ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2

CHAPTER 2:
FIRST – ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS (DE)
 Introduction To DE

Verification of
1st Order DE
Solution

Separable
equations

Linear
Equations

Exact
Equations
 Identify different types of DE and their
notation
Objectives:
At the end of class Verify a Solution
students should be
able to:
Solve 1st Order Separable
DE Equations
 DEFINITION

• An equation containing the derivatives of

one or more dependent variables, with
respect to one or more independent
variables, is said to be a differential
equation (DE)

• A differential equation is an ordinary

differential equation (ODE) if the
unknown function depends on only one
independent variable. If the unknown
function depends on two or more
independent variables, the differential
equation is a partial differential equation
(PDE).
 EXAMPLE 1
The following are differential equations involving the
unknown function y.

𝑑𝑦
i. 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑥 + 3 … Ordinary Differential
Equation (ODE)
𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
ii. 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 +2 =1 … ODE
𝑑𝑥
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
iii. 4 3 + (sin 𝑥) 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 = 0 … ODE
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
iv. (𝑑𝑥 2 ) +3𝑦(𝑑𝑥 )7 3
+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 … ODE
𝜕2 𝑦 𝜕2 𝑦
v. 𝜕𝑡 2
− 4 𝜕𝑥 2 =0 … Partial Differential
Equation (PDE)
 ORDER OF
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION (DE)

The ORDER of a differential

equation is the order of the
highest derivative appearing
in the equation.
 EXAMPLE 2

𝒅𝒚
i. 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 … first – order DE
𝟐
𝒅 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
ii. 𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒙 +𝟐 𝒅𝒙
=𝟏 … second – order DE
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
iii. 𝟒 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎 … third – order DE
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝟑 𝒅𝒚
iv. (𝒅𝒙𝟐 ) +𝟑𝒚(𝒅𝒙)𝟕 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙
… second – order DE
𝝏𝟐 𝒚 𝝏𝟐 𝒚
i. 𝝏𝒕𝟐
− 𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 =𝟎 … second – order DE
 DEGREE OF
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION (DE)

The DEGREE of a differential

equation is the power of
highest differentiation of the
differential equation
 EXAMPLE 3
𝑑𝑦 2
a. ( 𝑑𝑡 ) +4𝑦 = 𝑡2
… first order of differential equation with degree
2

b. (𝑦 ′′ )2 +(𝑦 ′ )3 +3𝑦 = 𝑥 2
… second order of differential equation with
degree 2
 2.1.1 Verification of a Solution
DEFINITION:
• A solution of a differential equation in the
unknown function 𝑦 and the independent
variable 𝑦 on the interval 𝛼 < 𝑥 < 𝛽 is a
function 𝑦(𝑥) that satisfies the differential
equation identically for all 𝑥 in 𝛼 < 𝑥 < 𝛽.

HINT:
To verify a solution, we must show that LHS
= RHS of the given DE.
 EXAMPLE 1

Is 𝒚 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙, where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are

arbitrary constants, a solution of 𝒚′′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎?

Solution:

If 𝒚 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
differentiating 𝑦, we find that
𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒄𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒄𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
and
𝒚′′ = −𝟒𝒄𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒄𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
Since we would like to show that 𝒚′′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎,
take LHS of the DE;

LHS
= 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦
= −4𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 − 4𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 4(𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥)
= −4𝑐1 + 4𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + −4𝑐2 + 4𝑐2 cos 2𝑥
= 0 𝐑𝐇𝐒

Thus, 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 satisfies the differential

equation for all values of 𝑥 and is a solution on the interval
−∞, ∞ .
 EXAMPLE 2
Verify that the indicated functions is a solution of
the given differential equation on the interval
−∞, ∞ .
a. 𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎; given 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙

Solution:
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 → by using PRODUCT RULE
𝒚′ = 𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙
= 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙

𝒚′′ = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙
= 𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙
LHS = 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 0 RHS

Thus, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 satisfies the differential equation

for all values of 𝑥 and is a solution on the
interval −∞, ∞ .
2.2 SOLUTION OF FIRST ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 1. Separable
DE

Solving 2. Linear 1st

4. Exact
Equation 1st order order DE
DE

3.
Homogeneous
DE
 2.2.1 Separable Differential Equation
• Can be written in the form
𝒅𝒚 𝒈(𝒙)
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒇(𝒚)

and observed that such an equation can be solved by

separating the variables

𝒇 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

and integrating each side, that is,

න 𝒇 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 EXAMPLE 1
Determine the general STEP 2 : Integrate both sides
solution of the differential
equation
𝑑𝑦 1
1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0. න =න 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1+𝑥
Solution: ln 𝑦 = ln 1 + 𝑥 + 𝐶

STEP 1 : Separate the STEP 3 : Simplify the equation

variables until we get 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥

1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 1+𝑥 +𝐶
1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 1+𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦 = 𝐶(1 + 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1+𝑥
 EXAMPLE 2
Solve the following STEP 2 : Integrate both sides
𝑑𝑦
differential equations =
−𝑦
𝑑𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 sin 𝑥.
𝑒 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
Solution:
STEP 3 : Simplify the
STEP 1 : Separate the equation until we get 𝑦 in
variables terms of 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑒 𝑦 = ln | − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 |
= 𝑒 −𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ln 𝑒 = ln 𝐶 − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
−𝑦
= sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 = ln 𝐶 − cos 𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 EXAMPLE 3
Determine an explicit STEP 2 : Integrate both sides
solution of the given initial
value problem. 1 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−1 න 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑑𝑥
a. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥−1
𝑦 2 =2 𝑦−1 𝑥−1
ln 𝑦 − 1 = ln 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶
Solution:

STEP 1 : Separate the

variables

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1 𝑥−1
STEP 3 : Simplify the STEP 4 : Substitute the
equation until we get 𝑦 in value of 𝑥 and 𝑦
terms of 𝑥
Given 𝒚 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝑒 ln 𝑦−1 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥−1 +𝐶 𝒚=𝑪 𝒙−𝟏 +𝟏
𝑒 ln 𝑦−1 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥−1 × 𝑒 𝑐 2=𝐶 2−1 +1
𝑦 − 1 = 𝐶(𝑥 − 1) 𝐶=1
𝑦 =𝐶 𝑥−1 +1
𝑦= 1 𝑥−1 +1
𝑦 =𝑥−1+1
∴𝒚=𝒙
Thank you!