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Clauses Notes and Examples

Clauses Notes and Examples for clas 11

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Piyush Tanwar
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8 views

Clauses Notes and Examples

Clauses Notes and Examples for clas 11

Uploaded by

Piyush Tanwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLAUSES

A clause is a sentence that does not make complete sense by itself but depends on another sentence for its full
meaning. It contains a finite verb. Clauses can be divided into:
MAIN CLAUSE: An independent clause that makes sense and can stand on its own.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE [NOUN / ADJECTIVE / ADVERB]: A clause that can’t stand independently of the
main clause; depends on the main clause for its meaning.

Example: I have finished reading the book that you gave me.
Main Clause Subordinate Clause

I. NOUN CLAUSE: does the work of a noun and is generally the subject or object of the verb; answers the
question ‘WHAT?’ If a verb comes before ‘that’, it is a Noun Clause.
a) What you are doing seems very difficult. ( subject of the verb ‘seems’)
b) Seema dreamed that she was travelling to the moon. (object of the verb ‘dreamed’)
c) The news that he is alive has been confirmed. (in apposition to the noun ‘news’)
d) Do you know the time when the train will arrive? (in apposition to the noun ‘time’)
A noun clause is fairly commonly used as an appositive, i.e., a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause, occurring directly
after another noun or pronoun, and referring to the same thing. In such cases, the noun clause is introduced by the
word ‘that’ which is never omitted. The noun clause explains the noun / pronoun to which it is in apposition.

NOTE: Almost every noun clause will be the object of a transitive verb like say, think, believe, know, etc. Noun
Clause can also be the subject of a verb, though not often.

II. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: [Relative Clause] tells you more about or defines the noun / noun phrases before
them and should go as near as possible to the noun / noun phrase it describes; answers the question
‘WHICH?’ If a noun comes before ‘that’, it is an Adjective Clause.

a) ‘Who / Whose / Whom’ used for humans—


She is the girl who helped me.
The woman, whom he praised, is happy with him.
Mohan, whose mother you met, isn’t feeling well.

b) ‘Which’ used for things or animals—


The dog, which barked at the stranger, didn’t bite him. OR His house, which is new, isn’t very big.

c) ‘That’ used for human beings, animals, inanimate things but use is restrictive (can’t always replace ‘who /
which’); generally used after—
Superlatives: Where is the biggest fish that we caught?
All, everything, anybody, nobody, etc: There is nobody that I know here.
Much, little: There is much that I can teach you.

d) When the adjectival clause defines a place / time / reason, relative adverbs (where, when, why) are used. If
a noun comes before ‘where / when / why’, it is an Adjective Clause.
This is the house where Sardar Patel was born.
We can’t wait until Saturday when we will go to the concert.
The reason why she is late is that she missed the bus.

III. ADVERB CLAUSE: They modify the verbs they are connected to in meaning and are of many kinds;
answer the questions ‘ WHEN / WHERE / HOW / WHY?’ The conjunctions of time, place, manner, reason,
purpose, result, concession, comparison, contrast and condition generally introduce the Adverb Clauses.
1. Adverb Clause of Time — when, while, before, after, until, since, as, the moment, as soon / long as, just as
a) Whenever the phone rang, I answered it
b) As soon as we left the house, it began to rain.
c) Wait here till I come back.
d) No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.
2. Adverb Clause of Place —
a) Wherever / Whither you go, I will follow you.
b) I found my purse where I had left it.
c) Return whence you came.

3. Adverb Clause of Manner —


a) Do the work as it should be done.
b) He trembled as if he had seen a ghost.
c) She behaved as though she were innocent.
d) As you sow so shall you reap. / As he has lived so will he die.
e) Hema acts like it is a joke.

4. Adverb Clause of Reason —


a) I lent him the money because he needed it.
b) As / Since the rain has stopped, we can resume the game.
c) Now that you are the monitor, be more responsible.

5. Adverb Clause of Purpose —


a) We exercise so that / in order that / that we may keep fit.
b) He ran fast lest (for fear that) he should miss the train.

6. Adverb Clause of Result —


a) She worked so hard that she fell ill.
b) So many people complained that the programme was finally cancelled.
c) She spoke in such a way that I wanted to slap her.

7. Adverb Clause of Concession —


a) Although / Though he is rich, he isn’t happy.
b) Even though you dislike her, you should be polite.
c) Young as he is, he occupies an important position in the firm. [‘as’ is being used in the sense of ‘though’]
d) I shall go out even if it rains.
e) You can’t deceive me, however clever you may be.
f) She won’t believe you whatever you may say.

8. Adverb Clause of Comparison —


a) He runs faster than I do.
b) She is as tall as you are. [‘as…as’ used in both affirmative and negative sentences]
c) He isn’t so stupid as he looks. [‘so…as’ used only in negative sentences]

9. Adverb Clause of Contrast —


a) Gita likes reading while / whereas Arun likes sports.

10. Adverb Clause of Condition — on condition that, so long as, whether…or, had, in case
a) If it rains, I shall stay at home.
b) Unless you submit your homework, you will be punished.
c) She can win provided that she doesn’t forget her lines.
d) Were she to confess, she could be pardoned.

EXAMPLES:

1. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said that he was hungry.
Main Clause — The boy said Adjective Clause — who was crying
Adverb Clause (Manner) — as if his heart would break Noun Clause — that he was hungry.

2. The pirates went where the treasure was hidden. [Adverb Clause of Place – tells us about the verb ‘went’ /
answers ‘where?’]
The pirates went to the island where the treasure was hidden. [Adjective Clause – tells us about the noun
‘island’ / answers ‘which?’]
The pirates knew where the treasure was hidden. [Noun Clause – object of verb ‘knew’ / answers ‘what?’]

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