CAIE Chemistry IGCSE

12.4 Separation and purification

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How can a pure substance be identified
using melting or boiling points?

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How can a pure substance be identified using
melting or boiling points?
Pure substances have a sharp, exact melting and
boiling point whereas impure substances will
melt/boil over a range of temperatures.

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What method can be used to separate
an insoluble salt from a solution?
Describe the process

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What method can be used to separate an insoluble
salt from a solution? Describe the process
Filtration:

- Put a piece of filter paper into a funnel and place over a conical flask.
- Pour the mixture into the funnel so that the liquid collects in the beaker.
The insoluble salt is left on the filter paper.
- Pour deionised water into the funnel to wash any of the solution from the
salt.
- Leave the salt to dry on the filter paper.

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 How can a soluble salt be separated
from a solution? Describe the process

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How can a soluble salt be separated from a
solution? Describe the process
Crystallisation:

- Place the solution in an evaporating basin.

- Warm the solution gently so that the solvent starts to evaporate
and the concentration of the solution increases.
- Remove from the heat and allow the mixture to cool before all the
solvent evaporates.
- Leave to evaporate without heating. Dry and collect the crystals.
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When is simple distillation used as a
separating technique?

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When is simple distillation used as a separating
technique?
To separate and purify a liquid from a mixture of
liquids. It is suitable when the liquids have different
boiling points.

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Describe how to separate a mixture of
water and ethanol using simple
distillation

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Describe how to separate a mixture of water and
ethanol using simple distillation
- Pour the mixture into a round bottomed flask and connected to
a condenser (water should flow in at the bottom and out at the
top). Place a beaker at the outlet.
- Slowly heat the flask until the ethanol starts to vaporise. Since
ethanol has a lower boiling point than water, the ethanol
evaporates first then condenses in the condenser before being
collected in the beaker.
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What mixture is fractional distillation
commonly used to separate?

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What mixture is fractional distillation commonly used
to separate?
Crude oil

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Describe how fractional distillation
separates crude oil

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Describe how fractional distillation separates crude oil

- The crude oil is heated until it evaporates.

- The vapours enter a fractionating column. The column
has a temperature gradient (hottest at the bottom).
- The vapours rise up the column and substances
condense at different fractions depending on their
boiling points.

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