Act 1970 Acts & Rules, Universal Law
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2007. (Unit I)
 21

Recommended 1. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, (2020) 6th

Texts Ed. (https://www.cdc.gov/labs/pdf/SF 19_308133-A_BMBL6_00-
BOOK-WEB-final3.pdf)
2. Kankanala C., (2007), Genetic Patent Law & Strategy, 1st Edition,
Manupatra Information Solution Pvt. Ltd.,

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas.
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create(K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion.

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S S M S M S S S S

CO 2 S S S L M M S S S S
CO 3 S M M M S M S S S M

CO 4 S M M L S L S S S M

CO 5 S S S L S M S S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 22

Course Code CORE PAPER IV – 23UPBIC1C04

Title of the ENZYMOLOGY

Course:
Credits: 5
Pre-requisites Basic knowledge about catalysis, kinetics and chemical reaction
mechanisms.

Course Objectives 1. Students will be introduced to the theory and practice of enzymology.
2. Mechanisms of catalysis and factors affecting catalysis will be
understood
3. The kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions in the absence and
presence of inhibitors will be studied and the options for applying
enzymes and their inhibitors in medicine will be analyzed.

4. Students will learn about the applications of enzymes in research,

medicine, and industry, which will prepare them for careers in
industrial and biomedical research.
5. The control of metabolic pathways and cellular responses through
enzyme regulation will be emphasized.

Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
CO1: Describe the catalytic mechanisms employed by enzymes (K1,
K2 & K5)

CO2: Choose and use the appropriate methods to isolate and purify
enzymes and check the purity of the enzyme .(K1,K2 , K3,K4 & K5)

CO3: Analyze enzyme kinetic data graphically, calculate kinetic

parameters, determine the mechanism of inhibition by a drug/chemical
and analyze options for applying enzymes and their inhibitors in
medicine (K1, K2, K3 &K4)

CO4: Explain allosterism and cooperativity and differentiate

Michaelis-Menten kinetics from sigmoidal kinetics. The role played by
enzymes in the regulation of vital cellular processes will be
appreciated. (K1, K2 , K5, K6)

CO5: Highlight the use of enzymes in industries and biomedicine

(K1,K2 & K3)
 23

Units

Introduction to enzymes and features of catalysis: A short history of the

discovery of enzymes and how they became powerful biochemical
tools. Holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzyme, prosthetic groups,
Classification and Nomenclature, Specificity of enzyme action-group
specificity, absolute specificity, substrate specificity, stereochemical
I
specificity. Active site, Identification of amino acids at the active site-
trapping of ES complex, identification using chemical modification of
amino acid side chains and by site-directed mutagenesis.

Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis: acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis,

electrostatic catalysis, metal ion catalysis, proximity and orientation
effects. Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin

Enzyme techniques: Isolation and purification of enzymes -

Importance of enzyme purification, methods of purification- choice of
source , extraction, fractionation methods-based on size or mass
(centrifugation, gel filtration); based on polarity (ion-exchange
II chromatography, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, hydrophobic
interaction chromatography); based on solubility (change in pH, change
in ionic strength); based on specific binding sites (affinity
chromatography) ,choice of methods, Criteria of purity of enzymes.
Enzyme units - Katal, IU. Measurement of enzyme activity -
discontinuous, continuous, coupled assays; stopped flow method and
its applications.

Enzyme kinetics I: Thermodynamics of enzyme action, Activation

energy, transition-state theory, steady-state kinetics & pre-steady-state
kinetics. Single substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions -assumptions,
Michaelis-Menten and Briggs-Haldane kinetics, derivation of Michaelis-
Menten equation. Double reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) and single
reciprocal (Eadie -Hofstee) linear plots, their advantages and limitations.
Analysis of kinetic data- determination of Km, Vmax, kcat, and their
III
physiological significance, Importance of kcat/Km. Enzyme inhibition:
Irreversible inhibition. Reversible inhibition-Competitive, uncompetitive
,noncompetitive, mixed and substrate inhibition. Graphical analysis -
Diagnostic plots for the determination of inhibition type. Therapeutic use
of enzyme inhibitors- Aspirin, (irreversible inhibitors), Methotrexate
(competitive inhibitor), camptothecin (uncompetitive inhibitor).
Demonstration :Using Microsoft Excel to Plot and Analyze Kinetic Data
 24

Enzyme kinetics II: Allosteric enzymes: Cooperativity, MWC and KNF

models of allosteric enzymes, Sigmoidal kinetics taking ATCase as an
example. Regulation of amount and catalytic activity by pH, temperature,
IV
substrate concentration, allosteric effectors, covalent modification.
Regulation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase.
Feedback inhibition-sequential, concerted, cumulative, enzyme-
multiplicity with examples.
Bi - Substrate reactions: Single Displacement reactions (SDR) (Ordered
and Random bi bi mechanisms), Double Displacement reactions (DDR)
(Ping pong mechanism), Examples, Cleland‟s representation of
bisubstrate reactions.

Enzyme technology: Immobilization of enzymes – methods -

Reversible immobilization (Adsorption, Affinity binding), Irreversible
immobilization (Covalent coupling, Entrapment and
Microencapsulation, Crosslinking, Advantages and Disadvantages of
V each method. Designer enzymes- ribozymes and abzymes. Therapeutic
use of streptokinase. Application of enzymes in industry- Industrial
application of rennin, lipases, lactases, invertase, pectinases.
Reading List Enzymes | MIT OpenCourseWare | Free Online Course Materials
(Print and Online) https://ocw.mit.edu/high-school/biology/exam-prep/chemistry-of-
life/enzymes/
Enzymology
https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/cec20_bt20/preview
https://mooc.es/course/enzymology/
The active site of enzymes
https://dth.ac.in/medical/courses/biochemistry/block-1/1/index.php
Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics
https://www.lecturio.com/medical-courses/enzymes-and-enzyme
kinetics.course#/
Mechanistic enzymology in drug discovery: a fresh perspective
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.219
Enzyme Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Strategies for
Safeguarding Analytical Performances in Biological Fluids
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4934206/
Self-Study 1. Mechanistic enzymology in drug discovery
2. Enzyme Biosensors for Biomedical Applications
 25

Recommended 1. Enzymes: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Clinical chemistry, 2nd

Texts edition, 2007, Palmer T and Bonner P; Affiliated- East West press private
Ltd, New Delhi
2. Fundamentals of Enzymology, 3rd edition, 2003, Price NC and
Stevens L; Oxford University Press, New York
3. Voet's Biochemistry, Adapted ed, 2011,Voet,D and Voet JG; Wiley,
India
4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 8th edition, 2021, .Nelson DL
and Cox MM; WH Freeman & Co, New York
5. Biochemistry, Berg JM, Stryer L, Gatto,G, 8th ed, 2015;WH Freeman
& Co., New York.
6. Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism; Cook PF, Cleland W, ;2007;
Garland Science, London
Method of Evaluation:

Test I Test II Assignment End Semester Examination Total Grade

10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4)- Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas.
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.
Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion.
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S M S L M S L S S M

CO 2 S S S S M M L S S S

CO 3 S S S S M M M S S S

CO 4 S S S S M M M S S S

CO 5 S S S S M L M S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 26

Course Code CORE PAPER – VI- – 23UPBIC1C05

Title of the
Course: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Credits: 4
Pre-requisites, if The student should have a basic knowledge of body fluids and their
any: composition and metabolism; anatomy and physiology of vital organs.

Course 1. To understand the need and methods of various

Objectives biological sample collection.

2. To explicitly understand the etiopathogenesis,

symptoms and complications of metabolic and
hormonal disorders and the relevant diagnostic markers
3. To emphasize the diagnostic significance of serum
enzymes in different pathologies and other Laboratory
investigations of diagnostic importance so as to
differentiate normal from disease
4. To conceive the role of inherited genes in inborn errors
of metabolism and methodologies pertaining to in utero
diagnosis and post-natal screening.
5. To get updated about electrolyte and hormonal imbalances and
the biochemical tests to diagnose them.
Course Outcomes CO1. To appreciate the biological significance of sample collection and
awareness of the diagnostic/screening tests to detect common non-
communicable diseases so as to understand role of laboratory
investigations for biochemical parameters and understand the
disorders associated with blood cells
CO2. To understand the etiology of metabolic diseases like diabetes and
atherosclerosis and avoid such lifestyle disorders by healthy eating
and correlate the symptoms with underlying pathology based on
diagnostic and prognostic markers.
CO3. To understand the diagnostic application of serum/plasma
enzymes to correlate their levels with the organ pathologies
associated with specific diseases.

CO4. To appreciate the role of pre and post-natal diagnosis leading to

healthy progeny.
CO5. To link the serum hormone levels and clinical symptoms with
underlying hormonal disturbances. To review the onward
transmission of signal via downstream signaling molecules from
cell surface to the nucleus by different pathways by comparing
and contrasting them and critically evaluate the network between
them resulting in the biological outcome.
 27

Units

Biochemical investigations in diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring,

screening: Specimen collection – blood, (primary /Secondary
specimen)., urine and CSF. Preservation of biological specimens -blood,
urine, CSF and amniotic fluid. ; . Biological reference ranges;
I
Disorders of blood cells: Hemolytic, iron deficiency and aplasticanemia
and diagnosis, sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia HBA1C variants.
Porphyrias, Thrombocytopenia, Causes of leucopenia, leukemia and
leucocytosis. Disorders of blood clotting mechanism - Von willebrand‟s
disease, Hemophilia A, B and C, diagnostic test for clotting disorders,
D-dimer and its clinical significance
Diabetes mellitus: pathology and complications: Acute changes;
Chronic complications: Diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy
and Diabetic foot ulcers, Random/Fasting/PP glucose testing, Impaired
glucose tolerance (IGT), Impaired fasting glucose (IFT), Diagnosis-by
II
GTT, Pre-diabetes, Gestational DM ,Glycosylated Haemoglobin
(HBA1c) ; Glycated albumin., Hypoglycaemia and critical alert value for
glucose. Markers of complications of Diabetes mellitus: Metabolic
syndrome, Lipid profile &lipoproteinemia, Atherosclerosis, Diabetic
nephropathy, Micralbuminuira, eGFR.
Point of care testing for glucose (Glucometers) and continuous glucose
monitoring (CGM) : principle and its use. Major groups of anti-diabetic
drugs. Diet and life style modifications
Diagnostic Enzymology: Clinically Important Enzymes and Isoezyme as
diagnostic markers: Clinical significance of AST, ALT, ALP, ACP, CK,
γ-GT, amylase, pseudocholinesterase and their pattern in .Myocardial
infarction; Liver disease, Bone disease, Muscle disease, Cancer (tumor
markers), GI tract pancreatitis); Enzymes as therapeutic agents.
III
Pre- and post-natal testing: Amniocentesis, prenatal detection of inborn
errors of metabolism in developing fetus- Autosomal recessive mode of
inheritance- cystic fibrosis, X linked recessive inheritance-Duchenne
muscular dystrophy. New born screening (NBS) for In born errors of
metabolism, Tandem mass spectrometry application in NBS
Liver function tests: Liver function test panel, Fatty liver . Plasma
protein changes in liver diseases. Hepatitis A ,B and C. Cirrhosis and
IV fibrosis. Portal hypertension and hepatic coma.Acute phase proteins -
CRP, Haptoglobins, α-fetoprotein, ferritin and transferrin and their
clinical significance, Interpreting serum protein electrophoresis.
Inflammatory markers (cytokines such as TNF-alpha IL6 and others)
 28

Renal function tests - tests for glomerular and tubular function-Acute

and chronic renal failure-Glomerulonephritis, Nephrotic syndrome,
uraemia-urinary calculi-Nephrocalcinosis and Nephrolithiasis-causes,
pathology and symptoms. Chronic kidney disease. Dialysis-Hemodialysis
and peritoneal dialysis.
Electrolyte disorder : calcium: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia;
Calcium homoestasis in Blood; phosphate:
hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia;
V Clinical significance: Potassium: hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia,
Sodium: hypernatremia and hyponatremia; Chloride: hyperchloremia,
hyporchloremia
Hormonal disorders and diagnostics: T3, T4 and TSH in the diagnosis
of thyroid disorders; Diagnostic methods for disorders associated with
adrenal, pituitary and sex hormones - Addison‟s disease, Cushing‟s
syndrome, pituitary tumour, Hypopituitarism, Hypogonadism
Reading List (Print 1. Utility of HIL in Clinical Chemistry:
and Online) https://www.aacc.org/science-and-research/clinical-chemistry-trainee-
council/trainee-council-in-english/pearls-of-laboratory-
medicine/2018/utility-of-hil-in-clinical-chemistry

2. Pre, Post and Analytical Errors in Clinical Chemistry laboratory

DOI: 10.7860/NJLM/2016/22587:2173
https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S286679

3. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022 Abridged for

Primary Care Providers
https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/40/1/10/139035/Standards-of-
Medical-Care-in-Diabetes-2022
https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.16.1.32
http://www.ngsp.org/
4. Quality control in clinical laboratory
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335830829_Quality_Control_in
_a_Clinical_Laboratory
https://labpedia.net/quality-control-of-the-clinical-laboratory/
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.jala.2008.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407821-5.00004-8
https://www.westgard.com/clia.htm
https://www.labroots.com/webinar/bio-rad-unity-solution-molecular-
quality-control-data-management

Self-Study 1. Potential sources of variability in the estimation of the analytes:

Pre-analytical phase: acceptance rejection criteria in terms of
haemolysis/icteric/lipemia (HIL) interferences
Analytical phase: Linearity, detection limits precision, accuracy,
specificity, sensitivity; Total Allowable Error. (Definitions and
examples).
 29

Post-analytical phase : Units of reporting of clinical chemistry

parameters-
2. Interpretation of results in clinical chemistry based on laboratory
investigations and quality control:
● critical / alert values
● American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of
Medical Care in Diabetes (yearly update); HBA1C testing :NGSP
● Case studies to review
● Quality control for clinical chemistry in laboratory

Recommended 1. ThomasM.Devlin (2014) Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical

Texts Correlations (7th ed). John Wiley & Sons
2. Montgomery R, Conway TW, Spector AA (1996),Biochemistry: A
Case-Oriented Approach (6th ed), Mosby Publishers, USA.
3. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular
Diagnostics (2018) (8th ed),Saunders
4. Dinesh Puri, (2020) Text book of Biochemistry: A clinically
oriented approach – 4th Edition, Elsevier.
5. 5. M.N.Chatterjee and Rana Shinde (2012).Textbook of Medical
Biochemistry (8th ed), Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
6. Clinical Case Discussion In Biochemistry A Book On Early Clinical
Exposure (ECE), Poonam Agrawal , 2021, CBS Publishers &
distributors pvt. Ltd

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.

Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,

Short summary or overview.

Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Observe, Explain.

Analyse (K4)- Finish procedure in stepwise manner, Differentiation between various ideas,
Map knowledge
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.

Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion, Debating,

Presentation
 30

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S M S S S S M M S

CO 2 S M S M S S S M M M
CO 3 S S S S S M S S M M

CO 4 S M M M S M S S S M

CO 5 S M S M S S S S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 31

Course Code CORE PRACTICAL I - 23UPBIC1L01

Title of the LABORATORY COURSE ON BIOMOLECULES AND

Course: BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Credits: 4
Pre-requisites Knowledge on basic principles, Instrumentation of Biochemical
techniques and metabolic reactions
Course Objectives 1. To instill skill in students enabling them to apprehend the wider
knowledge about principles and techniques to be employed for the
biomolecules under investigation.
2. To inculcate the knowledge of various isolation and purification
techniques of macromolecules like DNA, RNA, Glycogen and
Starch,
3. To perform colorimetric estimations to quantify important
metabolites like lactate and tryptophan and minerals like calcium and
iron from various sources.
4. To achieve training in subcellular fractionation and to identify them
by markers.
5 To achieve training in various chromatographic techniques.
6. To perform the isolation and identification of the organelles of a cell
using differential centrifugation.
7. To perform phytochemical screening and quantification enabling
them to give an insight on phytochemicals this will be useful for
future research.
Course Outcomes
On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
After completion of the course, the students should be able to:

CO1.The student will be able to acquire knowledge and skill in the

techniques used in the isolation, purification and estimation of
different biomolecules that are widely employed in research (K1, K2,
K4)

CO2.The students will get acquainted with Principle, Instrumentation

and method of Performing UV absorption studies of DNA, Protein and
interpreting the alteration occurred during the process of denaturation
(K1,K2, K 3, K4).
 32

CO3.The student will be fine-tune in handling the instruments like

colorimeter, spectrophotometer and will be able to estimate the
biomolecules and minerals from the given samples (K1,K2,K4,)

CO4. The student, in addition to acquiring skill in performing various

biochemical techniques can also learn to detect presence of
phytochemicals and quantify them in the plant sample. (K1,K2,K3,K4
& K6)

CO5.The students will develop skill in analytical techniques like

subcellular fractionation, Paper, Column and Thin layer
Chromatography and the group experiments will enable them to build
learning skills like team work, Problem solving, Communication
ability. (K1, K2,K3,K4 & K6)
Units

Biochemical studies and estimation of macromolecules

1. Isolation and estimation of glycogen from liver.
2. Isolation and estimation of DNA from animal tissue.
I
3. Isolation and estimation of RNA from yeast.
4. Purification of Polysaccharides –Starch and assessment of its purity
UV absorption
II 1. Denaturation of DNA and absorption studies at 260nm.
2. Denaturation of Protein and absorption studies at 280nm.

Colorimetric estimations
III 1. Estimation of Pyruvate
2. Estimation of tryptophan.
Estimation of minerals
IV 1. Estimation of calcium
2. Estimation of iron
V Plant Biochemistry
1. Qualitative analysis Phytochemical screening
2.Estimation of Flavonoids -Quantitative analysis
 33

Group Experiments
1. Fractionation of sub-cellular organelles by differential
centrifugation-Mitochondria and nucleus
2. Identification of the separated sub-cellular fractions using marker
VI enzymes (any one)
3. Separation of identification of lipids by thin layer chromatography..
4.Separation of plant pigments from leaves by column
chromatography
5. Identification of Sugars by Paper Chromatography
6. Identification of Amino acids by Paper Chromatography
Reading List 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313745155_Practical_Bio
(Print and Online) chemistry_A_Student_Companion
2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
3.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5368116/
4.https://www.life.illinois.edu/biochem/455/Lab%20exercises/2Photo
metry/spectrophotometry.pdf
5. https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/determination-of-total-flavonoid-and-
phenol-content-in-mimusops-elengi-linn/?view=fulltext
6. https://skyfox.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Practical-Manual-of-
Biochemistry.pdf
Self-Study 1. Laboratory Safety Rules, Requirements and Regulations.
2. Preparation of standard solutions and reagent
Books Recommended 1. David Plummer (2001) An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry
(3rd ed) McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Ltd
2. Jayaraman, J (2011),laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, New age
publishers
3. Varley H (2006) Practical Clinical Biochemistry (6th ed) , CBS
Publishers
4. O. Debiyi and F. A. Sofowora, (1978 )“Phytochemical screening of
medical plants,” Iloyidia, vol. 3, pp. 234–246,
5. Prof. Sarin A. Chavhan, Prof. Sushilkumar A. Shinde (2019) A
Guide to Chromatography Techniques Edition:1
6. Analytical techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology;
Katoch, Rajan. Springer (2011)

Method of Evaluation:

Test I Test II End Semester Examination Total Grade

20 20 40 100
 34

Methods of assessment:

Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.

Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,

Short summary or overview.

Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.

Analyse (K4)- Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate

between various ideas

Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.

Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion.

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S S S M S L S M S

CO 2 S S S S M S L S M S

CO 3 S S S S M S M S M S

CO 4 S S S S S S S S S S

CO 5 S S S S S S S S S S

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low

 35

Course Code CORE ELECTIVE PAPER –II - 23UPBIC1E03

Title of the CELLULAR METABOLISM

Course:
Credits: 3
Pre-requisites Basic knowledge on biochemical reactions such as addition, deletion,
rearrangement, transfer and breaking of bonds
Course Objectives 1. Familiarize on blood glucose homeostasis
2. Provide an insight into the metabolic path way of glycogen,
glycoprotein, mucopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan with
clinical correlation wherever required
3. Inculcate knowledge on nucleotide metabolism and
disorders associated with it
4. Provide a platform to understand the versatile role of PLP in
amino acid degradation, formation of specialized products
and disorders associated with ammonia detoxification
5. Educate on heme and sulphur metabolism with associated
clinical manifestation
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1. Appreciate the modes of synthesis and degradation of glucose
and will be able to justify the pros and cons of maintain the blood
sugar level (K1, K2, K5)

CO2. Gain knowledge on polysaccharide metabolism and

glycogen
storage disease (K1, K2, K5)

CO3. Acquaint with the making and braking of nucleotides

(K1,K2,K4)

CO4. Differentiate the diverse reaction a particular amino acid can

experience (K1,K2,K3)

CO5. Correlate the disturbance of metabolic reactions to clinical

manifestations with reference to heme and sulphur metabolism (K1,
K2, K4, K5)
 36

Units
Glycolysis – aerobic and anaerobic, inhibitors, and regulation. Feeder
pathway- entry of hexoses into glycolysis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex-mechanism and regulation. Glyoxalate cycle and its
regulation. Gluconeogenesis- source, key enzymes, reaction sequence
I
and its regulation. Blood glucose homeostasis and the role of
hormones. Pentose phosphate pathway- significance and its
regulation. Metabolism of glycogen and its regulation. Biosynthesis of
mucopolysaccharides and Chondroitin sulphate.

Oxidation of fatty acids-oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty

acids (α, β & ω oxidation). Oxidation of fatty acids with odd and even
numbered carbon atoms. Regulation of β oxidation. Ketogenesis and
II
its regulation. Biosynthesis of fatty acid–saturated and unsaturated,
chain elongation, regulation. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins.
Biosynthesis and degradation of triacylglycerol, plasmalogens and
phosphatidyl inositol, Sphingolipid-sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and
gangliosides. Cholesterol biosynthesis and its regulation. Lipoprotein
metabolism-chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL and LDL.
Metabolism of nucleotides- De novo synthesis and salvage pathways
III of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Regulation and inhibitors of
nucleotide biosynthesis. Role of ribonucleotide reductase and
its regulation. Degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Biosynthesis of non- essential amino acids.- Role and biological
significance of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine and asparagine
IV synthetase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase. Interconversion of amino
acids - proline to glutamate, methionine to cysteine, serine to
glycine. Biosynthesis of spermine and spermidine.
Degradation of amino acids –glucogenic and ketogenic amino
acids. Formation of acetate from leucine and aromatic amino acid,
pyruvate from cysteine, α-keto glutarate from histidine and proline,
succinate from methionine, threonine, valine and Isoleucine.
Biosynthesis and degradation of heme. Jaundice-classification,
pathology and Differential diagnosis Oxidation and reduction of
inorganic sulphur compounds by microbes and plants. Sulpho
V
transferases and their biological role- sulphatases , 3- mercapto
pyruvate sulphur transferases. Mucopolysaccharidoses - Hunter
syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome and Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome.
Oxidation of cysteine to sulphate and inter conversion of
sulphur compounds.
 37

1. https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/msb.2013.19
2. https://people.wou.edu/~guralnl/450Glycogen%20metabolism.pdf
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243375/
Reading List 4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334458898_Urea_Cycle
(Print and Online) 5.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51233381_Heme_biosynth
esis_and_its_regulation_Towards_understanding_and_improvement_o
f
_heme_biosynthesis_in_filamentous_fungi
6.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349746691_Microbial_Sulf
ur_Metabolism_and_Environmental_Implications
Self-study 1. Cori‟s Cycle and Glucose- Alanine Cycle
2. Coenzymes involved in Methanogenesis

Books Recommended 1. David L.Nelson and Michael M.Cox (2012) Lehninger Principles
of Biochemistry (6th ed), W.H.Freeman
2. Voet.D and Voet. J.G (2010) Biochemistry , (4th ed), John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
3. Metzler D.E (2003). The chemical reactions of living cells (2nd
ed), Academic Press.
4. Zubay G.L (1999) Biochemistry , (4th ed), Mc Grew-Hill.
5. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations,
7th Edition,Thomas M. Devlin (Editor), Wiley
6. Human Biochemistry – James M.Orten & Otto.W.Neuhan- 10th
edn- The C.V.Mosby Company

Method of Evaluation:

Test I Test II Assignment End Semester Examination Total Grade

10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4)- Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.
Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion.
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:
 38

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S M S M S M S S S M

CO 2 S M S S S M S S S M

CO 3 S M S S S M S S S S

CO 4 S M S M S M S S S M

CO 5 S M S S S M S S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 39

Course Code CORE ELECTIVE PAPER –23UPBIC1E10

Title of the ONCOLOGY

Course:
Credits: 3
Pre-requisites Basic Knowledge on cancer, diagnosis and therapy

Course Objectives To understand the epidemiology of cancer, mechanism of oncogenesis

and apoptosis, and currently available therapeutic treatments.

Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1 : To have an understanding , basic knowledge on various cancer
growth and morphology of cancer , terminologies used , types and
prevalence of cancer, to have a further in depth knowledge in the
continuing units.
CO2: Develop an understanding of how a cancer cell develops into a
malignant tumor, the mechanisms of DNA damage through various
agents and how this process is linked to cellular transformation and
cancer risk.
CO3: Understand the common cellular and molecular mechanisms
that are deregulated in cancer cells and the reason for their
deregulation. And also the relationship between diet and cancer, free
radicals and antioxidants balance/ role in cancer development.
CO4: To have a better understanding on the impact of apoptosis, its
types on oncogenesis, cancer diagnosis via several different methods,
cytotoxicity assays, which will enable the student to be aware on
current diagnostic tools and the principles behind it.
CO5: Having basic knowledge on novel therapeutic approaches
available for cancer and its assessment/ identification by different
cancer markers.

Units
I Morphology of cancer cell: Structure, characteristics of cancer cell.
Abnormal Growth characteristics- hyperplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia
and neoplasia. Difference between normal and cancer cell.
Paraneoplastic syndrome.
 40

Agents causing cancer and carcinogenesis process: Agents-

Chemicals, radiation, Free radicals, foods, environment, mutation.
II Carcinogenesis process – Initiation, promotion, progression

III Genetics, molecular biology of cancer: Proto-oncogene, oncogene,

tumour suppressor genes involved in cancer. Cell cycle and cancer.
Mechanism of apoptosis- Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

Diagnosis and therapy: Biochemical, genetic methods of diagnosis of

IV cancer. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy. Antioxidants and its role in
cancer prevention. Principles of cancer biomarkers and their
applications.

COVID and cancer: Molecular link between COVID and cancer,

V cytokine storm, coagulation, Complications of COVID

Books Recommended
1. Franks,L.M. and Teich,N.M. 1991. An introduction
to Cellular and Molecular Biology of cancer, 2nd
Edition, Oxford University Press.

2. Vincent,T. et al., 2011. Principles and Practice of

Oncology: Primer of the Molecular Biology of Cancer,
1stEdition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
3. Weinberg,R.A. 2013. The Biology of Cancer, 2nd Edition,
Garland Science.

4. Hesketh,R. 2013. Introduction to Cancer Biology,

Cambridge University Press.
.
Reference Books

1. Momna Hejmadi . 2010 Introduction to cancer biology by, 2nd

edition, Ventus Publishing
2. Weinberg R. 2013. The Biology of Cancer , 2nd edition, Garland
Publishing Inc.
3. Robert A Weinberg - W.W. Norton. The Biology of Cancer
 41

MAPPING

P
O P P P P P P P P
CO O O O O O O O O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CO1 H L L M L M L L
CO2 H L M M L M L L
CO3 H L M M L M L L
CO4 H L M M L M L L
CO5 H L L M L M L L
H-High; M-Medium; L-Low
 42

Course Code CORE PAPER –23UPBIC1CO6

Title of the
Course: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Credits: 5
Pre-requisites, if Knowledge of the basics of genetics, cell biology and molecular
any: biology.
Course 1. To introduce the students to the process of inheritance, concepts of
Objectives genes, genome, chromatin and chromosomes.
2. To impart a thorough understanding of the key events of molecular
biology, including the mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription
and translation along with DNA repair mechanisms.
3. To provide a detailed understanding of post transcriptional and
posttranslational modifications and processing of eukaryotic RNA
and proteins
4. To give a detailed explanation of transcriptional regulation with lac
operon and tryptophan operon as examples
5. To impart adequate information of the types of regulatory RNAs
along with key concepts of gene silencing
Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1: Comprehend the organization of genomes, the molecular basis of
DNA replication, recombination and transposition, the significance of
these processes, the various ways in which the DNA can be damaged
leading to mutations and lesions and the different ways in which they
are repaired.(K1,K2,K3,K5)
CO2: Gain knowledge about how genes are transcribed and translated
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and how these processes are regulated,
recognize the nature of the genetic code and the various experimental
approaches used to crack the code (K1,K2,K3,K4,K5)

CO3: Acquire knowledge of the molecular basis of RNA processing and

RNA splicing and the various human pathologies that can result from
defects of RNA modification. (K1,K2,K4,K5)

CO4: Comprehend the techniques of gene silencing and its

applications.(K1,K2,K3,K4,K5,K6)

CO5: Apply the knowledge they have gained in understanding the

above vital life processes to enhancing their analytical and problem-
solving skills and develop an interest to pursue high quality research.
(K2,K3,K4,K5,K6)
 43

Units

Mendel‟s laws of inheritance-dominance-complete, incomplete and co-

dominance, multiple alleles-gene mapping in haploids and diploids,
recombination mapping- restriction mapping- modes of gene information
I transfer in bacterial- conjugation, transformation and transduction. The
bacterial chromosome, the eukaryotic genome- chromosome structure –
Histones, Nucleosome, chromatin- heterochromatin, euchromatin,
chromatin remodeling, DNAase hypersensitive sites, genome organization
– the C-value paradox, reassociation kinetics, repetitive sequences, gene
amplification, telomeres, pseudogenes, split genes, organelle genomes –
mitochondrial and chloroplast genome.

DNA replication and repair: Enzymes of replication, prokaryotic

replication mechanisms, primosome & replisomes, eukaryotic DNA
replication, the role of telomerase, regulation of replication, difference
II between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication. Mutations -Types of
mutations, mutagenic agents. DNA repair mechanisms – Direct repair,
excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, SOS response,
eukaryotic repair systems. Recombination and mobile genetic
elements- the Holliday
model, the general recombination in E.coli, site specific recombination,
transposons and retroposons.

Transcription – Prokaryotic transcription-subunits of RNA polymerase,

E. coli promoters, sigma factor and promoter recognition, alternative
sigma factors, initiation, elongation, Rho-dependent and independent
termination of transcription. Eukaryotic transcription- Initiation,
promoter elements, RNA polymerases, transcription factors, regulatory
sequences in eukaryotic protein – coding genes, CpG islands, enhancers.
III
Translation – organization of the ribosome, the genetic code, evidence for a
triplet code, Deciphering and salient features of genetic code . Activation,
initiation, elongation and termination of translation in E. coli. The role of
tRNA and rRNA, suppressor tRNAs and inhibitors of protein synthesis.,
Comparison of prokaryotic translation with eukaryotic translation.

Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes - Positive and negative

control, the lac operon, identification of operator and regulator sequences
by mutations, induction and repression, Catabolite repression. Trp operon
– Attenuation, alternative secondary structures of trp mRNA. Regulation
of gene expression in eukaryotes- Response elements, DNA- binding
IV motifs, association of methylation and histone
acetylation with gene expression.
 44

Post transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes- RNA processing-

mRNA 5‟ capping and 3‟ poly-adenylation, introns and exons, RNA
splicing,- spliceosome assembly, alternative splicing, processing of
tRNA and rRNA, self-splicing, ribozymes, RNA editing- substitution and
V insertion/deletion editing,
Post translational modification of proteins- Proteolytic cleavage, covalent
modifications, glycosylation of proteins, disulfide bond formation,
Protein sorting – signal peptides, transport of secretory proteins, Golgi
and post-golgi sorting, coated vesicles, targeting of mitochondrial,
lysosomal and nuclear proteins, Protein degradation-Ubiquitination of
Proteins.
Reading List (Print 1. Molecular Biology Free Online Course by MIT Part 3: RNA
and Online) Uploaded by edX
2. https://mooc.es/course/molecular-biology/
3. https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/cec20_ma13/preview
4. https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
5. https://www.cellbio.com/education.html
6. https://lifescienceinteractive.com/category/molecular-biology/
Self-Study . 1. Multiple roles of noncoding RNAs (long ncRNA ,siRNA,
miRNA ) in development and differentiation; implication of
ncRNAs in pathologies.
2. mRNA degradation- nonsense-mediated decay.
Recommended 1. Lewin‟s Genes XII : 12th edition, Krebs JE, Goldstein ES, Kilpatrick
Texts ST ;Prentice Hall, Delhi
2. Molecular Biology of the Gene : 6th edition, Watson JD , Baker TA,
Bell S, Gann A, Levine M, Losick R; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, New York
3. Essential Cell Biology :3rd edition, Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K,
Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P ; Garland Science,
New York
4. Molecular Cell Biology : 8th edition , Lodish H, Arnold Berk;
W.H.Freeman & Co, New York
5. Karp's Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 8th
Edition; Wiley, India
6. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 12th edition,, Griffith A. F,
Doebley J, Peichel C, David A, Wassarman DA; Albion
Press.W.H.Freeman & Co ,New York
 45

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4)- Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.
Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion.

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S S S L M L S S S S

CO 2 S S S M M L M S S S

CO 3 S S S L M L M S S S

CO 4 S S S M M L S S S S

CO 5 S S S S S M M S S S

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low

 46

Course Code CORE PAPER –23UPBIC1CO7

Title of the
Course: GENE EDITING, CELL AND GENE THERAPY

Credits: 5

Pre-requisites, if To introduce students molecular basis of cell gene therapy; viral and
any: nonviral gene transfer techniques and gene therapy applications in
hereditary and acquired diseases.

Course 1. To train the student in techniques related to the molecular basis of

Objectives genetic diseases and to incorporate skills essential for various types of
sequencing.
2. To inculcate practical knowledge on comparing the animal models
used to model genetic diseases
3.0To introduce and also elaborate knowledge about wide varieties of
vectors and their features in addition to their applications and to
identify the viral and nonviral gene transfer techniques
4. To educate about the characteristics of cell culture, therapeutic
strategies in gene therapy with relevant safety/ethics involved and
patents as well.

Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:

CO1. Ability to read, and evaluate scientific articles within the

subjects of immune therapy, gene therapy and cell therapy. (K1, &
K2)
CO2. To clone gene of their interest for several downstream purposes
with a robust comprehension about wide variety of applicable gene
delivery vectors. (K1, K2 & K5)
CO3. Be able to provide examples of diseases that can be treated with
immune therapy, gene therapy and cell therapy. (K2, K3 & K4)
CO4. To identify knowledge gaps and need for further research within
their chosen topic of immune therapy, gene therapy or cell therapy. (K2,
K4 & K5)
CO5. To critically discuss and reflect on ethical and social aspects of
using immune, gene or cell therapy. The student will be persuaded to
contemplate on upcoming technologies for futuristic benefits. (K2, K5 &
K6)
Units

I Gene Editing: Basis of gene editing,

Nonhomologous End-Joining (NHEJ), Homology
 47

directed repair, Programmable nucleases for gene editing,

Meganucleases, Zinc-Finger nucleases, Transcription Activator-Like
Effector Nucleases (TALEN), CRISPR-Cas systems, gene editing using
CRISPR-Cas, drawbacks and major challenges to present gene editing
techniques, gene editing for human disease therapy
Gene and cell therapy: Basics of Gene and cell therapy, types of gene
therapy, gene therapy strategies, therapeutic targets for gene therapy,
II choice of the therapeutic target, administration routes, delivery systems,
expression of transgene, persistence of the gene therapy, cell targeting,
immunological response to the therapy, ethical and legal issues, concerns
about gene and cell therapy
Vectors for Gene therapy: Non-viral and viral vectors for gene therapy,
Physical methods of gene delivery, Polymer, Lipid and inorganic
III material based chemical systems for gene delivery, Viral vectors,
Lentiviral, Adenoviral, Adeno-associated virus for gene delivery, choice
of viral vector and oncolytic virus. Gene therapy applications, Gene
therapy for cancer.

Stem cells and tissue regeneration: Adult and fetal stem cells, embryonic
stem cells, cell reprogramming, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC),
IV Chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (CiPSC), reprogramming
factors, iPSC derived progenitors cells, Organoids, three dimensional
(3D) bioprinting.
Regulatory and Ethical Considerations of stem cell and Gene Therapy.
Assessing Human Stem Cell Safety, Use of Genetically Modified Stem
V Cells in Experimental Gene Therapies. Technological challenges towards
development of pluripotent stem cell-based cell replacement therapies.

Reading List 1. Stem Cell Biology, Daniel Marshak, Richard L. Gardener and David
(Print and Gottlieb, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press
Online) 2. Stem cell biology and gene therapy, Booth C., Cell Biology
International, Academic Press
3. Stem Cell and Gene-Based Therapy: Frontiers in Regenerative
Medicine, Alexander Battler,
Self-Study 1. Applications of gene editing strategies
2. CART therapy for Cancer

Recommended 1. An Introduction to Human Molecular Genetics (2nd Edition), J.J.

Texts Pasternak, 2005
2. An Introduction to Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy 1st Edition
by Thomas F. Kresina Upadhyay, S. K. (Ed.). (2021).
3. Human Molecular Genetics (4th Edition), Tom Strachan & Andrew
Read, 2010.
4. Stem Cells Handbook: Stewart Sell, Humana Press; Totowa NJ, USA; Oct.
2003,
 48

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.

Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,

Short summary or overview.

Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Observe, Explain.

Analyse (K4)- Finish procedure in stepwise manner, Differentiation between various ideas,
Map knowledge
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.

Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion, Debating,

Presentation

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S L M S M M M M M M

CO 2 S S S S M M M M M S

CO 3 S M S S M S S S S S

CO 4 S L M M M M S M M S

CO 5 S S S S S S S S S S

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low

 49

Course CORE ELECTIVE PAPER –III

Title of the Course:
BIOSTATISTICS & DATA SCIENCE

Credits: 3

Pre-requisites, if Basic knowledge of Statistics and Computer Applications

any:
Course Objectives 1. To summarize the data and to obtain its salient features from the
vast mass of original data.
2. To understand the concept of various measures of dispersion.
3. To understand the concepts of sampling and learning test
of significance.
4. To understand the concept of various attributes and relate to
biological studies.
5. To gain knowledge in SPSS, a software package which gives a
perfect graphical representation and appropriate result for the
data that has been entered

Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1: Concepts of statistical population and sample, variables and
attributes. Tabular and graphical representation of data based on
variables.(K1,K2,K3)
CO2:Conditions for the consistency‟ and criteria for the independence
of data based on attributes. Measures of central tendency, Dispersion,
Skewness and Kurtosis.(K1,K2,K3)
CO3:Learning different sampling methods and analysing statistical
significance.(K1,K2,K3,K4)
CO4: Understanding students t test , ANOVA , Chi square test to
analyse the significance of various research. (K1,K2,K3,K4)
CO5: Learning on data science, algorithm for machine learning,
artificial intelligence and big data, their applications in clinical and
pharma domain . (K1,K2,K3,K4.K6)

Units
I Nature of biological and clinical experiments – Collection of data in
experiment- Primary and secondary data. Methods of data collection.
Classification and tabulation. Different forms of diagrams and graphs
related to biological studies. Measures of Averages- Mean, Median, and
mode. Use of these measures in biological studies.
 50

II Measures of Dispersion for biological characters – Quartile deviation,

Mean deviation, Standard deviation and coefficient of variation.
Measures of skewness and kurtosis. Correlation and regression – Rank
correlation – Regression equation. Simple problems based on
biochemical data.
III Basic concepts of sampling- Simple random sample stratified sample
and systemic sampling. Sampling distribution and standard error. Test of
significance based on large samples. Test for mean, difference of means,
proportions and equality of proportions.
IV Small sample tests – Students„t‟ test for mean, difference of two way
means, tests for correlation and regression coefficients. Chi-square test
for goodness of a non independence of attributes. F test for equality of
variances. ANOVA- one way and two way. Basic concept related to
biological studies
V Introduction to Data Science, Definition of data science, importance, and
basic applications, Machine Learning Algorithms, Deep Learning,
Artificial Neural Networks and their Application, Reinforcement
Learning, Natural Language Processing Artificial Intelligence (AI), Data
Visualization, Data Analysis, Optimization Techniques, Big Data,
Predictive Analysis. Application of AI in medical, health and pharma
industries.
Reading List (Print 1. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/SSLVMB_28.0.0/pdf/Accessibility.pdf
and Online) 2. https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/19478370/20160419_CO_Mzol
o.pdf
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5453888/
4. https://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/excel/excel.htm
5. https://students.shu.ac.uk/lits/it/documents/pdf/analysing_data_using_s
pss.pdf
6. https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/ibm-spss-statistics-28-
documentation
Self-Study 1. Simple problems on probability, theoretical distributions, hypothesis
testing
2. Relationship between mean, median and mode pros and cons of the
measures of central tendency and deviation
Recommended 1. Zar, J.H. (1984) “Bio Statistical Methods”, Prentice Hall, International
Texts Edition
2. Sundar Rao P. S.S., Jesudian G. & Richard J. (1987), “An Introduction
to Biostatistics”, 2nd edition,. Prestographik, Vellore, India,.
3. Warren,J; Gregory,E; Grant,R (2004), “Statistical Methods in
Bioinformatics”,1st edition,Springer
4. Milton,J.S.(1992),. “Statistical methods in the Biological and Health
Sciences”, 2nd edition ,Mc Graw Hill,
5. Rosner,B (2005), “Fundamentals of Biostatistics”, Duxbury Press
6. Introducing Data Science, Davy Cielen, Anro DB Meysman, Mohamed
Ali.
 51

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain
Analyse (K4) - Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create (K6) - Check knowledge in specific or off beat situations, Discussion, Presentations

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S S S S M S L S S S

CO 2 S S S S M S L S S S

CO 3 S S S S S S M S S S

CO 4 S S S S S S M S S S

CO 5 S S S S S S M S S S

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low

 52

urse Code CORE PRACTICAL -II

Title of the LAB COURSE IN ENZYMOLOGY , MICROBIOLOGY AND

Course: CELL BIOLOGY
Credits: 5

Pre-requisites Knowledge on basic principles, Instrumentation of Biochemical

techniques and metabolic reactions
Course Objectives 1. To inculcate skill in students enabling them to apprehend the wider
knowledge about principles and techniques to be employed for the
assay of enzymes under investigation.
2. To inculcate the knowledge of isolation and purification
techniques of enzymes using alkaline phosphatase as an example
3. To perform experiments to study the factors affecting enzyme
activity
4. To achieve training in assay of enzymes
5. To achieve training in basic microbiological techniques –
preparation of culture, sterilization and staining methods.
6. To perform the blood grouping test and to prepare blood smear to
study different types of blood cells
7. To learn molecular biology techniques like Gel electrophoresis and
Blotting techniques
8. To introduce industrial visit so that students may be aware of
actual need of the industry and various opportunities available

Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1.The student will be able to employ the relevant techniques for
isolation and purification of enzymes and gain skill in kinetic
studies which is essential for research activity (K1,K2, K4)
CO2. Student will acquire ability in performing enzyme assay, and
explicate the methods that form the basis of enzyme characterization.
(K1,K2,K4)
CO3. Learn the Basic concepts in microbiology and cell biology
which will be helpful for interdisciplinary research work. (K1,K3,K4)
CO4. Students will be trained in separation techniques used in
molecular Biology which will be supportive in their future research
(K1,K3,K4 & K6)
CO5. Industrial visits will provide the students with an opportunity to
learn practically through interaction, working methods and
employment practices. Students will have an exposure to Industrial
standard and current work practices (K1,K2,K3,K4 & K6)
 53

Units
Enzymology
Alkaline Phosphatase
a. Isolation of Alkaline Phophatase from goat kidney.
b. Purification of alkaline phosphatase
I c. Checking the purity using SDS-PAGE
d. Determination of optimum pH and temperature of alkaline
phosphatase.
e. Determination of specific activity and Km of alkaline phosphatase.
f. Effect of activators and inhibitors on the activity of alkaline
phosphatase.

Assay of enzymes
a. Salivary Amylase
e. Acid Phosphatase
Microbiology
a. Safety measures and Good Laboratory Practices in microbiology
II laboratory
b. Sterilization,Culture and inoculum preparation
c. Staining of bacteria – Gram Staining
Physiology & Cell Biology
III a. Test for blood grouping (Haemagglutination).
b. Peripheral Blood smear –Staining and Interpretation
Group Experiments
IV a. Separation of proteins based on molecular weight by SDS PAGE
b. Agarose gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA
Industrial visit can be organised to students through Academia –Industry
V collaborative Program
Reading List 1.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337146254_Kinetic_studies
(Print and Online) _with_alkaline_phosphatase
2.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846332/
3.https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i8/MDIwMTU0MDk=.pdf
4.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349318898_ABC_of_
Periheral_smear
5.https://ncdc.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/File608.pdf
6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562156/

1. Preparation of Buffers and pH measurement

Self-Study
2. Michaelis-Menten equation and Lineweaver Burk plot
 54

Books Recommended 1. David Plummer (2001) An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry

(3rd ed) McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Ltd
2. Jayaraman, J (2011), laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, New age
publishers
3. Fundamentals of Enzymology; 3rd Edn. Nicholas C. Price and Lewis
Stevens, Oxford University Press (2012).
4. Enzymes: A Practical Introduction to Structure, Mechanism, and
Data Analysis; Robert A. Copeland , Wiley-VCH Publishers (2000).
5. Cappuccino JG & Sherman N (2005). Microbiology-A Laboratory
Manual, Pearson Education Inc
6. Practical Enzymology, Second Revised Edtion: Hans Bisswanger,

Wiley – Blackwell; 2 edition (2011)

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:

Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.

Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,

Short summary or overview.

Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.

Analyse (K4)- Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate

between various ideas

Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.

Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion.

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S S S M S L S M S

CO 2 S S S S M S L S M S

CO 3 S S S S M S M S M S

CO 4 S S S S S S S S S S

CO 5 S S S S S S S S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 55

Course Code CORE PRACTICAL – III-23UPBIC1L03

Title of the
Course: LABORATORY COURSE ON CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Credits: 4

Pre-requisites, if Knowledge on basic principles, Instrumentation of Biochemical

any: techniques and metabolic reactions
Course 1. To instill skill in students enabling them to apprehend the wider
Objectives knowledge about principles and techniques to be employed for the
investigation of biological samples, clinical approach, normal values
of biochemical constituents and clinical interpretations.
2. To inculcate the knowledge of collection, preservation of blood
sample and learning various hematological parameters and their
significance.
3. To perform experiments to assess liver functions. And also to study
the marker enzymes of liver
4. To evaluate lipid profile and assess their relation to cardiac function.
5. To perform experiments to estimate blood glucose and glycosylated
hemoglobin.
6. To perform urine analysis, estimate BUN and clearance test to assess
renal function.
7. To learn basic immuno technniques antigen –antibody reactions.
8. To perform data analysis in using MS Excel
9. To introduce visit to hospital so that students may be aware of
Phleobotomy ,Collection and storage of specimen, Good laboratory
practices, Automation and current methods adopted in the
diagnostic labs
Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1.The student will be able to acquire knowledge and skill in
hematology techniques. They will get familiar with methods and
knowledge to interpret the electrolyte concentration in serum
(K1,K2,K3,K4,K5)
CO2. The student will be able to assess the Liver Function and interpret
the biochemical investigation in a given clinical situation
(K1,K2,K3,K4,K5)
CO3.Skill to perform the Renal function test to assess the function of
Kidney and report the abnormal parameters with reference range will be
achieved by the student (K1,K2,K3,K4,K5)
CO4. To estimate the blood glucose content and lipid profile , to
evaluate the alterations and record the observation in accordance to
reference range will be acquired by the student (K1,K2,K3,K4,K5,K6)
CO5: The Group Experiments will support them to acquire practical
skills to work in health care sector and assist them to understand the
automation process in clinical labs (K1,K2,K3,K4,K5,K6)
 56

Units

I Haematology:
RBC count, WBC count – total and differential count, ESR, PCV, MCV
and Estimation of hemoglobin.
Determination of Electrolytes :Sodium, Potasium and Calcium
II Liver function test:
Estimation of bilirubin – direct and indirect. Estimation of plasma
protein, Assay of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline
phosphatase, Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), isoenzyme separation
of LDH by electrophoresis.

III Renal function test:

Collection and Preservation of Urine sample
Qualitative tests for normal and pathological components of urine.
BUN: Estimation of blood Urea, creatinine, and uric acid.
Urea Clearance test
IV Estimation of blood glucose by orthotoluidine and glucose oxidase
method.
Lipid profile:
Estimation of cholesterol by Zak‟s method, lipoprotein profile,
estimation of ketone bodies, estimation of triglycerides.

V Group Experiments
a. Antigen – Antibody Reaction - HCG kit method , RA kit method
b. Collection of blood ,Serum or Plasma separation and Storage
c. Automation in Clinical Biochemistry -Autoanalyser
,Semiautoanalyser

Reading List (Print 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260182512_

and Online) Practical_Manual_in_Biochemistry_and_Clinical_Biochemistry
2. https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/upload_documents/
GCLP_Guidelines_2020_Final.pdfhttps://www.westgard.com/clia.ht
ml
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263929434_Biochemistry
4. https://ucms.ac.in/Lectures-C-2020/Renal%20function%20Tests%20-
%20PPT.pdf
5. https://youtu.be/i2PfjEks4GQ
6. https://www.euro.who.int/ data/assets/pdf_file/0005/268790/WHO-
guidelines-on-drawing-blood-best-practices-in-phlebotomy-Eng.pdf

Self-Study 1. Laboratory handling of human biological specimen

2. Automation in Clinical Biochemistry
 57

Recommended 1 Practical Clinical Biochemistry- Varley‟s by Alan H Gowenlock,

Texts published by CBS Publishers and distributors, India Sixth Edition
,1988.
2. Manipal Manual of Clinical Biochemistry (For Med.Lab.And Msc
Stud.) 2013 (4 Edition )
3. Case Oriented Approach in Biochemistry-Dr. Rajesh Kawaduji
Jambhulkar, Dr. Abhijit D. Ninghot: 2019 First Edition
4. Medical Lab Technology Vol I& II, Kanai L Mukerjee New Delhi:
Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, 1996.
5. Practical Biochemistry – Plummer, New Delhi: Tata Mcgraw Hill
Publishing Company, 2000.
6. Introductory practical Biochemistry – S.K. Sawhney, Randhir Singh,
2nd ed, 2005.
Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.

Analyse (K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate

between various ideas.
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create(K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion.
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S S S S M S L S M S

CO 2 S S S S M S L S M S

CO 3 S S S S M S M S M S

CO 4 S S S S M S M S S S

CO 5 S S S S S S S S S S

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low

 58

Course Code EXTRA DISCIPLINARY PAPER- II-23UPBIC1N02

Title of the
Course:
MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASES AND THERAPEUTIC
STRATEGIES
Credits: 2
Pre-requisites, if Knowledge of Human Physiology, Metabolism and Clinical
any: Biochemistry
Course Objectives
1. To understand the concepts of the mechanisms involved in regulation
of blood sugar and management of diabetes mellitus.
2. To gain in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms of cancer and of tumor
metastasis
3. The student will review the basic organization of the central and
peripheral nervous system that coordinate the sensory and motor
functions of the body. In addition, the student will explore impaired
features underlying the major neuropathological complications.
4. To gain knowledge in renal diseases
5. To understand the mechanisms involved in cardiac disorders

Course Outcomes On completion of this course the student will be able to understand
CO1.Overall view about the complications of diabetes mellitus and its
management.
CO2.Comprehensive understanding of the concepts of cancer biology
and implicating the theoretical concepts for further research
CO3.Understand and appreciate the pathophysiology of conditions
affecting the nervous system.
CO4.A thorough knowledge of renal and cardiac diseases with emphasis
related to mechanistic aspects and therapeutic interventions.
CO5. A thorough knowledge on the experimental models of non-
communicable diseases that will be applied for future research or project
dissertation. An in-depth knowledge on development of drugs against
non-communicable diseases.

Units
I Mechanism of blood sugar regulation in human body. Pathophysiology
of Type I and II diabetes, Diabetes – investigation methods for the
diagnosis of diabetes. Nutritional care. Complications related to diabetes
– Diabetic cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, neuropathy and
nephropathy. Cellular and molecular mechanism of development of
diabetes- Insulin signaling pathway. Management of Type I and Type II
diabetes, drugs for the treatment of diabetes.
 59

II Biology of cancer: Overview of hallmarks of cancer. Tumorigenesis,

Tumor progression and mechanism of Metastasis. Proto-oncogene to
oncogene. Oncogene- myc and src family. Tumor suppressor gene-Rb
and p53 pathway in cancer. Diagnosis- Non-invasive imaging
techniques, Tumor diagnosis, Interventional radiology, New imaging
technique, Molecular techniques in cancer diagnosis.- treatment of
cancer- surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal treatment, and
biological therapy.
III Brain- neuronal network- memory- Neurogenerative diseases- Parkinson
and Alzheimer Disease- molecular understanding of the
neurodegenerative diseases- treatment modalities.
IV Acute and chronic renal failure, glomerular diseases–
glomerulonephritis, nephritic syndrome, diabetes insipidus, diagnosis of
kidney disease.
V Introduction to cardiovascular diseases, Lipids and lipoproteins in
coronary heart disease-cardiac enzymes, Molecular changes during
cardiac remodeling – hypertrophy of hearts – heart failure- treatment
modalities.
Reading List 1. The Biochemical basis of disease:2018, Barr AJ; Portland Press
(Print and Online)
2. Biochemical Basis of Diseases
3. https://www.biologydiscussion.com/diseases-2/biochemical-basis-
of-diseases/44276
Recommended
Texts 1. Wills' Biochemical Basis of Medicine: 2nd edition, Thomas H,
Gillham B;Elsevier
2. Molecular Biochemistry of Human Diseases,2021, Feuer G ,de la
Iglesia F; CRC Press

Method of Evaluation:
Test I Test II Assignment End Semester Total
Examination
10 10 5 75 100
 60

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Suggest formulae, Solve problems,
Observe, Explain
Analyse (K4) - Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas, Map knowledge
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S S M M S S S S S

CO 2 S M S L M M M M M S

CO 3 S S M L S S M M S M

CO 4 S M M M M M S S M S

CO 5 S S M M S M M M S S

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low

 61

Course I CORE PAPER – 23UPBIC1C08

Title of the
Course: PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Credits: 5
Pre-requisites, if The student should have a basic knowledge of drug discovery and
any: development. Student should possess basic knowledge bioinformatics to
understand and correlate the drug development process.
Course 1. To understand the different types of bioinformatic tools for drug
Objectives discovery.

2. To get an overview of how different bioinformatic tools aid in the

process of target identification, drug screening and quantitative
structure activity relationship.
3. To assimilate the involvement of different metabolic pathways
involved in drug metabolism and correlate their involvement in
elimination process

4. To understand the biochemical basis of drug action at the target tissue.

5. To understand different phases in drug clinical trials and its

assessment.

Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1. To understand and explain the basic concepts of drug discovery
and drug development process.
CO2. To review the different software and computational tools which
aid in the design of drugs and its rationalization.
CO3. To analyze the different stages of the drug discovery process with
the target & hit identification, assays for drug screening and preclinical
studies.
CO4. To understand the various phases of the clinical trails and the
method of conduct of clinical trails.
Units

I Drug discovery and development, drug target identification and

validation, Hit identification, General principles of screening,
correlations between various animal models and human situations,
Correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo screens; Special emphasis on
cell-based assay, biochemical assay, radiological binding assay,
Pharmacological assay, In vitro, In vivo & Ex-vivo experiments, lead
optimization, preclinical studies.
 62

II Bioinformatics approaches for drug development:

Identification of potential molecules, chemical compound library
preparation, Identification of target in pathogen, Ligand & protein
preparation, Molecular docking, Binding free energy estimation, High
throughput virtual screening, Docking protocol validation and
enrichment analysis, Single point energy calculation, Pharmacokinetics
and Pharmacodynamics, ADME & toxicity prediction, Molecular
dynamic simulation, Rule of three and five, Lipinsky rule,
Pharmacophore development, Quantitative structure activity relationship,
3D-QSAR, Techniques of developing a pharmacophore map covering
both ligand based and receptor based approaches.
III Drug metabolism & interactions:
Drug-receptor interactions, receptor theories and drug action,
Xenobiotics, xenobiotics phases (Phase-I, Phase-II and Phase-III), role of
cytochrome P450 oxidases and glutathione S-transferases in drug
metabolism, factors affecting drug metabolism, Enzymes as a drug target,
Kinase inhibitors, ATPase inhibitors, drug protein interaction, DrugDNA
interaction. Basic ligand concepts-agonist, antagonist, partial agonist,
inverse agonist, efficiency and potency. Forces involved in drug-receptor
complexes. Receptor classification – the four super families.
Receptor binding assays- measurement of Kd, Bmax and IC50
IV Biochemical mode of action of antibiotics- penicillin and
chloramphenicol, actions of alkaloids, antiviral and antimalarial
substances. Biochemical mechanism of drug resistance- sulphonamides.
Drug potency and drug efficacy. General principles of chemotherapy:
chemotherapy of parasitic infections, fungal infections, viral diseases.
Introduction to immunomodulators and chemotherapy of cancer.
V Clinical trials (Phase-I, Phase-II, Phase-III and Phase-IV clinical trial).
Main features of clinical trials, including methodological and
organizational considerations and the principles of trial conduct and
reporting. Key designs surrounding design, sample size, delivery and
assessment of clinical trials.

Self-Study 1. Examples of pharmaceutical development of a drug

2. Basic pharmacology of drug action and kinetics

Reading List (Print 1. Textbook of Drug Design. Krogsgaard-Larsen, Liljefors and Madsen
and Online) (Editors), Taylor and Francis, London UK, 2002.
2. Drug Discovery Handbook S.C. Gad (Editor) Wiley-Interscience
Hoboken USA, 2005
 63

Recommended 1. Practical Application of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Ed. Charifson

Texts P., Marcel Dekker Inc.
2. 3D QSAR in Drug Design: Theory, Methods and Applications, Ed.
Kubinyi H., Ledien
3. Pharmaceutical Profiling in Drug Discovery for Lead Selection,
Borchardt RT, Kerns, EH, Lipinski CA, Thakker DR and Wang B,
AAPS Press, 2004
4. Drug Discovery and Development; Technology in Transition. HP
Rang. Elsevier Ltd 1st edition 2006.
5. Pharmacology in Drug Discovery. T. P. Kenakin. Elsevier, 1st Edition
2012.

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas.

Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create(K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion.
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S M S M S M M S S S

CO 2 S S S M M S S S S S
CO 3 S S S L S M M S S M

CO 4 S M S L S L M S S M

CO 5 S S S L S M M S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 64

Course I CORE PAPER – 23UPBIC1C09

Title of the
BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
Course:
Credits: 5
Pre-requisites, if The student should have a basic knowledge of pharmacology of drug
any: action and understanding on their biochemical pathways.
Course Objectives 1. To understand the detailed study of biochemical basis of drugs
and its toxicity, particularly their actions on living systems.
2. To understand the relevance and methods to identify the
chemotherapeutic value of drug.
3. To understand the fundamentals of toxicology and dose- response
relationships.

4. To understand the toxicological drug testing procedures based on

in vitro and animal studies
5. To understand biochemical pathways of drug toxicity and its
manifestation on vital organs.
Course Outcomes On completion of this course, the student will be able
CO1: To appreciate and understand the role of toxicological biomarkers
to assess drug toxicities.
CO2: To conceive the role of disposition of drug in human system and
their metabolism and methodologies pertaining to toxicological
studies.
CO3: To understand and evaluate the functions of different organs on
drug disposition and associated drug toxicities.
CO4 : To understand the toxicological response to foreign compounds
and their pharmacological, physiological and biochemical effects.
CO5: To link the mechanism of toxicity and clinical symptoms with
underlying physiological disturbances.

Units
I Fundamentals of Toxicology and dose-Response Relationships:
Introduction Biomarkers Criteria of Toxicity New Technologies
Evaluation of Toxicity Interactions; Dose Response; Measurement of
Dose-Response; Relationships Linear Dose Response Hormesis; Hazard
and Risk Assessment Duration and Frequency of Exposure and Effect
II Factors Affecting Toxic Responses: Disposition: Absorption ,Sites of
absorption, distribution, Excretion; Metabolism: types of Metabolic
change phase I reactions; Phase 2 reactions; control of Metabolism,
Toxication vs. Detoxication
 65
III Toxicity testing; Test protocol, Genetic toxicity testing & Mutagenesis
assay: In vitro test systems: bacterial mutation tests-Reversion test,Ames
test, Fluctuation test, and Eukaryotic mutation test. In vivo test system
Mammalian mutation test-Host mediated assay and Dominant Lethal
test. Biochemical basis of toxicity: Mechanism of toxicity: Disturbance
of excitable membrane function, Altered Calcium homeostasis, Covalent
binding to cellular macromolecules & genotoxicity, Tissue specific
toxicity
IV Toxic Responses to Foreign Compounds: Direct Toxic Action: Tissue
Lesions; Mechanism and response in cellular toxicity, pharmacological,
physiological and Biochemical effects; Developmental Toxicology-
Teratogenesis; Immunotoxicity Genetic Toxicity; Chemical
Carcinogenesis
V Biochemical Mechanisms of Toxicity: Tissue Lesions: Liver Necrosis;
kidney Damage; Lung Damage, Liver damage, Cardiac damage;
Neurotoxicity; Exaggerated and Unwanted pharmacological effects;
Physiological effects; Biochemical Effects: Lethal Synthesis and
Incorporation, Interaction with specific Protein Receptors;
Teratogenesis; Immunotoxicity; multi-Organ Toxicity
Self-Study ● Case studies to review

Reading List 1. Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biopharmaceuticals: A Science-

(Print and Online) Based Approach to Facilitating Clinical Trials by Joy A. Cavagnaro
2. A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug
Development 2nd Edition by Ali S. Faqi
Recommended 1. Principles Of Toxicology by: Karen E Stine, Thomas M Brown 2006
Texts Publisher. Crc Press
2. Principles of Biochemical Toxicology by John A. Timbrell Publisher:
Informa Healthcare
3. Environmental Toxicology by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski, (2002)
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas.

Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create(K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion.
 66

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S S L S L M M M M

CO 2 M M S M M L M S S S
CO 3 S S S M M L S S M M

CO 4 S M S M M M S S M M

CO 5 M S S S S M M M S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 67

Course ELECTIVE PAPER - 23UPBIC1E06

Title of the
CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS
Course:
Credits: 3
Pre-requisites, if BASIC KNOWLEDGE ON diagnostic techniques..
any:
Course Objectives The aim of the course is to understand the diagnostic procedures
adopted in various disease conditions and its management.
1. Understanding Diagnostic Principles: Explain the fundamental
principles and methods of clinical diagnostics.
2. Laboratory Techniques and Procedures: Demonstrate proficiency in
common laboratory techniques used in clinical diagnostics, such as blood
tests, urinalysis, and microbiological cultures.
3. Understand the principles and applications of advanced diagnostic
techniques, including molecular diagnostics and imaging technologies.
Course Outcomes After completion of the course, the students should be able to:
CO1. To know about general health, syndrome and common diseases that
affects mankind (K1-K4)

CO2. To understand the importance of liver and kidney function test

CO3 To understand the basics and importance of heart, lung and brain test
(K1 to K3)
CO4. To know the basic mechanisms of communicable diseases ((K3,K4)
CO5. o imbibe and understand the mechanism of non- communicable
diseases and their clinical significance (K3,K4)

Units
Introduction: General health, syndrome and common diseases –
communicable and non-communicable diseases. Samples for
analysis: Blood, urine, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal
I fluid and tissues and histology. General check up: Blood group,
Hb, height and weight, waist to hip ratio, electro cardio gram, X -
ray, abdomen scan and appearance of scars, urine analysis –
routine analysis (protein, sugar, pigments and cells).

Detection of metabolites and its importance. Tests for liver

function: Enzyme assay (SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase,
II GGT), Total protein, albumin /globulin ratio and their
significance. Test for kidney function: Urea and creatinine
estimation and their significance.
 68

Test for heart function: Blood pressure (cystolic and diastolic),

lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL estimation)
III and their importance. Test for lung function: Chest X-ray,
Spirometry. Test for Brain function: EEG, MRI, CT. Test for
Surgery: Bleeding time, clotting time. Special test: X-ray, CT,
MRI, Doppler, TMT, angioplasty.
Infection: Bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoans. Blood: Total
cell count, differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Infectious diseases: Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Malaria, Hepatitis,
IV Cholera, Dengue, HIV, Chikun gunya and H1N1. TORCH – Panel
(infertility profile), Infection in pregnancy, Koch postulations –
Microscopic examination of body fluids, ELISA and PCR tests.

Non communicable diseases: Diabetes: Blood sugar, urine sugar,

glucose tolerance test, HbA1c. Hyper tension: Lipid profile,
electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride and biocarbonate)
V investigation.
Cancer markers: ELISA.

Reading List
(Print and Online) 1. https://www.jmedscindmc.com/article.asp?issn=1011-
4564;year=2014;volume=34;issue=5;spage=211;epage=213;aulast=
Shrivastava
2. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Relationship-between-
malnutrition-infection-and-immunity-Malnutrition-is-considered-
the_fig1_280722727
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_food
4. https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/preservatives/
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/food-enrichment

Self-Study 1. Antabuse drugs and food

2. Selection of foods and market visit, reading and understanding the
food labels
Recommended 1. Srilakshmi. E .(2016) Nutrition Science, New Age International
Texts Publishers.
2. Mahan, Kathleen L. (2004) Krause‟s Food, Nutrition and Diet
Therapy, W.B.Saunder‟s 11th Edition
3. Andreas M. Papas (1998). Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition, and
Health (1st ed) CRC Press.
4. M. Swaminathan (1995) Principles of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Bappco
5. Margaret Mc Williams (2012). Food Fundamentals (10th ed)
Prentice Hall
 69

6. Tom Brody (1998) Nutritional Biochemistry (2nd ed). Academic

Press, USA

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.
Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.
Analyse (K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
between various ideas.
Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
Create(K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion.
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S S S S S S S M M

CO 2 S S S S S S S S M M

CO 3 S S S S S S S S M M

CO 4 S S S S S S S S M L

CO 5 S S S S S S S S M M

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low

 70

Course ELECTIVE PAPER- 23UPBIC1E12

Title of the
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Course:
Credits: 3
Pre-requisites, if
Basic Knowledge of Microbiology and microbial techniques
any:
Course Objectives 1. To gain knowledge of the structure, classification and use of
microorganisms in various industries.
2. To know various fermenter designs, culture systems and the
application of fermentation process in industry.
3. To understand the production and purification of fermented
products and their industrial applications.
4. Understand the basic concepts of food and agricultural
microbiology.
Course Outcomes CO1.Students will be able to understand the structure and classification of
microorganisms (K2 , K4)
CO2.Gain knowledge of the uses of microorganisms in various industrial
applications (K3 , K4)
CO3.Understand the concepts of fermentation process, harvest and
recovery. (K1 , K5)
CO4.Students will know the types of microbial fermentation processes
and their applications in pharmaceutical industry. (K2 , K3)
CO5.Students will learn about the use of microorganisms in beverages,
diary and food industries. (K3 , K6)
Units
I Structure of bacteria, fungi and viruses and their classification. Types and
characteristics of microorganisms used in Industry (a) Food Industry (b)
Chemical Industry (c) Pharmaceutical Industry

II Fundamentals and principles of microbial fermentation techniques –

application in industry and pharmaceutical Biochemistry. Fermentation –
types, techniques, design and operation of fermenters including addition
of medium. Environmental conditions required for the growth and
Metabolism of industrially and pharmaceutically important microbes.
Methods of sterilization. Types and constituents of fermentative culture
medium and conditions of fermentations, Antifoaming devices.

III Recovery and estimation of products of fermentation- Production of

ethanol, acetic acid, glycerol, acetone, butanol and citric acid by
fermentation. Production of Enzymes- amylase, protease, lipase,
Production of pharmaceuticals– penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline,
riboflavin, vitamin B12.
 71

IV Food Microbiology: Production of dairy products-bread, cheese and

yoghurt (preparation and their types). Food preservation - Principles–
Physical methods: temperature (low, high, canning, drying), irradiation,
hydrostatic pressure, high voltage pulse, microwave processing and
aseptic packaging, Chemical methods - salt, sugar, organic acids, SO2,
nitrite and nitrates, ethylene oxide, antibiotics and bacteriocins.

V Agricultural Microbiology: General Properties of soil microorganisms –

decomposition of organic matter in soil. Biogeochemical cycles, nitrogen
fixation, Production of bio fertilizers and its field applications –
Rhizobium, azotobacter, blue green algae, mycorrhizae, azospirilium,

Self-Study ● Micro-organisms in food processing and pharma industries

● Upstream and Downstream processes in Biopharma
Reading List Industrial biotechnology:
(Print and https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102/105/102105058/
Online) Bioreactors:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102/106/102106053/
Food Microbiology:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/126/103/126103017/
Agriculture Microbiology:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7UXyVImZ_c

Recommended 1. Food Microbiology: An Introduction: 4th edition,Matthews

Texts KR, Kniel KE, Montville TJ; American Society for
Microbiology
2. Food, Fermentation and Micro-Organisms,2nd edition, Charles,
BW; Blackwell Science Ltd
3. Microbiology. 5th edition , Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS and Krieg NR;
McGraw Hill Book Company.
4. Text book of Microbiology:11th edition, Ananthanarayanan R and
Paniker CKJ; Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.
5. Food Microbiology, 3rd edition, Frazier WC and
Westhoff DC;Tata McGrawHill Publishing Company Ltd, New
Delhi
6. New Methods of Food Preservation:1st edition, Gould GW;
Springer Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology: 3rd
edition, Baltz
 72

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100
Methods of assessment:

Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.

Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,

Short summary or overview.

Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe,

Explain.

Analyse (K4)- Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate

between various ideas

Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons.

Create (K6)- Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion.

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

CO 1 S S M S S S M M S S

CO 2 S M S S M S S M M M

CO 3 S M L S M M S S M S

CO 4 M S S S L M S M S M

CO 5 S S M S S M M S S S
S-Strong M-Medium L-Low
 73

Course I ELECTIVE PAPER V

Title of the
Course: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Credits: 3

Pre-requisites, if Comprehensive Knowledge of Cell Biology

any:
Course Objectives The candidates undertaking this course will understand the concepts of
developmental biology.
1. To understand the background of developmental biology
2. To gain in-depth knowledge of various model organisms
3. To gain insight into aspects of stem cell technology
4. To gain insights into morphogenesis and oranogenesis
5. To acquire in-depth understanding of cell death mechanisms and
cell fate decision
Course Outcomes CO1.Grasp knowledge about the background of developmental biology
CO2.Gain abundant knowledge about model oraganisms and
gametogenesis
CO3.Gain knowledge about stem cells and their applications in
regenerative therapy
CO4.Good knowledge about organogenesis
CO5.Learn the basics of cell death mechanisms and cell fate decision .
Units

I Overview of Developmental biology: Background of Developmental

biology - Principles of developmental biology –Potency, commitment,
specification, induction, competence, determination and differentiation;
morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic
equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and
transgenics in analysis of development.
II Model organisms
Gametogenesis – production of gametes, Formation of zygote,
fertilization and early development: molecules in sperm-egg recognition
in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in
plants;cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and
formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of
symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination. Drosophila
Developmental biology- Axis formation, Genes & mutation. C.elegans –
Vulva formation, Axis formation.
III Regeneration Developmental Biology
Stem cells – Definition, Classification, Embryonic and adult stem cells,
properties, identification, Culture of stem cells, Differentiation and
dedifferentiation, Stem cellmarkers, techniques and their applications in
modern clinical sciences. Three- dimensional culture and transplantation
of engineered cells. Tissue engineering - skin, bone and neuronal
tissues.
 74

IV Morphogenesis & Organogenesis:Cell aggregation and differentiation in

Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and
chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans, eye
lens formation, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates;
differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development- larval
formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal
development; sex determination.
V Cellular senescence and Cell fate decision
Cellular senescence – concepts & Frizzled receptor in Development and
disease. Diabetes and developmental biology, Cell death pathways in
developments. Markers of important diseases.
Reading List (Print Developmental Biology – Gilbert Scott
and Online) http://bgc.org.in/pdf/study-material/developmental-biology-7th-ed-sf-
gilbert.pdf

Recommended Developmental biology: VIII edition, Gilbert, SF; Sinauer Associates, Inc
Texts

Method of Evaluation:
End Semester
Test I Test II Assignment Total Grade
Examination
10 10 5 75 100

Methods of assessment:
Recall (K1) - Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions.
Understand/ Comprehend (K2) - MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations,
Short summary or overview.

Application (K3) - Suggest idea/concept with examples, Solve problems, Observe, Explain.

Analyse (K4) – Problem-saving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate

between various ideas.

Evaluate (K5) - Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons

Create(K6) – Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations. Discussion

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10
CO 1 S M M S S M L S S M

CO 2 M M M M M S M S M M

CO 3 M M L M M S L S L L

CO 4 S M L S S M S S M M
 75

CO 5 S S M S L M M S M M

S-Strong M-Medium L-Low