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Ch.5 Forces and Matter(s)

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5 views

Ch.5 Forces and Matter(s)

Uploaded by

Eric Sun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5 Forces and Matter

 Unit of pressure:
1. Force Acting on Solid
Forces can change the size and shape of an object. 3.2. Pressure in liquid

To calculate the pressure on the base due to the liquid:


Volume of liquid = Ah
 How to design an experiment to find the spring constant, k. Mass of liquid = ρAh
 If you bend a ruler slightly and release it, it springs back to its Weight of liquid = mass x g = ρgAh
original shape. Materials that behave like this are elastic. So: force on base = ρgAh
 If you stretch or bend Plasticine, it keeps its new shape. Materials This force is acting on an area A, so p=F/A = ρgAh/A = ρgh
that behave like this are plastic. p= ρgh
Or, for a change in depth ∆h, the change in pressure is
2. Behaviour of Springs (Hooke’s law) ∆ p=ρg ∆ h

 The section of the line from the origin to the point X is a straight

line. Up to point X, the extension is to the load. X is  Pressure acts in all directions.
. (follow Hooke’s law)  Pressure increases with depth
 Up to point E, the spring behaves elastically, and returns to its  Pressure depends on the density of the liquid

, when the load is , E is the . (not  Pressure doesn’t depend on the shape of the container.
follow Hooke’s law)
 Beyond the point E, the spring is deformed and the 3.3. Pressure from the air

change is said to be .  The atmosphere pressure acts in all directions.


 Length of stretched spring = original length + extension  It becomes less as you rise up through it (because there is less
2.1. Hooke’s law 3. Pressure and less weight above).
3.1. Pressure  At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 100 kPa (100 000
force applied(N) = spring constant (N/m) x extension or compression (m) Pressure is defined as newtons per square metre)
in symbols: F=kx

force 4. Measuring pressure


pressure= in
 it states that within the limit of , the extension or area Barometers and manometers are devices that measure pressure.

compression produced in a material is proportional F


symbols: p=
to the force applied. A 4.1. Barometer
A barometer is a device that is used to measure atmospheric pressure. water vapour. An ideal gas has no attractions between its
A simple barometer consists of a column of mercury in molecules.
an inverted tube, sat in a tray of mercury exposed to Example 1:
the atmosphere.
 Atmospheric pressure push mercury up the
tube. Because the space at the top of the tube
has
no air in it. It is a .

- If atmospheric pressure increases, a


length of mercury can be supported in the tube.
- If atmospheric pressure decreases, then mercury will
be supported in the tube.

4.2. Manometer
A manometer is used to measure pressure difference.
A simple manometer consists of a U-tube containing
mercury.
One end of the U-tube is open to the atmosphere.
The other end is connected to the pressure that is to
be measured.
 As the measured pressure increases, the mercury is pushed
around the U-tube:
the the pressure, the it is pushed.

5. Boyle’s Law
 For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the pressure is
to the volume.
- If the pressure of a gas changed from p 1 to p2 when the volume is
changed from V1 to V2:
p1 x V1= p2 x V2
 A gas that exactly obeys Boyle’s law is called an ideal gas. Real
gases come close to this provided they have a low density, a
temperature well above their liquefying point, and are not full of

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