Modern History Spectrum Notes

19 January 2022 21:42

- Chapter 4
- Muhammad Shah(1719-48) witnessed establishment of independent states- Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh, Punjab

Challenges before the Mughals

- External Challenges
○ Several invasion from north-west(Nadir Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali) -> North-west border being neglected by
later Mughals
○ Abdali captured Delhi in 1757 and left it to caretaker Alamgir II -> Later Raghunath Rao expelled Najib-ud-
Daula as Mir Bakshi and captured Punjab also -> Third Battle of Panipat

1st Panipat Battle(1526) Babur vs Ibrahim Lodi in 1526

- Mughal Empire Foundation by ending rule of Delhi Sultanate
2nd Panipat Battle(1556) Akbar vs Hemu -> Akbar won
3rd Panipat Battle (1761) Abdali put end on Maratha ambition to rule over India
Ahmed Shah Abdali + Rohillas + Awadh v/s Marathas

- Lead to power vacuum. Most beneficial to non combatants -EIC, Jats, Sikhs

- Weak rulers after Aurangzeb - Internal Challenge

Ijarah system involved giving a formed assignment in

return of a lump-sum amount to one who bid highest. It
- was practised widely during the Mughal rule. Ijarah
system was a revenue farming system introduced by
Jahadar Shah (1712 to 1713).
• The ijarah method of revenue assessment and
collection became popular in the 18th century.
• When peasants lacked the means to cultivate their
land or cultivation was impossible due to a
calamity, the lands were farmed out on ijarah to a
third party known as revenue farmers.
• It was forbidden for revenue officials or their
families to take land on ijarah.
• It was anticipated that revenue farmers would not
take more from peasants than the stipulated land
revenue.
• The revenue farmer paid nine-tenths of the total
collection to the government and retained the
remainder as collection charges.

○ Ahmed Shah Bahadur

▪ Incompetent Ruler -> Udham Bai (Quibla-i-Alam/ Queen Mother) ruled
○ Alamgir II[1754-58] (Abdali Recognized)
▪ Battle of Plassey

History Page 1
 ○ Ahmed Shah Bahadur
▪ Incompetent Ruler -> Udham Bai (Quibla-i-Alam/ Queen Mother) ruled
○ Alamgir II[1754-58] (Abdali Recognized)
▪ Battle of Plassey
▪ Was weak ruler with all power in wazir Imad-ul-Mulk. At this time Maratha power at zenith. They
collude with wazir and assassinated Alamgir II
▪ 3rd battle of panipat in 1761
○ Shah Alam II (1760-1788)
▪ Third Battle of Panipat(1761) and Battle of Buxar(1764)

▪ Treaty of Allahabad -> Shah Alam under EIC protection and resided in Allahabad
-> Diwani right of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa to EIC
-> Pension of Mughal emperor started from his reign

○ Akbar Shah II -> Title of 'Raja' to Rammohan Roy

-> Coin issue in name of king stopped (1835 under Charles Metcalf)
○ Bahadur Shah II (Bahadur Shah Jafar)-> Last Mughal Emperor

Farukhsiyar Farman
- English East India Company a large number of trade concessions in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad. In Bengal, the
Company’s imports and exports were exempted from additional customs duties excepting the annual payment of
3,000 rupees as settled earlier. The Company was permitted to issue dastaks (passes) for the transportation of
such goods.

Cause of Mughal Empire Decline

- Empire and Region related
- Increasing power of Zamindari(hereditary) and shifting loyalties to powerful class(nobles) -> Regional loyalties
- Jagirdari Crisis -> Large jagirs belong to noble class -> Desire to acquire more territory led to internal rivalry
- Regional Aspirations -> Jat, Sikhs, Marathas

- Government of Mughal was despotism. Hence its success depend upon ruler character. Post Aurangazeb all were
worthless
- Absence of definite law of succession -> Internal instability at cost of patriotism
- Aurangzeb religious policy -> Responsible for revolt by Rajputs, Sikhs, Jats, Marathas
- Complete failure of Aurangzeb Deccan policy
- Invasion of Irani and Durrani
- Weak technology in army and less salary to officers prompt less
- Economic and Administration Problems - > No of amirs and their rank or mansab increased sharply. This left very
little land to be distributed among jagirs -> Pressure on Peasentary and Amirs. Further, no trade enrichment as no
scientific and technological development.

Rise of regional states

Successor States -> Break Away but didn't challenged the sovereignty of Mughal Emperor
-> e.g. Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh
Independent States -> Destabilization of the Mughal control over provinces
-> e.g. Mysore and Rajputs
New States -> Rebel against the Mughal Empire
-> Maratha, Sikh, Jat states

Regional States and Founder

Hyderabad Zulfikar khan gave idea of Independent state in Deccan
Awadh Saadat Khan(Shia) or Burhan-ul-Mulk
Bengal Murshid Kuli Khan
Kerala Martanda Verma
Jat Under Suraj Mal, Jat power at zenith
Sikh Ranjit Singh -> Prominent figure in establishing strong kingdom of Punjab
-> Treaty of Amritsar ->British right over Cis-Sutlez territory
-> Tripartite agreement with EIC and Shah Shuja -> Passage to British troops through Punjab to
place Shah Shuja on throne of Kabul
Maratha Third Battle of Panipat with Abdali

Nature and Limitations of Regional States

- Independent political systems that emerged in province continued ties with Mughal imperial authority and
acknowledged the emperor's importance
- Even rebel states like Maratha and Sikhs recognized the Mughal emperor as the supreme authority
- Polity in new states regional in character with support of Zamindars, Merchants, local nobles and Chieftans ->
Various local interest due to which ruler failed to establish sound financial, administrative and military
organisation
- Jagirdari Crisis which intensified the agriculture decline

Socio-Economic Condition (1700-1800)

- Agriculture
○ Enough to support the rest of society but peasant own reward was miserable
○ Technologically backward -> Very hard labor peasant
○ Peasants paid revenues to state, zamindars, jagirdars and revenue farmers
○ Major crops -> Rice, wheat, sugar
- Trade and Industry
○ Export more than imports -> Trade balanced by import of silver and gold
○ Metal industry, ship formation and textile flourished -> EIC bought many Indian made ship

- Education Status
○ Elementary education through Pathshalas and Maktabs
○ Chatuspathis or tols among hindus and Madrasahs among muslims -> Higher Education
○ Absence of Science and Tech , Geography
○ Children of lower caste sometime attended school but female presence was rare
- Society
○ Apart from Varnas, Hindus were divided into many sub-castes which different -> Same for Muslims
○ Evil practice like sati, polygamy, purdah, child marriage. Lower caste women worked in field
○ Slavery-> Yet their status better then in Europe. Advent of European heightened slavery

Art and Culture

- Bara Imambara at Lucknow by Asad-ud-Daula
- Sawai Jai Singh -> Pink city of Jaipur
-> Five astronomical observatory at Delhi, Jaipur, Benaras, Mathura and Ujjain

History Page 2
 -> Five astronomical observatory at Delhi, Jaipur, Benaras, Mathura and Ujjain
-> Jij Muhammad Shahi -> Time table to help people study astronomy
- Tamil language was enriched by Sittar poetry

Chapter 5

Cause of British Success in India

- Military and diplomatic tactic-> Both war and diplomatic policies were used to exploit situation

Superior Arms, Military and Strategy

○ Firearms, muskets and cannons used were better than Indian arms both in speed and firing and in range
○ Better Military discipline and regular salary
○ Civil discipline and fair system of selection -> No caste and clan ties
○ Brilliant leadership and support of second line leaders -> Lord Clive, Warren Hastings etc.
▪ Indian leaders like Haider Ali, Tipu sultan fought for regional interest
▪ British military's leaders fought for national glory
○ Strong financial backup to finance English wars and use of War Indemnity policy

- 1741 : Alivardi Khan [4th Nawab]-> Subhadar of Bengal

- 1756 : Siraj-ud-Daulah [5th Nawab]
○ Appointed Mir Madan in place of Mir Jafar as army commander
○ Mohan lal as overall administrator (act like PM)

- Seize of Calcutta(1756) -> Battle against EIC by Siraj-ud-daulah

□ Due to fortification of Calcutta by both French and EIC without his permission -> Later French
compiled while EIC didn't
□ Black hole tragedy

- Clive became Governor of Fort William\Bengal

Battle of Plassey 1757 - Vast resource of Bengal No treaty - Mir Jafar -> New Nawab of
- Interruption by Nawab Bengal
- War indemnity + 24 Parganas
Secret alliance of EIC with Mir Jafar, land to English
Jagat Seth, Omichand etc - Main rival French ousted -> All
French factories to EIC
First, event when EIC killed Indian king. - Sovereignty of English over
(by Mir Jafar's Son) Calcutta recognized and English
posted resident in Nawab's
Court
- Free trade granted to EIC in
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Also
personal trade restriction
removed too.

Treaty of 1760 1760 - Conspiracy by Mir Jafar with Dutch at Treaty of - Mir Kasim agreed following
Chinsura 1760 terms:
- Jafar son Miran died • Cede Burdwan, Midnapur,
Chittagong to EIC
• Tenants of Nawab
Territory would not be
allow to settle in EIC land
• Returning pending dues of
Company
Battle of Buxar 1764 - Mir Kasim decision to abolish Dastak -> Treaty of - Duty free trade in Bengal except
Misuse of Company's Dastak(duty free Allahabad 2% on salt
Mir Kasim + Nawab of trade) - Diwani right of Bengal, Bihar
Awadh(Shuja-ud- • Use of dastak for private trade and Orissa from Shah Alam in
Daula) + Mughal and sold to Indian merchant lieu of 26 lakh pension
Emperor (Shah Alam - Hector Monroe lead British Army - Shah Alam II reside at Allahabad
2) ceded by Nawab of Awadh
- Offensive and defensive alliance
with Shuja-ud-Daulah

- No annexation of Awadh by Clive to retain it as buffer state

Bengal Dual Government (1765-72)

- Both diwani (collecting revenue) and Nizamat under control of company
- Diwani right from Mughal Emperor and Nizamat from Subhadar of Bengal
- Diwani performed by Company as Diwan and Nizamat through nominated deputy subhadar
- Neither company nor the nawab cared for administration and public welfare

Fallout in Bengal - >

Indian traders paid upto 40% tax competing with EIC paying 0%. Further, Great Famine 1769-92 killed nearly 30%
population of Bengal.

Mysore resistance to the Company

- 1761 : Haider Ali de facto ruler of Mysore. He setup arms factory at Dindigul and introduced western methods for
training for army.Further,
- Tipu Sultan established land revenue system where the tax was collected directly from peasants through salaried
agents.
- Tipu Sultan was pioneer in the usage of rocket artillery in India.
- Tipu Sultan sanctioned funds for repair of Sringeri Temple.
- 1766 : EIC took Northern Circar[Third Carnatic War] taken from Nizam of Hyderabad in return protection of Nizam
from Haider Ali
First Anglo 1767-69 - To eliminate EIC influence from Treaty of Madras - Defensive alliance pact where
Mysore south India Haider was promised to be
War helped by British in case
- EIC + Marathas + Nizam vs external attack
Mysore

- Haider Ali won

Second 1780-84 - Non observation of Treaty of Treaty of Mangalore - Gave back territories which
Anglo Madras in 1771 when Maratha each other taken
Mysore attacked Mysore
War

History Page 3
War
- Capture of Mahe(French were
supplying arms from here) port
on Malabar coast by EIC

- Arcot : Captured by Haider

soon but later defeated by Eyre
Coot

- 1782: Haider Ali died. Tipu

Sultan carried the war

- Stalemate
3rd Anglo 1790-17 - Dispute with Travancore. Treaty of Serirangapatam - Half of the territories of Tipu
Mysore 92 Travancore was ally of EIC were snatched away and
War divided among Marathas,
- EIC + Marathas + Nizam vs British and Nizam
Mysore
- Coorg got independence
- Lord Cornwallis attacked and
defeated Tipu Sultan - 2 sons taken by Cornwallis to
ensure 3 crore war indemnity
paid back
4th Anglo 1798-99 - Tipu declared himself sultan of No treaty - After war
Mysore Mysore when Hindu ruler died • New state of Mysore
War hand over to old Hindu
- Wellesley asked Tipu to join dynasty(Wodeyar)
subsidiary alliance , but Tipu
declined • William Bentinck took
control of Mysore on
- Tipu died at Serirangapatam ground of Misgovernance
• Lord Rippon in 1891
restored it to original
ruler

Anglo Maratha Struggle

- The Marathas, under Peshwa Baji Rao I, captured Salsette and Bassein in 1739 from the Portuguese. In this
manner, they extended the Maratha power (naval power) on the west coast of India.

- During Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, Marathas lost to Ahmad Shah Abdali. Within 1 decade gained strength in
North India

- Madhava Rao (1761-72)

Narayan Rao (1772-73) -> Murdered by uncle Raghunath Rao

Madhav Rao II (1773-95) -> Nana Fadnavis ruler as de facto ruler. 12 Maratha Chief (Barabhai) was led by Fadnavis

Baji Rao II (1795-1818)

- By 1772 with Madhava Rao I death Maratha weakened control over confederacy

Treaty of Surat between Raghunath Rao and EIC

○ Promises EIC Bassein, Salsette in lieu of help to become Peshwa.
○ British Calcutta council condemned and made treaty renounce by giving pension to Raghunath Rao(Treaty of
Purandhar)

First Anglo 1775-8 - French were offered one of Konkan Treaty of Salbai - Madhava Rao II recognised
Maratha 2 coast which led to break of Treaty of as Peshwa by English
War Purandhar(different treaty then
above between EIC and Nana - EIC allowed to keep Bassein,
Fadnavis) Salsette

- EIC asked for help against

Mysore, Marathas agreed ->
In second Anglo Mysore war
British attacked the Mysore

- 20 year peace
2nd Anglo 1803-0 - Lord Richard Wellesley asked all the - Various treaties - English troops permanently
Maratha 5 Marathas chiefs + Peshwa to leading to in Maratha territory
War sign the subsidiary alliance they subsidiary alliance
refused of : - Company held foreign affair
of states
- Infighting among the various - Treaty of Bassein -
Maratha chiefs Peshwa - To give up all claims for
Chauth on the Nizam’s
- 1801 : Peshwa Baji Rao II had killed - Treaty of Cambay - dominions
one of the brothers of Yashwant Gaikwad - To accept the Company’s
Rao Holkar , ruler of Indore -> Baji arbitration in all differences
Rao fled to EIC and signed treaty of - Treaty of Surji- between him and the Nizam
Bassein Anjangaon : Scindia or the Gaekwad

- Treaty of Deogaon :
Bhonsle

- Treaty of
Rajputghat : Holkar
3rd Anglo 1817-1 - The tight control of British Agent on - Treaty of Poona - Peshwa was defeated and
Maratha 9 Peshwa Baji Rao II. Maratha confederacy
War abolished
(Pindari - EIC was gathering its army for
War) campaign against Pindaris (dacoits)
in central India.

- Peshwa assumed it was to remove

him He declared war.

History Page 4
 Causes of Defeat of the Marathas
○ Nature of Maratha state -> extortion and robbery. Hence, not strong administrative control established
○ Lack of capable leadership and infighting.
○ Military weakness of the Marathas did not adapt modern ways of warfare .
○ Heavy dependency on Guerrilla tactics
○ Failed to estimate the political, military & diplomatic strength of the EIC
○ Did not learn the tactics of diplomacy fully.
○ Arthur Wellesley studies geography, language and customs well. Prepared maps and planned their
campaigns carefully.

Sindh Conquest

1807 Treaty of Eternal Friendship

○ B/w Amirs of Sindh and EIC to exclude French(Alliance of Tilsit : Russia + France combined invasion to India)
and exchange agents in each other courts

1838 Tripartite Treaty between EIC, Sikhs, and Sindh Amirs

○ EIC to mediate disputes between Sikhs and Sindh.
○ British resident and troops stationed in Sindh could go anywhere
○ Sindh turned into a British protectorate-> Shah Shujah’s foreign policy to be decided by British and Sikhs
○ Shah Shujah (Durrani king in exile Sikh + EIC captivity) made to give up sovereign rights on Sindh (tribute
collection). At this time Dost Mohammed was ruler in Afghan.
○ Shah Shujah would recognize Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s claims on the right bank river Indus.

1839 to 1842 : First Anglo-Afghan war on Sindh damaged remaining power of Sindh

Later, EIC intervene in Sindh succession battle and exile the Amirs. (EIC held Amir guilty as they supported their
overlord in Anglo Afghan war)

1843 : Annexation of Sindh [Ellenborough was GG, Charler Napier was Millitary General]

Sikh Conquest
- Gurumatta Sangh : Central administration of a misl based on this misl which was essentially political, social,
economic system.
- Ranjit Singh belong Sukarchakiya Misl

- 1713 - 1799 : 12 Misls which fought against Abdali and Mughal

- At the time of the birth of Ranjit Singh (November 2, 1780), there were 12 important misls—Ahluwaliya, Bhangi,
Dallewalia, Faizullapuria, Kanhaiya, Krorasinghia, Nakkai, Nishaniya, Phulakiya, Ramgarhiya Sukharchakiya, and
Shaheed.

- 1799 - 1849 : Sikh empire with political capital Lahore and religious capital was Amritsar [due to power vacumm in
north]

- 1809 Treaty of Amritsar between Metcalfe and Ranjit Singh.

○ Sutlej fixed as the boundary of the Sikh Empire.
○ Checks Ranjit Singh’s ambitions in the east
○ Looks to expand in other directions

- 1819 : Kashmir Captured by Ranjit Singh

- 1838 Tripartile Treaty -> Ranjit Singh signed it -> Passage to British army to attack Dost Muhammad(Afghan Amir)
was denied ->
- 1839 : Ranjit Singh died -> Later, British troops permitted to pass its territory

First Anglo 1845-46 - EIC annexation of Sindh(1843) and Gwalior Treaty of - Jalandhar Doab(cis-Sutlez)
Sikh War raised suspicions amongst the Lahore annexed by EIC [Doctrine of
Sikh army Lapse]
- Resident installed at court
- Sikh army crossing the river Sutlej(maneuver by - War idemnity of 1 crore
British)
1846 Treaty of Amritsar
- Treachery of Lal Singh and Teja singh (Wazir and - Kashmir given to Raja Gulab
lover of Rani Jindan) Singh as Sikh unable to pay
back war indemnity
2nd Anglo 1848-49 - Mulraj , governor of Multan, revolted and NO TREATY 1849 : Punjab annexed by EIC.
Sikh War murdered 2 EIC officers , on being replaced as - 3 member board to
governor after a revenue dispute govern Punjab.
- Kohinoor acquired by the
- Mass uprising in Multan as a result. British.
1853 : Board dismissed, Punjab
made a Chief Commissioner’s
territory

Extension of British Paramountcy through Administrative Policy

Policy of Ring Fence by Warren Hastings

E.g. Awadh

Subsidiary Alliance by Lord Wellesley

▪ Indian ruler to accept permanent stationing of British force within his territory and pay subsidy for its
maintenance
▪ Not to employ any European ruler in his service without prior consultation of company
▪ No war without consultation of governor general
▪ In return, British would defend the ruler from his enemies and adopt a policy of non-interference
Annexed states:
Hyderabad (1798)
Mysore (1799)
Tanjore (1799)
Awadh (1801)
Peshwa->Gaekwad-> Bhonsle -> Scindia (1801) [Treaty of Bassein]
Jodhpur -> Jaipur-> Macheri -> Bundi -> Bharatpur->Holkar (1818)

Doctrine of Lapse
▪ Lord Dalhousie(1848-56) was not originator of this policy
▪ Dalhousie compared to predecessor worked on principle to annex state if it could be by legitimate

History Page 5
 ▪ Dalhousie compared to predecessor worked on principle to annex state if it could be by legitimate
mean
Annexed States:
▪ Sindh (1843)
▪ Satara (1848)
▪ Sambhalpur(1849)
▪ Udaipur -> Nagpur -> Jhansi -> Awadh (on charge of mal-administration)

Curzon Policy of Patronage

▪ Reduce all states to single type i.e. dependent upon Indian Political System
Neighboring Countries
Bhutan
- 1815 : EIC occupies Assam -> repeated raid by Bhutanes
- 1865 : Bhutanese surrendered and cede tea plantation rich districts and in return annual subsidy by British
to Bhutan (Treaty of Sinchula)

Nepal
- Nepal had expanded into Kumaon , Garhwal, parts of Awadh and Gorakhpur -> Coinciding EIC boundary
- Treaty of Sagauli(1816)
▪ Nepal ceded annexed territory of Garhwal, Kumaon and abandoned claims of Terai
▪ Nepal withdrew from Sikkim
▪ British resident in court
▪ Recruitment of Gurkhas in British Indian Army

Burma
First Anglo-Burma 1824-26 - Burma had occupied Arakan and Treaty of - Manipur as an
War parts of Manipur. Yandabo independent state
- Threat to Assam and Bengal - Burma gives up claims on
- EIC wanted access to ports in SE Asia Assam, Cachar , and
1824 Jaintia
- EIC troops occupy
Rangoon

Second Anglo- 1852 - EIC wanted rich forest resources of No Treaty - Pegu Annexed -> Only
Burma War Burma and new markets to sell remaining independent
products coastal province

Third Anglo Burma- 1885 - Burma fined heavily on British and No Treaty - British agreed to
War started connection with French acknowledge Chinese
suzerainty over Burma

1935 : Burma Separated from British India

Tibet
- Chinese suzerainty was ineffective and Russian influence was increasing in Lhasa
- Treaty of Lhasa(1904)
▪ Chumbi Valley under British Indian for 75 years
▪ Some control of foreign policy of Tibet by British

Afghan
- Forward policy by Governor General Auckland (1836-42)
- Tripartite Treaty(1838) b/w Sikh, British, Shah Shuja, when Dost Muhammad turned to Russia and Persia for
help to recover Peshawar from Sikh territory. This treaty also recognize Sikh ruler claim on right Bank of
River Indus

- First Anglo Afghan War(1839-42)

▪ After defeat of British, Dost Moh ammad was reestablish as ruler of Afghan and recognize him as
independent ruler.

- John Lawrence Treaty of Masterly Inactivity

- A result of understanding the sentiments of the Afghan tribes and a knowledge of the frontier
problem.
▪ Two Condition -> Peace retained at Afghan Frontier + Parties in Afghan Civil War did not seek foreign
help
- Second Anglo Afghan War(1870-80)
▪ Invasion by British under Lord Lytton who do not wanted relation with Afghan to be in ambiguous
state.
▪ Treaty of Gandamak
□ Afghan Amir to conduct foreign policy on British Advice
□ British resident at Kabul
- 3rd Anglo Afghan War(1919)
- Amanullah leads Afghanistan to invade British India
- The British retaliated with air force bombing and drove the Afghans out

- Later, Ripon abandoned efforts on Afghan and decided to keep Afghan as Buffer state. (Policy of Proud
reserve)
- Curzon later followed policy of withdrawal and concentration. The tribal there were trained and commanded
by British officers to encourage peace in the region. Later NWFP under GOI.
- In 1932, NWFP declared as governor province

Chapter 7
Who did not joined mutiny
- Zamindar initially but later backed off e.g. Awadh
- Educated Indians look this mutiny as backward looking
- Merchants & mutineers who suffered badly due to such mutiny
- Rulers who didn't joined
▪ Sindhias of Gwalior,
▪ the Holkars of Indore,
▪ the rulers of Patiala, Sindh, and other Sikh chieftains, and
▪ the Maharaja of Kashmir.

Why sparkle of 1857 ?

- Economic Cause
▪ Landless peasantry and rural indebtedness
▪ Annexation of Indian Princely states, yet most of Princely states except Delhi didn't dare to revolt
against the Britishers. Annexation led to cut off major source of patronage especially younger ruler
and nobles who could not patron the craft workers.
▪ Very low tariffs on import
▪ Loss of land by Zamindar due to repeated use of quo warranto by administrator which led to lower

History Page 6
 ▪ Loss of land by Zamindar due to repeated use of quo warranto by administrator which led to lower
status in society

Political Causes
▪ Annexation in repeated manner

Administrative Causes
▪ Rampant corruption in judiciary, officer and Company rule

Acts Passed
▪ Taxing mosque and temples and making law such as Religious disabilities act, 1856
□ E.g. Changing religion would not debar son to inherit the property of Father
▪ General Service Act, 1856 by Canning -> Crossing sea clause
▪ No allowances to Sepoys when serving in foreign territory

Place Leader EIC Leader

Delhi General Bakht Khan Lieutenant Willoughby, Nicholson, Hudson
Kanpur Nana Saheb Campbell
- Last peshwa & adopted son of Baji Rao II-
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal Lawrence
Bareili Kunwar Singh
Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah
Jhansi Rani Laxmibai Sir Hugh Rose
Baghpat Shah Mal
Impact
○ Queen Victoria as Sovereign Head of British India and provided for Secretary State of India(a member of
British Cabinett) -> Direct responsibility of administration of country was assumed by the British Crown and
Company rule was aboslished.
○ Queen Proclamation
▪ No annexation
▪ Indian states to recognized paramountcy of British Crown
▪ Freedom of religion
▪ Equality in govt. services
○ Army
▪ Number of Indian soldiers reduced with increase in European soldiers.
▪ Separate units on basis of caste/religion
▪ Recruitment from martial races of Punjab, NWFP, Nepal
▪ Higher post of army and artillery department reserved for Europeans -> Till 1919
○ Indian Civil Service Act, 1861 -> All equal under queen in civil services (in reality rules of Civil Services were
not so)
Chapter 8
- Kulinism in Bengal -> Every old men took very young girl as wives
- Sati -> Acc Rammohan Roy "murder according to every shastra"

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

- Principle of Causality thinking
- Considered different religion as national embodiment of universal theism. Basic and universal principles of all
religions such as monotheism of the Vedas and Unitarianism of Christianity. Attacked polytheism of Hinduism and
trinitarianism of Christianity.
Reformist Revivalist
- Brahmo Samaj - Arya Samaj
- Prarthana Samaj - Deobandi Samaj
- Aligarh Movement - Theosophical Society
- Bareli Movement
- Reformist as well as revivalist movement depended to varying degrees on appeal, reason and conscience to lost
purity of religion they sought to reform.
- Initially social reform movement linked to religious reforms cz all social evil find legitimacy from religion. In later
year social reform dissociate from religion and adopted secular approach. Similarly, later penetrated lower class
society and increase its base also.
Steps to improve women position
- Sati Abolition
○ Bengal regulation(1829) under Governor General William Bentinck (RRR)
- Preventing Female infanticide
○ Upper class bengali and rajputs
○ Bengal regulation of 1795 and 1804 declared infanticide as illegal
- Widow Remarriage
○ Hindu widow remarriage act 1856 due to great effort of Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar
○ Vishnu Shashtri Pandit -> Widow remarriage association -> D.K. Karve as first president
- Child Marriage
○ Age of Consent Act, 1891 -> greater then 12 year for marriage
○ Sarda Act(Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929) -> marriage age 14 for girl and 18 for boy
- Education
○ Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar -> Pioneer of women's education
○ Savitri bhai phule impressed by Americian Missionary in Ahmedabad -> First school for girls at Bhidewada,
Pune. Teaches mathematics, science and social studies
○ Charles Wood Dispatch, 1854 -> Stress on female education
○ Indian Women University -> by D.K. Karve
- Women Organization
○ Bharat Stree Mahamandal -> by Sarla Devi Chaudhurani founded in Allahabad.
▪ Sarla Devi wrote Ahitganika for school students to generate awareness concerning the freedom
struggle and also launched an underground revolutionary group.
○ Ladies Social Conference -> by Ramabhai Ranade
○ Arya Mahila Samaj -> by Pandita Ramabai -> She pleaded for women education improvement to Queen
Victoria. Pandita Ramabai’s landmark book ‘The High Caste Hindu Woman’. For her services to the
community, the British Raj awarded her the Kaiser-I-Hind medal.

○ National Council of Women Education in 1925 -> Branch of Internal Council of Women education -> Mehribai
Tata played vital role -> Mostly upper class women
○ All India Woman Conference by Margaret Cousin, Annie Beasant in 1927 -> First women organization with
egalitarian approach
▪ The journal Stri-Dharma which tried to espouse Indian women’s rights movement

British Factor in Caste Mitigation

- Administrative Measures
Creation of private property in form of land and free sale disturbed caste equation-> Village autarchy

History Page 7
 ○ Creation of private property in form of land and free sale disturbed caste equation-> Village autarchy
disturbed
○ Industrialization and Transportation -> New avenues for occupation mobility
○ Judicial function of caste panchayats taken away
○ Equality before law
○ Administrative services open to all caste
- Socio Religious Reform
○ Brahmo samaj -> against caste or verna as well as untouchability
○ Arya Samaj -> Against untouchability but aimed reconstructing of original four-fold division
- National Movement Impact
○ Mass participation without any discrimination
○ Congress government in various province in 1937 brought free education and temple entry
- Lower Caste Movement
○ Phule arya invasion theory
○ Mooknayak(leader of voiceless) -> Ambekdar
○ Bahushkrit Hitakarani Sabha-> By Ambedkar -> moto "educate, agitate, organize"
▪ Further, Ambedkar formed forum for depressed classes in collaboration with Chhatrapati Shahu of
Kolhapur
○ Bahishkrit Bharat -> newspaper by Ambedkar
○ All India Schedule Castes Federation in 1942 by Ambedkar
○ All India Depressed Classes Association -> by other depressed class leaders
○ Self Respect Movement -> E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
○ Shri Narayan Guru in Kerala : "One Religion, once caste, once God for mankind"
- Constitution of Free India
○ British had limitation -> can't afford reaction of orthodox society rebel. Yet, tried their best.

Chapter 9
Raja Rammohan Roy
- Believe in monotheism
- Translate into Bengali the vedas and five upanishads
- Atmiya Sabha -> Propagate monotheistic ideals of Vedanta and to campaign against idol, caste rigidity, rituals and
other social evils
- Established Vedanta College
- He supported 'Percepts of Jesus' to separate the moral and philosophical message of the 'New Testament'.
- He supported press freedom hence, pioneer in Indian Journalism. Condemned oppressive zamindari practice and
reduction of export duties of Indian goods abroad. He also advocated Indianization of superior civil services.
Further, he demanded separation of executive from judiciary.
- Promoted ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.

- Brahmo Samaj -> initially named Brahmo Samaj

○ Monotheism
○ Prayer, meditation and reading of Upanishad or Vedas
○ No image, statue, sculpture
○ Emphasis on Human Dignity, include teaching of other religion also
○ Criticized Caste, Polygamy
○ No definite stand on Karma and Transmigration of Soul

- Dharma Sabha -> by Raja Radhakant to counter Brahmo Samaj. However, he favored girls education

Debendranath Tagore
- Tattababodhini Sabha along with Tattavabodhini Patrika in Bengali -> Systematic study of Indian past with rational
outlook
- Adi Brahmo Samaj
Keshab Chanra Sen
- Popolarise Brahmo Samaj outside Bengal
- Radical, supported teaching of other religion
- Against caste system and openly supported inter-caste marriage hence dismissed
- Founded his own Brahmo Samaj

Prarthana Samaj
- Founded by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay
- Liberal and against caste barrier. Four point approach:
○ Disapproval of Caste System
○ Women Education
○ Widow Remarriage
○ Raising marriage age

Young Bengal Movement

- By Henry Vivian Derozio by inspiring from French Revolution
- First Nationalist Poet of modern India
- Liberty, equality, rationality for women and lower caste
- Advocated for Indian labor in British colonies abroad
- Didn't took peasants cause

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

- Principle of Sankskirt College in 1850. Used college for non-brahmin toward scriptutal knowledged
- Against child marriage and polygamy
- Pioneer of higher education for Women
- Secretary of Bethune School

Balashastri Jambhekar
- Darpan newspaper, Digadarshan -> to support rational and scientific approach toward Indian history and life.
Support social reform

Paramahansa Mandali
- Dadoba Pandurang, Mehtaji Durgaram founded it
- Reform hindu religion and society in general
- Monotheism
- Liberty, rationality with equality of women and lower caste
- Manav Dharm Sabha
○ Founded in 1844 by Mehtaji Durgaram Manchharam in Surat
○ Challenged irrational superstitions prevalent in Hinduism. They criticize caste system
○ Ideas passed on to Paramhansa Mandali
Jyotiba Phule
- Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873
- Introduced word 'Dalit' -> those outside varna system
- Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri -> work of phule against sankritic hinduism. He was pioneer in widow
remarriage movement in Maharashtra and opened home for widows.

History Page 8
 remarriage movement in Maharashtra and opened home for widows.
- Title of Mahatama -> by Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar

Savitribhai Phule
- Establish Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha -> safer delivery
- Two famous poetry -> i) Kavyaphule ii) Bavankashi Subodh Ratnakar

Gopal Baba Walangkar

- Gopal baba Walangkar -> Pioneer in movement to uplift untouchables
- Anarya Dosh-Parihar Mandali -> Society for removal of evil among non-aryan
- Vital Vidhvasak -> by Walangankar -> First dalit to launch newspaper (Destroyer of Brahmanical Pollution)
- Hindu Dharma Darpan published
- Journals Sudharak and Deenbandhu to rouse awareness among depressed class

Kisan Faguji Bansod (Dalit)

- Chokhamela girl school at Nagpur
- Published journals like Nirashrit Hind Nagarik, Vital Vidhanksak, Majdur Patrika
- Influenced by Bhakti cult and work of Brahmo and Prarthana Samaj

Vitthal Ramji Shinde

- Marathi family born worked for lower caste
- Founded Depressed Classes Mission in Bombay later resigned
- Published Bharatiya Aprushyatecha Prashna

Ramakrishna Movement
- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
○ Poor priest of Kali temple
○ Two Objective:
▪ Band of monk to spread teaching of spirituality, renunciation and Vedanta -> Fulfilled by Paramhamsa
himself by founding Ramakrishna Math
▪ Lay disciples to carry charitable work without discrimination -> Fulfilled by Vivekanand by founding
Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 in Belur. Ramakrishna Mission is worldwide body which aims to make
'hindus better hindus' and 'muslims better muslims'
○ Believed fundamentals of religion which are universal
○ Balance between spiritualism and Materialism. Further, it asserted pride in India's past and favoured balance
between materialism and spiritualism.
○ Sarada Devi(wife) -> later important role in math

- Swami Vivekananda
○ Preacher of Neo-Hinduism
○ Ramakrishna teaching, Gita and Upanishad basis for his messages
○ Fundamental one ness of god
○ Spread balance between materialism and spirituality
○ Founded Ramakrishna Mission -> Useful in mankind service during natural calamity

Arya Samaj
- Revivalist in approach formed by Dayananda Saraswati or Mulshankar who gave slogan"Back to the Vedas"
- Vision of casteless society and united India
- Believed Aryan religion being the common religion
- Advocated individual interpretation of scriptures hence criticized Hindu scriptures like Puranas. Also criticised
hindu concept of maya, moksha
- Believed in theory of Karma
- Intercaste marriage and widow remarriage encouraged
- First DAV college in Lahore
- Shuddi movement started later to protect Hindu Society from conversion. Hence led to communalism.

Seva Sadan
- Behramji M. Malabari founded. Enactment of age of consent act credited to him.
- Equality of women and lower caste

Dev Samaj
- Shiv Narayan Agnihotri follower of Brahmo Samaj founded

Bharat Dharma Mahamandala

- Orthodox society

Suddhi Movement
- Started by Arya samaj to reconvert Muslims into Hindu. In retaliate Tabligh and Tanzeem movement from Islam.

South India Anti Brahmin Movement

Vokkaliga Sangha

Shree Narayan Guru Dharma Pratipalan(SNDP) Movement

- Among Ezhavas of Kerala by Shree Narayan Guru Swamy(one caste, one religion, one god) to attain their
spirituality as well as materially
- Aruvippuram Movement -> by Shree Narayan
- SNDP Yogam took following issues of Ezhavas:
○ Right to admission in school
○ Recruitment in governmental service
○ Access to road and temple entry
○ Political representation

Justice Movement
- By C.N. Muralidhar, T.M. Nair, P. Tyagaraja -> formed party known as South Indian Liberal Foundation
- Party had three newspapers:
○ Andhra Pariksha in Telugu
○ Dravidian in Tamil
○ Justice in English
- Party fought election and in 1919 formed govt with programmed like mid day meal scheme, affirmative
action(Reservation), woman upliftment by ending Devadasi system.
- Separate electorate for lower caste and govt jobs
- During 1940s with Nationalism wave congress wiped Justice party but three language formula gave it popularity
again.
Self Respect Movement
- E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
○ Name Justice Party as Dravidian Kazhgam in 1944.
- Against dalit exploitation

Temple Entry Movement/ Guruvayur Satyagrah

- Shree Narayan Guru, Kumaran Asan(Disciple), T.K. Madhavan (social reformer and editor of Deshabhimani)

History Page 9
 - Shree Narayan Guru, Kumaran Asan(Disciple), T.K. Madhavan (social reformer and editor of Deshabhimani)
- Vaikom Satyagraha -> Led by K.P. Kesava, K. Kelappan, T.K. Madhavan.
○ EV Ramaswamy provided leadership in Vaikom Satyagraha

- In 1931, when the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended, a temple entry movement was organised in
Kerala. Inspired by K. Kelappan, poet Subramaniyam Tirumambu (the ‘singing sword of Kerala’) led a group of
sixteen volunteers to Guruvayur. Leaders like P. Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan were among the satyagrahis.
Finally, on November 12, 1936, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a proclamation throwing open all government-
controlled temples to all Hindus. A similar step was taken by the C. Rajagopalachari administration in Madras in
1938.

Adi Hindu Movement

- Swami Acchutanand
- Against Brahmo and Arya Samaj as both rarely care about castes since both includes upper caste

Muslim Movement
Wahabi/ Wallibullah Movement
- By Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmad Barelvi
- Revivalist Movement to spread preaching of Shah Wallibullah
- Aimed to harmonize 4 school of Muslim jurisprudence. Focus individual conscience where conflict between
interpretations of Quran and Hadis. Hence, make India dar-ul-Islam
- Important role in Anti British feeling and 1857 mutiny

Titu Mir's Movement

- Syed Mir Nisar Ali started
- Wahabism and advocated Sharia
- Organize Muslim peasant against landlords in Bengal

Ahmadiyya Movement
- Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed in 1889
- Reformist approach
- Like Brahmo Samaj
- Principal of Universal religion
- Spread western liberal education among Indian muslim

Aligarh Movement
- By Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He was educationist who started college of Aligarh (later known as AMU). He was used
by British to oppose political activity among Muslims
- Followed liberal interpretation of Quran
- Aim:
○ Modern education among Indian Muslim without weakening their allegiance to Islam
○ Social reform : Eradicate piri and muridi purdah, polygamy, widow remarriage, women's education, slavery,
divorce etc.
- Syed Ahmed Khan
○ Opened Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College (later Aligarh University)
○ Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq -> magazine for social reform

Deoband School (Darul Uloom)

- By Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
- Orthodox and revivalist
- Pure teaching of Quran and Hadis. Keep spirit of jihad alive against foreign ruler
- Supported INC formation and issued fatwa against Syed Ahmed Khan

Faraizi Movement:
○ It was founded by Haji Shariatullah in 1819.
○ It aimed at the eradication of social innovations or un-Islamic practices and draw their attention to their
duties as Muslims.

Parsi Reform Movements

- Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabhaa
- Naoroji Furdonji, Dada Bhai Naroji, K.R. Cama, SS Bengali as leader
- Rast Goftar (true teller) -> newspaper to spread movement
- Uplift women condition

Singh Sabha Movement

- Two objective
○ Western education to sikh -> Network of Khalsa School established
○ To counter conversion activity of Christian Missionary, Brahmo, Arya Samaj, Muslim Maulvis -> Those against
with Guru teaching were rejected

Positive Aspects of reform movement

- Liberation of individual from conformity out of fear
- Worship made more personal affair. Hence, individual capacity to think and reason
- Cultural roots to middle class(mitigating the sense of humiliation)
- Secular outlook encouraged which helped in modernisation further
- Globalisation promoted as it ended cultural, individual isolation from rest of world
- Evolution of national consciousness

Negative aspects of reform movement

- Narrower social base which were educated and urban middle class
- Appeal to Indian great past & scriptural authority inhibited modern and rational thinking
- Overemphasized on philosophical and religious aspect while underemphasizes the secular and moral aspect
- Communal consciousness in some place led to wider gulf between groups which impacted nationalist movement
further

Political Association
Bangabasha Prakasika Sabha(1836) Associates of Raja Rammohan Roy
Bengal British India Society(1843) Collection and dissemination of info of condition of people of India
Landholder Society merged with Bengal British British India Association
India Society(1851)
East India Association(1866) Dada Bhai Naroji in London
The Indian League (1875) by Sisir Kumar Promote Nationalism and encouraging political education
Indian Association of Calcutta(1876) (later Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose

History Page 10
Indian Association of Calcutta(1876) (later Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose
merged INC) supersede Indian League - Against conservative and pro-landlord policies of British India
Association
- Creating strong political opinion

Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1867) Mahadev Govind Ranade

- Connecting link between Government and the people
- Submitted demand in British House of Common demanding for
India direct representation in British Parliament
The Bombay Presidency Association, 1885 Baddrudin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta, K.T. Telang
- As reaction to Ilbert Bill Controversy
Madras Mahajan Sabha M. Viraghavchari, B Subramanian Aiyer, P. Ananda
Justice Party Natesa Mudaliyar, Thyagaraja Chetty, TM Nair
Indian National Liberal Federation(Liberal Surendranath Banerjee
Party) - Tejbahadur and MA Jayakar also associated
Independence for India League Jawahar Lal Nehru and SC Bose
- After Nehru report demanding full independence
India Independence League Rahbehari Ghosh in Japan -> To coordinate anti-british activity around
the world
Indian Nation Army By Rashbehari Ghosh commanded under Mohan Singh -> Consist Indian
PoWs
Indian Social Conference M.G. Ranade, Raghunath Rao found it for social reform in society -
- Pledge Movement -> Against child marriage
Servant of India Society By Gopal Krishan Gokhale, MG Ranade

- Chose to remain aloof from political activities

- Society aimed to train national missionaries for the service of
India
- Hitavada was published for it
Indian Home Rule Society (in Britain) Shymaji Krishanvarma with support of Bikaji Cama & Dadabhai Naroji
[Indian House] - Attract Indian student with radical thoughts in Berlin -> V.D.
Savarkar and Madan Lal Dhingra were members
- Used Komgata Maru incident to organize massive uprising against
British Empire
- Journal Indian Sociologist started
Western Anushilan Samithi Jatindranath Mukherjee & Bagha Jatin
- Link between Organisation & other places in Bengal, Bihar etc.
- During WWI Jugantar party arranged German arms &
ammunition through revolutionaries abroad
- Bagha Jatin: "We shall die to awaken nation"
- German Plot or Zimmerman Plan
○ Aimed at all India insurrection
○ Bagha Jatin asked Rashbehrai Bose to take charge of Upper
India
Bande Matram (in Paris) Madam Bhikaji Cama
- Tricolour Flag Hoisted Internationally
Anushilan Samithi Param Nath Mitra, Barinder Kumar Ghosh, Jatindranath Banerjee
- Yugantar as secret organisation
Anjuman-i-Mohibsin Watan Ajit Singh
- In punjab against frequent famine, rise in land revenue, irrigation
tax, begar by zamindar etc.
- Bharat Mata as its journal

- The British created larger state then Mauryas or Mughals

INC Presidency
- Womesh Chandra -> First president
- Kadambini Ganguli -> First Women
○ First Indian female doctors in modern medicine from Calcutta University. Also part of INC first ever female
delegation.
Drain Theory -> Dadabhai Naroji, RC Dutt, Dinshaw Wacha
Union India Patriotic Association -> Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Raja Shiv Prasad Singh

Dadabhai Naroji Poverty and UnBritish rule in India -> Economic Drain Theory
RC Dutt The economic history of India
Jawahar Lal Nehru The Glimpse of World History
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee over Sanyasi Rebellion Anandmath

Theory of INC
- Safety Valve Theory - Lala Lajpat Rai
- Conspiracy Theory - R.P. Dutt
- Lightning Conductor Theory - G.K. Gokhale

- Tilak Kesari and Maharatta journal

Moderate Leaders
○ Zamindar and upper middle calsses
○ Surendranath Banerjea, K.K. Mitra, Prithwishchandra Ray, A.O. Hume, W.C. Banerjee,
Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan
Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Justice Ranade and G. Subramanya Aiyar.

- Moderates in India were able to create all India public opinion that British rule in India as major cause of
poverty and economic backwardness.
Earlier Demands
▪ Indianization of Govt Services
▪ Separate Judicial from executive
▪ Time consuming judiciary + Tyranny of Bureaucracy
▪ Criticize aggressive foreign policy -> Annexation of Burma, Attack on Afghan
▪ Increase expenditure on welfare (e.g. Health, Sanitation, education, agri)
▪ Better treatment of Indian labor abroad in other British colonies

History Page 11
Extremist Thought
- Educated middle and lower class
- The Extremist leaders in the early twentieth century aimed at getting Swaraj to end the tyranny rule of British. The
leaders belonging to this revolutionary school of thought included
○ Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghose, Raj Narayan Bose,
Ashwini Kumar Dutt, Syed Haider Raza and Chidambaram Pillai.
-

Unit 6
- Dayanand Chatterjee -> India for the Indians
Benaras, Gokhale - Expressed the resentment against of Bengal and proclamation of Swadeshi
1905 movement in Bengal
- Contest between moderate and extremist over spread of movement
Calcutta, Dadabhai - Word swaraj mentioned for first time
- - Resolution supporting the programming of swadeshi boycott and national
1906 Naroji
education was passed. Meaning of swaraj not mentioned.
Surat, 1907 Rash Behari - Surat Split -> due to differences on the issue of expansion of Swadeshi movement
Ghosh
Lord Curzon
- Letting off of gas
- The Official Secrets Act-> Curbed freedom of Press
- The Indian Universities Act
- Calcutta Corporation act -> Indian members reduced

- Hitabadi, Sanjibani, Bengalee -> newpaper for antipartition

- 1906 INC Session : Dadabhai Naoroji -> Goal of INC as "self government or swaraj" like Aus and Canara
□ Programme of Boycott, Swadeshi, National Education was passed
○ National Council of Education set up -> Literacy, scientific, technical on national lines and
national control. Education through vernacular medium. Funds to be raised to send
students to Japan for advanced learning.
□ During Swadeshi movement extremist emphasis on self reliance it was emphasized to reassert
social and economic regeneration of villages, campaign against caste oppression, dowry system,
consumption alcohol.
- Aurobindo Ghosh : "Political Freedom is the life breath of nation"
- Aurobindo Ghosh, BC Pal retired from active politics. Lajpat left for abroad

Militant Response on partition-> Formed Samitis

- Swadesh Bandhab Samiti -> Ashwini Kumar Dutta in Barisal
○ Barishal Conference against partition of Bengal where Abdul Rasul presided.
- Swadeshi Sangham in Madras -> V.O. Chidhambharam Pillai, Subramana Siva

- V.O. Chiddhambaram Pillai -> Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin

Bengal National College-> On Path of National Education
- First Principal -> Aurobindo Ghosh
- First President -> Rashbehari Ghosh

Satish Chandra Mukherjee

- Dawn Newspaper and Dawn Society
- Pioneered National Education Movement by founding Bhagabat Chatuspati

-
- Indian Society of Oriental Art -> Inspire public by Indian original art (Against Partition)
○ Nandalal Bose first to receive scholarship
- The movement spread to other parts of the country—in Poona and Bombay under Tilak, in Punjab under Lala
Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh, in Delhi under Syed Haider Raza, Madras under Chidambaram Pillai

- During swadeshi movement

○ Rabindranath Tagore -> Amar Sonar Bangla
○ Sudesha Geetham -> by Subramania Bharati
○ Abanindranath Tagore -> Bharat Mata Painting
○ Dakshinaranjan Mitra -> Thakurmul Jhuli -> Bengal folk fairy tales

Muslim Participation in Swadeshi Movement

- Abdul Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Guznavi, Maulana Azad etc. participated but most of the upper and middle class
Muslims stayed away.
- Lack of support from muslim peasants

Lala Rajpat Roy arrested for his supportive writing about Muzzafarpur Bombing in Kesari.
Finally, in 1911 to curb menace of revolutionary terrorism, annulment of bengal happened.

Chapter 13 First Revolutionary Phase(1907-1917)

- While extremists& moderates supported the British efforts in WW1, the revolutionaries decided to take
advantage.

1872: Sher Ali Afridi -> murder Gov General Lord Mayo

1876-79: Vasudev Balwant Phadke (Father of Militant & Revolutionary Nationalism)-> Raised army of local tribes and
attacked local Government outpost and distribute money among peasants. Eventually caught and executed

1890: Tilak Propagate militant nationalism through 'Kesari' & 'Maharatta' -> Shiv & Ganpati festivals
1898: Chapekar Brother(Balkrishan & Damodar) murder black commissioner W.C. Rand in Pune

Political Organisation
1899: Mithra Mela -> Savarkar Brothers
- Influence by Guiseppe Mazzini Veer Savarkar wrote Mazzini Charitra. Lala Lajpat Roy wrote book with first chapter
on Mazzini.
- Abhinav Bharat formed by Ganesh Savarkar protested against separate electorate in Monte Mirlo reform.

Nashik Conspiracy
- Inspired by Ganesh Savarkar -> Anant Laxman -> assassination of DM of Nashik
- Inspired by Veer Savarkar -> Madan Lal Dhingra -> assassination of top British officer WC Wylle

Asnushilan Samiti, 1906

- By Param Natra Mitra

History Page 12
 - By Param Natra Mitra
Secret organization called Yugantar

Muzzafarpur Bombay, 1908

- Two young men Prafful Chaki & Khudi Ram Bose attempted assassination's of DM but accidently killed two ladies.
- Alipore Case -> >40 members of top leadership tried and jailed
- 1910: Murder of Integlligence officer ShamShul Islam by Barindra Nath
- Howrah Shippore -> Almost entire leadership of Anushilan Samiti in jailed

Tirunivelli Assasination -> R Vanchi Iyer murdered DM or Tirunvelli

Delhi Conspiracy -> Rash Behari & Sachin Sanyal attempted assassination of Governor General Lord Hardinage

Ghadr Party
- To carry out pre-Ghadr revolutionary activities, Swadesh Sevak Home was set up by GD Kumar in Vancouver along
the lines of India House in London. And the ‘United India House’ was founded by Tarak Nath and G.D. Kumar in
Seattle for the weekly meeting of Indian labourers
- Earlier, Hindi Association was formed before Hindustan Ghadar Party
- In 1913, nationalist leaders in Canara & USA started party known as Pacific West Coast Association (founder -> Lala Rash Bihari Bose,
Hardyal, Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar, Baba Jawala Singh, Santokh Singh and Sohan Singh Bhakna as its Raja Mahendra
president) Pratap, Lala
Hardayat, Abdul
- Associated Members: Ram Chandra, Barkatullah, Bhagwan Singh Rahim, Maulana
- Newspaper -> Ghadr
Obaidullah Sindhi,
Champak Raman
- 1914 -> Komgata Maru Incident
Pillai, Sardar Singh
Rana, and Madam
Hindu German Conspiracy Cama were some of
1. Indian Independence Committee(Berlin Committee) the prominent
○ Lala Hardyal + Chattopadhyay Indians Ghadar
○ To coordinate between Germany & Indian Rebellion Leaders who
2. Ghadr Mutiny carried on
○ Armed takeover of India with ammunition support from German revolutionary
○ Intelligence failure activities and
3. Reshmi Rumal Tehreek "Silk Letter Movement" propaganda outside
○ Armed takeover of India by Deobandi Movement with help of Emir of Afghanistan, Ottoman Khalifa
India
○ Intelligence Failure From
4. Provisional Government at Kabul <https://blog.forumias.com/
○ With the help of triple alliance, some Indian leaders established a provisional govt at Kabul (1915-18) question/consider-the-
○ President -> Mahendra Pratap following-freedom-fighters-1-
barindra-kumar-ghosh-2-
○ PM -> Maulana Barkatullah jogesh-chandra-chatterjee-3-
rash-behari-bose-who-of-the-
To handle Hindu German Conspiracies GOI passed legislation known as Defense of India act, 1915 giving great above-was-were-actively-
emergency power to police. associated-with-the-ghadar-
party/>
Journal
- Sandhya, Yugantar -> Bengal
- Kal -> Maharashtra

Chapter 14
- New India and Commonwealth newspaper for self government by Annie Besant
Theosophical Movement
- By HP Balavatsky & Col Olcott in USA
- Bought by Annie Beasent in India
- Focus balance between Spiritualism & materialism
- In 1898 -> Started a school in Banaras, Central Hindu College. In 1916 Madan Mohan Malviya Chose this place to
start Benaras Hindu University.

Home Rule Movement(1916-1918)

- After WW1 by Annie Beasent and Tilak inspiring from Irish Home Rule movement.
- Home Rule League in Maharashtra by Tilak
- Home Rule League in Madras -> Annie Beasent
- Later it renamed as 'Swaraj Sabha' which merge with congress in 1920.
- Demands -> Swarajya, Formation of linguistic states, education in vernacular

- Initially -> Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, Joseph Baptista, George
Arundale and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- later joined by Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Chittaranjan Das, K.M. Munshi, B. Chakravarti,
Saifuddin Kitchlew, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Tej Bahadur Sapruand Lala Lajpat Rai
- Anglo Indians, most of Muslims, non-brahmin from South did not join.

Lucknow Session 2016

- Presided by Ambika Charan Majumdar
- Rejoining of extremist and moderate
- Muslim league joined Congress with separate electorate demand accepted[Two nation theory], but due to it Govt.
intended to grant self-govt in future according Montageau Chelmsford Reform.
- Muslim league agreed to support Home Rule Movement
- August Declaration of 1917 - To increase Indian participation in administration, develop self-governing institution,
progress responsible govt. => Self-Rule demand couldn't be termed seditious

Joint Statements (INC + ML)

○ Self government
○ Representative govt at Centre and provincial level with expansion in elected majority
○ Term of LC - 5 years
○ Half members in viceroy's and provincial governor's council to be Indians
○ Salary of Secretary of State to be paid from British Treasury not Indian funds

Note : Executive not responsible to legislature

Montague Declaration, 1917

- After defeat of British & Indian armies at Gallipolli new secretary of state Lord Montague made declaration that
dominion status is natural culmination of British rule in India.
- British govt will prepare Indians for self govt which will be given to them progressively.

Gandhi in Africa
- Natal Indian Congress -> Formed with aim of fighting discrimination against Indians in South Africa. Mahatama
Gandhi was founder and hold position of secretariat in it. Membership was restricted to trader class due to
membership fees.
- Indian Opinion paper
- Tolstoy philosophy - "Evil could be countered by non-violence resistance"
Gandhi in India

History Page 13
Gandhi in India
- Against Home rule agitation
- Champaran Satyagrah -> against Tinkathia System on request of Rajkumar Shukla -> First Civil Disobdience
○ 25% got compensenated as per Committee recom(Gandhi was member of Committee)
○ Gandhiji arrived in Champaran on 10 April 1917 with a team of eminent lawyers i.e.
Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Acharya Kripalani.

- Ahmedabad mill strike - First Hunger Strike

○ Ambalal Sarabai -> President of Ahmedabad Mill Owners Association
 Anusuya Srabhai -> Established Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association
 35% demand met not 50%
- Kheda Satyagrah -> First Non-Cooperation and Second Civil Disobdience
-> Tax revolt due to crop failure
-> Committee recommended cancellation of taxation for Current & next year, reduce the
increase in rate & return all the confiscated property

Rowlatt Act[Sedition Committee]

- Extension of Defense of India Act 1915-> Imprisoned without trial for two year mere on basis of suspicion, without
warrant. A cell consisting three HC judges was to try such suspect where evidences beyond Indian Evidence Act
could be accepted.
- Jinnah, Madan Mohan Malviya and Mazhar Ul Haq resigned
Jallianwala Massacre
- Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal arrested
- Bhagat Singh -> establish Bharat Naujawan Sabha
- Hunter Commission / Disorders Inquiry Committee to investigation
○ Three Indian members among the committee
○ Committee condemn the Dyer action. Yet committee didn't impose any penal and disciplinary action
- Indemnity Act for Protection of its Officers before Hunter Commission
- Gurudwara Reform movement -> against Golden Temple clergy Arun Singh honored Dyer as Sikh

- Rabindranath Tagore returned his Kaisher-i-Hind title

1920 special session of Congress under Lala Lajpat Roy (Calcutta Session)
- Mahatma Gandhi moved non cooperation resolution

Nagpur Session(1920) -> C. Viraghavchari

- Adopt extra-constitutional mass struggle for swaraj i.e. peaceful and legitimate means
- Congress Working Committee setup of 15 members
- Provincial Congress Committees on linguistic basis
Khilafat Non Cooperation
- Gandhi along Ali Brother toured nationwide for Khilafat non-cooperation
- Tilak Swaraj Fund created

All India Khilafat Committee -> Gandhi as its first president

○ Boycott foreign colleges and school
○ Boycott law courts & dispensation of justice through panchayats instead
○ Khadi instead of foreign clothes
○ Renunciation of govt honour and titles
○ Boycott legislative council
○ Reign from govt service & non-payment of taxes
○ Work toward eradicate castism

- J.M. Sengupta -> In Assam organized tea plant, railway, steamer services strike
- Upper and Lower caste confrontation in Bihar

- 5 Feb -> Churi Chura Incidence

- March 1922 -> Gandhi arrested for six years in jail
Middle Class - Gandhi call to Calcutta, Bombay, Madras limited. People didn't took resignation from govt
services, surrendering of titles seriously.
Business - Supported due to boycott of foreign good
Class - Some were skeptical about peasant strike
-
Peasant - In some places UC, LC fight
Students - Pretty active & joined national school or colleges
Women - Gave up purdah, offered ornaments for tilak fund

- Hence, NCM reached every corner of society, every strata of population.

Chapter 17
- Belagaum INC Session, 1924 -> Only time Gandhi presided
 Swarajists would work in council as integral part of congress
 In 1923 won <50% seats in CLA, bt managed to form govt along with liberals and other
independent muslims like Jinnah and Malviya. However, not aligning with cause of muslim
peasant in Bengal, the communalism weakened the Swarajist lost support of muslims.
- 1930 Lahore Congress Resolution -> Purna Swaraj and Beginning of CDM
- Vithalbhai Patel -> Elected speaker in CLA in 1925
- CPI formed in Tashkent(1920) by M.N. Roy
- Bardholi Satyagrah -> led by Vallabhbhai Patel -> Sardar title by Gandhi -> Peasant agitation against tenancy law
and fear if indebtedness
○ Maxwell Broomfield committee setup which reduced the tax from 23% to 6%

- All India Trade Union Congress founded in 1920 by Lala Lajpat Rai (discussed later)
- Bhagat Singh fully accepted Marxism moving away from violence and class approach to society

CPI Party
- In 1920 by MN Roy, Abani Mukherji
- Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case in 1924 [Kanpur Bolshevik -> Kakori Robbery -> Lahore Conspiracy ->
Meerut Conspiracy -> Chittagong]
○ S.A. Dange, Muzzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini Gupta were jailed

- Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1929

○ 31 leading communists, trade unionists, left winger leaders were jailed
- All Bengal Student Conference, 1928
○ JLN presided

- With abrupt withdrawal of NCM, the young faction were not interested in parliamentary method of Swarajist or
No-Changer program of Gandhi. They opted revolutionary violent method.
○ Atmasakti, Sarathi, Bijoli -> Articles of Revolutionaries
Bandi Jivan -> Sachin Sanyal

History Page 14
 ○ Bandi Jivan -> Sachin Sanyal
○ Pather Dabi -> Sharathchandra Chatterjee

HRA : Hindustan Republic Army (Punjab, UP, Bihar)

- Founded in 1924 by Ramprasad Bismil, Sachin Sanyal
○ During last days Bismil urged to strengthen Hindu-Muslims bond
- Kakori Robbery in 1925 where many arrests, 17 jailed, 4 hanged -> Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqullah, Rajendra
Lahiri were jailed
- Chandrashekhar Azad -> Changed HRA to HSRA with Socialist ideology[1928]
(Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee)

- CLA bombing(Lahore Conspiracy Case) -> by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt against Public Safety Bill and
Trade Disputes Bill which curtails the civil liberties of citizen and workers
○ Public safety bill was defeated later in CLA
○ Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru hanged in Lahore Conspiracy Case (23 March)
○ Jatin das dies on fast in jail
- Saunders Murder -> Bhagat Singh & Shivaram Rajguru (Assassination of Saunders who killed 'Sher-i-Punjab' Lala
Lajpat Roy)
- After death of C.R. Das death in 1925, Bengal congress broke into two factions-
○ Anushilan Group -> led by J.M. Sengupta
○ Yugantar Group -> led by Subash Chandra
- Surya Sen(particiated in NCM) -> Chittagong Armoury[1930] (under banner of Indian Republican Army- Chittagong
Branch) -> Provisional Revolutionary government
"Humanism as a special virtue of revolutionaries"
○ Large scale women participation. These include Pritila Waddedar, Kalpana Dutt(Arrested along with Surya
Sen -> Later Surya Sen hanged) etc.
○ Yet, the movement was conservative, failed to evolve socio-economic causes. It further failed to support
cause of Muslim peasant

- The Philosophy of Bomb -> by Ramchandra Bohra

- Unlike earlier revolutionary tactics, currently no oath taking or rituals -> Facilitated Muslim participation
- 1933 -> JLN was arrested for 2 years cz he praised the heroism of revolutionaries

Chapter 18
Strachey Commission
- In 1880, the first Famine Commission
- Later, Lyall, MacDonell and finally Woodland Commission in 1943
- Woodland Commission suggested creation of All India Food Council, monopoly procurement and distribution
through fair-price shops

Aitchinson Committee, 1885 for Civil Service Reform

- Dropping the terms ‘covenanted’ and ‘uncovenanted’;
- Classification of the civil service into Imperial Indian Civil Service (examination in England), Provincial Civil Service
(examination in India) and Subordinate Civil Service (examination in India); and,
- Raising the age limit to 23

Lee Commission(Royal Commission on Superior Civil Services), 1923

- Look into organization and general condition of service. Method of recruitment
- Committee suggested setting up of Statutory Public Service Commission

Muddiman Committee
- Look Working of Constitution -> Criticized the dyarchy & want to established the democratic Constitution

Linlithgow Commission(Royal Commission on Agriculture)

- Improvement of Agrarian economy -> Foreign quality cattle need to import to improve quality of Indian cows

Whitley Commission
- To report on existing condition of labour and to make recommendations (1931)

Andrew Frazer Commission during Lord Curzon

- Indian not part of Imperial police
- Indians could rise only to rank of inspector of police
- Peel, Sandhurst Committee, Ashley Eden Commission -> Associated with military reform under British rule

Simon Commission (Indian Statutory Commission)

- Congress opposed, while Muslim League had mixed response(first accepted, then rejected) while Unionist party &
Justice Party decided not to boycott (Yusuf Meherally -> Slogan of 'Simon Go Back')
- Joint chairmanship of John Simon and Clement Atlee
- Impact
○ Stimulus to radical forces not only demanding complete independence but also socio-economic reform
○ Lord Birkenhead challenge to Indian politician to prepare constitution
- Recommendation
○ Provinces
▪ Abolition of dyarchy
▪ Representative govt in province with autonomy
▪ Governor should have discretionary power w.r.t. administrative and internal security
▪ Members in provincial council to increase
○ Centre
▪ Rejected Parliamentary Responsibility
▪ Governor general have complete power to appoint members of cabinet
▪ Separate electorate with no universal franchise
▪ Idea of federalism
○ Sindh separate from Bombay
○ NWFP and Baluch represent at CLA
○ Indianize Indian Army
○ Simon commission had rejected the concept of separate electorate for depressed class
- Upon report publication in 1930 no mention of Dominion Status

Chapter 19
Delhi Proposal/All India Party Meeting -> Nehru 14 Points (Aug 1928, Congress gave one year ultimatum)-> Irwin
Declaration/Deepawali Declaration(31 Oct,1929) -> Delhi Declaration/Delhi Manifesto(2 Nov, 1929 | Irwin Rejected) ->
Lahore Session -> Gandhi 11 points

Delhi Manifesto
- Agenda of RTT should be to formulate constitution of dominion India not to decide whether the dominion status
should be given
- Majority representation of congress in RTT1
- General amnesty for political prisoners and policy of conciliation

History Page 15
 - General amnesty for political prisoners and policy of conciliation

Lahore INC Session(1929)

- Nehru(popularize purna swaraj) appointed president mainly due to Gandhiji backing
- RTT Boycotted (as Delhi Manifesto rejected by INC)
- Complete independence as main aim
- CWC authorized CDM + No payment of tax + Foreign cloth boycott
- All members in legislatures asked to resign
- Tricolor flag hosted by Nehru
- Jan 26 as first Independence Day(Purna Swaraj)

Gandhi direction during salt march (began on 12 March, 1930 from headquarter in Ahmedabad to village 240 miles long)
- Foreign cloth, liquor boycott
- Can refuse to pay tax
- Lawyers can give up practice & boycott law courts
- Government servants can resign from their posts
- Local leaders should be obeyed after Gandhi's arrest

After Gandhi arrest(When Gandhi decided to lead satyagraha at Darshana), CWC sanctioned
- Non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas
- No chowkidara tax campaign in zamindari areas
- Violation of forest laws in central provinces

- Women lead the movement from front and it was most liberating experience for them
Satyagrah at different places
Tamil Nadu C Rajgopalachari
Malabar K. Kelappan launched Vaikom Satyagrah
Andhra Region Sibirams(military style camps) organized
Bengal Largest communal riots as well as arrests
Chittagong Armoury
Assam CBD failed to regain its height due to hindu-muslim, Assamese-Bengali conflict
Bihar Ambika Kant Sinha break salt law. No-chawkidari tax agitation
Replaced the salt satyagrah

Sanskritising -> In tribal belt by Somra Majhi and Bonga Majhi in Chotanagpur.
It was socio-religious movement
Peshawar Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan -> monthly magazine Pukhtoon
Dharasana Sarojini Naidu, Inam Sahib, Manilal
Gujarat No-tax movement -> Villagers crossed the border into princely
States
Manipur and Nagaland Rani Gaidinliu along with cousin Haipou Jadonang->urged
People not to pay tax

Comparison of CDM with NCM

- Confined to certain parts while CDM coverage was wide and mass participation
- Decline
○ In CDM there lie lack of Muslim working class participation.
○ Decline in intelligentsia participation e.g. Lawyer giving up practice, Student giving up govt school
- Increment
○ Business class compensated
○ No of Arrests ~ 3x
○ Most liberating experience for women
- No major labour upsurge as labour law already settled

Gandhi Irwin Pact, 25 January 1931

- Demands accepted by Irwin
○ Release all political prisoners not convicted of violence
○ Remission of all fines not yet collected
○ Return of all land not yet sold to third party
○ Lenient treatment to government servants who had resigned
○ Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption
○ Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing
○ Withdrawal of emergency ordinances

- Rejected demands
○ Public inquiry into polices excesses
○ Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his death sentence to life sentence

- Demands accepted by Gandhi

○ Suspend CDM
○ Participate in next RTT

- Observation
○ Decline in Intelligentsia protest, such as lawyer giving up practice, students giving up government schools to
join national schools and colleges
○ No major labour upsurge as labour law had already settled

Karachi Session (1931) -> Sardar Vallabhbai Patel as president

- First time congress spelt swaraj meaning
- Black flag to Gandhi by Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha
- Two resolution adopted i.e. Resolution on Fundamental Rights and Resolution on National Economic Programme

Lothian Committee(Indian Franchise Committee) for separate electorate in 2nd RTC

During 2nd RTT, Lord Irwin replaced by Lord Willingdon. Also, National govt(Liberal+Conservative) instead of Labor Govt.

Main Provision of Communal Award

- Separate electorate (for Muslim, European, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indian, women, Marathas, depressed
class for 20 years)
- Seats in provincial legislature based on communal basis
- Seats in provinces doubled
- Muslim granted weightage wherever they were in minority
- Except in NWFP 3% seats reserved for women in all provinces
- Depressed class get double vote -> one for separate while other for general electorate
- Seats for landlords, traders and industrialist also

History Page 16
Gandhi
- Setup All India Anti- Untouchability League in 1932
- Weekly Harijan
- Harijan Sevak Sangh(Changed name of Depressed class league-> Ambedkar left) -> To propagate removal of
Untouchability
- In 'Hind Swaraj' tried to show Indian unity as nation before foreign invasion.

Gandhi believed freedom was never to be bestowed but to wrested from authority by people who desire it whereas
Ambedkar expected bestowing of freedom by imperial rulers.

Chapter 20
Post CDM(1934-37)

First Stage Debate -> Course of National movement after CBD ending
- Constructive programme on Gandhian Lines
- Constitutional Struggle and participate in election
- Rejection of both constructive programme and constitutional struggle -> Continue CDM
○ Struggle & Victory strategy of Jawaharlal nehru on principle of socialism and communism

In CLA election of 1934 -> Congress won 45/75 seats

Second Stage Debate
- Nehru, Subhas, Congress and socialist & communists opposed office acceptance -> bcz there would be no power
after office acceptance & hence they unable to mobilize mass in movement(as lack of focus on constructive work)
○ Proponent of office acceptance,1935 argued that by entering into the office they would be able to promote
some of constructive work
- Leftist proposed entry into the councils to create deadlocks
- Gandhi initially opposed office acceptance later approve
- Finally, in Faizpur session(1937) accepted to contest elections and postponed decision on office acceptance->
Majority in all provinces except Bengal, Assam, Punjab, Sindh & NWFP -> Assam and NWFP formed government ->
Govt in 8/11 provinces

Manifesto for 1937 election

- Total rejection of 1935 act
- Release of prisoners
- Agricultural transform
- Remove gender, caste, race inequality
- Scaling down rural debts, cheap credit
- Right to form trade union and to strike

Chapter 21
- Bombay Trade Dispute Act(1937)
○ Industrial working class against congress as increasing closeness between Congress and Business class
- Pirpur Committee(Formed by AIML) in 1938 allege congress of antimuslim by denial of Urdu and exploitation of
muslim in economic spheres
- National Planning Committee setup under congress president Subhas Chandra Bose in 1938

Work done under Congress Govt

Civil Liberties
○ Emergency power repealed
○ Ban on illegal organisation e.g. HRA, Hindustan Seva Dal were lifted
○ Press restriction lifted
○ Police powers were curbed & CID stopped from shadowing the politicians
○ Political prisoners were released
○ Pension of officials related with CDM were restored

Agrarian Reforms
Yet, govt had certain constraints due to financial resource and due to presence of zamindar, landlords,
moneylender, capitalists presence in legislative council but they performed some of the reforms in laws related to
land reforms, debt relief, forest grazing, land tenures etc.

Yet much of these reform remained on paper till Independence.

Altitude toward labours
○ Normally, act as mediator in trade union protests and largely successful in this approach but wherever they
failed ministries restored to sec 144. This was condemned by Nehru and Gandhiji.
○ Yet, ministeries were sympathetic to workers demand and passed many legislations in favour of workers
Social Welfare Reforms
○ Temple entry to harijans, use of public facilities
○ Khadi was subsidised
○ Encourage to indigenous enterprisers
○ Mass literacy campaign
○ National Planning Committee setup under the president of Congress president SC Bose in 1938

Evaluation
○ Morale of bureaucracy came down
○ Used ministeries to control communal riots
○ Established need of ministeries for major social & economic reforms. Hence, independence is utmost desire
○ Helped to neutralise many erstwhile hostile element like landlords, businessman who were generally pro
British
○ Established fact that Indians are fit to rule

Finally, congress resigned from ministeries in Oct, 1939 on the outbreak of WW2.
(22 Dec, 1939 Day of Deliverance by Jinnah)

BR Ambedkar effort on Worker Rights

- B R Ambedkar in 1936 formed the Independent Labor Party (ILP) with a comprehensive programmed to meet the
needs and grievances of the landless, poor tenants, agriculturists, and workers.
- In the polls held in 1937, the first election under the newly enacted Government of India Act of 1935, the ILP
achieved spectacular success by winning 15 of the 17 seats it had contested for the Bombay Legislative Assembly.
On September 17, 1937, during the Poona session of the Bombay Assembly, he introduced a bill to abolish the
Khoti system of land tenure in Konkan. He opposed the introduction of the Industrial Disputes Bill, 1937 because it
removed the workers’ right to strike.
-

Peasants Movements
UP Kisan Sabha Gauri Shankar - Formed in 1918 along with Indra Narayan Dwivedi
Mishra - Supported by Madan Mohan Malviya
- Refuse to till Beddhakali land, not to offer Hari and begar
Kisan Congress Party, 1936 N.G. Ranga - Launched in Guntur district of A.P.
- He was first general secretary

History Page 17
 - He was first general secretary
- Later he was founder-president of Swatantra Party
Provincial Kisan Sabha Swami - Gradually the peasant movement intensified and
Sahajanand spread across the rest of India. All these radical
developments on the peasant front culminated in the
formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the
Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in
April 1936 with Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected
as its first President.

- N.G. Ranga as first General Secretary of AIKS

- He also launched Bakasht Movement in Bihar in 1937–1938.

"Bakasht" means selfcultivated.The movement was against the
eviction of tenants from Bakasht lands by zamindars and led to
the passing of the Bihar Tenancy Act and the Bakasht Land Tax.
South India Federation of Ranga and - To spread the peasant movement to other linguistic
Peasants and Agriculture E.M.S. regions of the Madras Presidency, organized a South Indian
Labour Namboodripa Federation of Peasants and Agricultural Labour and initiated the
d discussion for an all-India peasant body

- After passing of Malabar Tenancy act, 1929 powerful agitation

organized by Karshaka Sanghams

Eka Movement
- In region of UP by Madari Pasi and other low caste leaders
- Demands
○ Pay only recorded rent against higher rent upto 50% which was demanded by Zamindar
○ Not to leave when evicted
○ Refuse to do forced labour
○ Give no help to criminal
○ Abide by panchayat decision

Chapter 22
Congress Crisis after CBD
- According Gandhi in congress there is ample corruption and indiscipline. People taking bogus membership in order
to get into Congress committees and controlling them.

- Haripura Session (1938) -> Boss as congress president

○ Moral support to those agitating against governance of princely states
○ Six month ultimatum to British Govt. for full independence (Bose sees World War as oppurtunity)
- Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitarammaiyah who was supported by Gandhi
- Tripuri Session(April, 1939)
○ Bose resigns due ideological differences between Gandhi & Bose. Bose didn't wants to nominate CWC
member as per Gandhiji wish. Further, Gandhiji want to lead CBD in own style. To avoid any split further,
Bose resigned.
○ Rajendra Prasad as new president

SC Bose
- Considered himself socialist -> Acc him Marx's writing in India required modification
- Forward Bloc(1939) as new party within congress -> Named forward on newspaper run by CR Das
- All India protest against AICC resolution -> Debarred for 3 years
- Gandhi call him "Prince among patriots"
- Bose called Gandhi "Father of Nation"
- His association with Germany and Japan was revolutionary strategy not ideological one
- Believed in upnishad, Bhagwat Gita -> not sectarian
- Religious must be separated from state
- Work for women
○ Separate Planning commission for women(1938) chaired by Rani Lakshmi Bhai Rajwade. It was to deal with
role of women in planned economy of future India
○ Women's regiment in INA captained by Laxmi Sehgal

Gandhi advocated "back to the roots" & Sarvodaya Village

Similarity between Gandhi & Bose

- Socialism -> Gandhi favored JP Narayan way of Socialism while Bose favor western industrialized socialism
- Both disliked Communism & both were religious man
Point of Gandhi SC Bose
Difference
Approach Non-violence Militant
Means and Both equally good Means can be unethical
ends e.g. Bose associated to axis power(revolutionary
strategy not ideological kinship)
Form of Govt Ram Rajya, Decentralization Socialism, Justice, Equality. Acc him in democratic
process could not be sufficient for nation building
=> Authoritative
Economy Sarvodaya Village, Modernize Agri, Industry to Heavy industrialization backbone of nation
consume surplus labour economy
Religion Cardinal principles of religion should be followed Believed Upanishad, yet mostly secularist
Separation of State & religion not possible Separation of State & religion
Caste Support varna(important for social harmony) but End social hierarchy for social revolution -> Favor
against untouchability system -> no favor to inter inter-caste marriage
caste marriage
Women Patriarchal, Sita as symbol Women equal men to participate in freedom
struggle
Education Vocational, Moral, Vernacular language, hindu Higher, Scientific, Planned
scriptures be part ->> Self Sufficient Village

World War 2
- Congress did not like the unilateral decision of British Govt to include India in war. The two basic conditions were:
○ Constituent assembly to be convened to determine the political structure of free India
○ Some form of genuine responsible govt to be established at centre

- Demands rejected by Linlithgow

○ All the 8 congress govt(provinces) ministries resigned in Oct-Nov 1939 -> Governor Rule till 1946
○ Decided not to support the war

History Page 18
 ○
○ Some form of genuine responsible govt to be established at centre

- Demands rejected by Linlithgow

○ All the 8 congress govt(provinces) ministries resigned in Oct-Nov 1939 -> Governor Rule till 1946
○ Decided not to support the war
○ No movement launched because:
▪ Allied cause was just
▪ Lack of Hindu-Muslim unity result in riots
▪ Congress organisation was in shamble
▪ Mass was not ready for a struggle

1939 Congress at Wardah (Before August Offer)

- Condemned the fascist ideology
- Support to British if British end imperialism in its colonies and establish full democracy there. This is because they
are fighting for the democracy and freedom
- British should declare its war aims and also how the principles of democracy to be established in India after war

Ramgarh Session presided by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Before August Offer)
- March 1940
- Nothing short then complete independence -> otherwise CDM in future [Jawaharlal Nehru]
- Civil disobedience to be launched at appropriate time and circumstances
- Sovereignty, said the Congress resolution, must rest with the people, whether in the States (the princely states) or
the provinces. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Lahore Resolution by ML / Pakistan Movement[1940]

- Contiguous muslim majority should be grouped into 1 and ruled by separate constitutional provisions
- Autonomy for individual provinces

August Resolution (Linlithgow)

- First time right of Indian to frame their own constitution is recognised
- Congress demand for own constituent assembly was conceded

- By 1940, British govt issued the ordinance to take away the freedom of speech and press and right to organise
associations. British argued that no constitutional advancement till the Congress came to an agreement with
Muslim leaders.
- At this point Gandhi initiated the individual satyagraha. The demand of satyagrahi would freedom of speech
against the war through an anti war declaration. Further, if government did not arrest these satyagrahi then a
march toward Delhi under banner "Delhi Chalo Movement". Vinod Bhave -> Jawahar Lal Nehru -> Bharna Dutt
- Individual Satyagraha ended in Jan 1941 by giving general amnesty to all Indians.

- After Japan aggression trend -> CWC passed resolution to cooperate British India if
○ Full Independence after war
○ Substantial power transfer immediately

- At this time Gandhi chosen Nehru as his successor

- The Good Boatman by Rajamohan Gandhi -> Described Nehru as pluralist as per Gandhi

Chapter 23
Quit India resolution[8 Aug, 1942]
○ Proposed by Jawahar Lal Nehru, seconded by Sardar Patel and finally approved by AICC in Bombay in August
○ Facts
▪ Immediate end to British rule in India
▪ Form a provisional govt of India after the British withdrawal
▪ Sanction a CBD against British rule

○ Gandhi ji Instructions
▪ Government servants: Do not resign but declare your allegiance to Congress
▪ Soldiers: Do not leave army but do not fire on compatriots
▪ Students: If confident, leave studies
▪ Peasants: If zamindar pro govt then, do not pay the rent else do pay
▪ Princes: Support the masses and accept the sovereignty of your people
▪ Princely state's people: If ruler is anti-govt then support him
9th Aug
○ AICC and PCC were declared unlawful
○ Defence of India rules led public meetings unlawful
○ Aruna Asaf Ali Preside over the Congress Committee and hoisted the flag

- Bridges were blown, pubic buildings were blown, railway tacks removed, telegraph lines were cut. Workers went
on strike in Poona, Bombay etc. Active help were provided by Businessmen also
- Usha Mehta run underground radio in Bombay

Parallel Govt
Ballia - Under Chittu Pandey
Tamluk - By Jatiya sarkar -> Organised Vidyut Vahini
Satara - Prati Sarkar organised under YB Chavan, Nana Patil
- Gandhi marriages were organised
- Nyayadan Mandals -> Set up for dispensation of justice
Extent of Mass Participation
- Peasant of all strata participated. Alongside zamindar also participated and there was complete absence of anti-
zamindar violence.
- Lower hierarchy police officers presented lower loyalty to British. Upper classes and Bureaucracy remained loyal to
British largely
- Princely state -> low-key response
- Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha boycotted the movement
○ Yet, Muslims helped by giving shelter to underground activists. => No communal clashes
- Communists initially opposed but later supported.

- Martial law not applied but heavy repression by govt

Gandhi Fast
○ Against the govt violence
○ Three members of viceroy executive council resigned
- 1943: M.S. Aney, N.R. Sarkar, and H.P. Moddy are remembered as members of the Viceroys executive council
who resigned in 1943. These members resigned in 1943 in order to pressurise the British government to release
Gandhiji from jail.
- Gandhi release in 1944 by Churchill on account of Pneumonia

- On March 23, 1943, The Pakistan Day was observed

History Page 19
- 1943: M.S. Aney, N.R. Sarkar, and H.P. Moddy are remembered as members of the Viceroys executive council
who resigned in 1943. These members resigned in 1943 in order to pressurise the British government to release
Gandhiji from jail.
- Gandhi release in 1944 by Churchill on account of Pneumonia

- On March 23, 1943, The Pakistan Day was observed

Famine of 1943 in South West Bengal
○ Rice imports from Burma, South-East Asia stopped

INA and SC Bose

○ Anti Compromise Conference in Ramgarh, 1940 by Forward Bloc and Kisan Sabha
○ In Peshawar by pseudo name Ziauddin
○ Met Hitler with pseudo name Orland Mazzotta
▪ Freedom army formed consist of Indian POW
○ Netaji by people of Germany. He gave slogan 'Jai Hind' from Free India Centre, Germany
○ Indian Club of Tokyo -> By Rashbehari Ghosh

○ INA
▪ Durning first phase INA was organised by Mohan Singh with help of POW in Japan. Later due to
differences Mohan Singh was put behind bars and custody was taken to Rashbehari Ghosh.
▪ Later, SC Bose under pseudo name Abid Hussain reached in Japan.

▪ Provisional Government for Free India at Singapore -> Subash Chandra Bose as Prime Minister
□ Slogan: "Give me blood, I will give you freedom!"

▪ Rani Jhasi Regiment under Laksmi Sehgal

▪ Andaman and Nicobar Islands were given by Japanese army to INA [Sahid Dweep and Swaraj Dweep]
▪ Imphal Campaign -> Under Shah Nawaz -> met with discrimination of Japan. Later, defeat of INA in
Battle of Kohima & Battle of Imphal as Japan wakens.
▪ Colonel Malik of Bahadur Group hoisted the INA flag first time in Manipur, Moirang

CR Plan 1. Referendum or Voting in Muslim majority district of India where

(First time, ML as separate everyone(muslim + everyone) will vote to decide India or Pakistan.
nation accepted) 2. Referendum only after transfer of power => AIML required to support the
demand of immediate independence by congress.
Design of future India 3. In case of partition -> Common defense, communication etc.

Gandhi Jinnah Talk

- Failed, as per Jinnah AIML is sole representative of Muslims. Further,
Jinnah wanted all 5 majority provinces entirely where there were some
Hindu majority district also.
- Jinnah wants Division before independence
Desai Liaquat Formula 1. INC = AIML members (80% of GG)
2. 20% reserved for minority
Nature of Interim Govt
Wavell Plan 1. H=M
- Churchill as PM 2. Rest of seats to other communities
(Conservative) 3. GG -> exercise veto on advice of Council
4. GG & Commander-in-chief -> To be Britishers only i.e. except defense all
Nature of Interim Govt portfolio to Indians
- While all members of executive council to be Indians

Shimla Conference
- Failed as AIML wants itself as sole nominee of Muslims. Further, AIML
demanded
○ 2/3 majority for decision
○ Veto to AIML
1945 -> Election in Britain won by Liberal Clement Atlee

- Also Central Election of 1945 after 1934 in India as GOI Act, 1919
○ ML won all Muslim seats & >90% Muslim votes. Capturing 57/102
seats in CLA.
1946- Provincial Election
Cabinet Mission 1. One constituent assembly for entire country
(Sir Stafford Cripps, AV Union of India
Alexander, Pethick ○ No partition
Lawrence[Secretary of State for ○ Union -> Only foreign affair, defense, communication
India]) 2. Members from both British India (via provincial election of 1946) [296] &
Princely states(Nomination) [93] & 4 from Chief Commissionerate province
Nature of Interim Govt + Design 3. Residuary power to provinces
of future India 4. No reservation for depressed class
5. These constituent assembly make constitution for group of province
Type A -> Hindu Majority : UP, Bihar, Orrisa, Madras, Bombay, CP
Type B -> Punjab, Sindh, Baloch, NMFP
Type C -> Bengal, Assam
• Full fledged Pakistan demand rejected
• As a compromise this grouping for 10 years only for joining another
group. However, province can come out of group after first general
election.
• Both parties accepted the plan & agreed to join constituent assembly.
However, both parties decline to join interim govt. & decided to take
power only after constitution is finalized.
6. Centre
a. First 3 provincial constitution formed. Later, these 3 assemblies sit to
form Union constitution.
b. Central Subjects -> Defense, Communication, External Affairs
7. Communal Question -> By simple majority of both communities present and
voting
8. Paramountcy of Princely states returned

9. Interim Govt -> formed from Constituent Assembly

Plan Balkan 1. Made each province sovereign
3rd June Plan, Mountbatten 1. Two dominion
Plan Dominion of India(1947-50) + Dominion of Pakistan (1947-50)
2. Princely states are made sovereign
3. Provinces choose India or Pakistan by voting in Legislative Council.
• Punjab, Bengal -> Three options of India, Pakistan or partition of
province
4. NWFP, Sylhet -> referendum over Pak or India

History Page 20
 4. NWFP, Sylhet -> referendum over Pak or India
a. Both voted for Pakistan

Indian Independence Act, 1947 -> Passed on 8th July, 1947

1. Give constituent assembly power to legislate any law => Dissolution of CLA & Council of States
2. GG have assent power
3. Secretary of State for India abolished --> Secretary of State of Commonwealth Affair
4. GOI Act, 1935 -> Valid till new constitution. Further, this can be amend by Constituent assembly.

Lord Mountbatten -> First GG of Independent India

- Official reference to Pakistan came in March 1947, when CWC resolution stated that Punjab(and by implication,
Bengal) must be partitioned if the Country was divided.
- 9 Dec, 1946 - 24 Jan, 1950 - Constituent Assembly time period
- 22 June, 1947 -> Objective resolution passed in constituent assembly by India that India will be Sovereign,
democratic, republic.

Chapter 24

Congress support for INA Prisoners at Bombay Session, 1945

- Resolution in support
- Defence of INA prisoners by - Bhulabhai Desai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, Asaf Ali
- INA relief and Enquiry Committee
- Fund Collection was organised

- Almost all society group supported the resolution from Muslim League, Congress, Hindu Mahasabha, Unionist,
Justice, Communists etc.

- Upsurge in Calcutta against INA trials

○ Led by Muslim league -> Congress and Communists students also joined
○ Congress didn't officially support these upsurge

- Rebellion by Naval Ratings, 1946 -> M.S. Khan, Madan Singh involved
○ Royal Indian Navy ratings of HMIS Talwar went on a strike to protest.
○ Flag hoisted of Tricolor, Crescent and Hammer and Sickle
○ Soon other ratings also joined e.g. Bombay Ratings(Holding Congress flag)
○ Later, rebellion in Royal Indian Air Force in Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, Jessore, Ambala -> Patel and Jinnah
persuaded
- Impact of Upsurges
These upsurge were violent and in direct conflict with authority. Only more militant section could participate in
these upsurge. Further, these upsurges were short lived reaching to remotest of village. Further, communal unity
was more organisational. Muslim rating went to Muslim league to seek advice while rest to Congress and Socialist.

○ Only those INA members accused of murder etc. were to taken into trial
○ Withdrawal of Indian soldiers from Indo-China and Indonesia
○ Parliament delegation to India (e.g. Cabinett Mission -> Pathick Lawrence was Chairman)
○ Cabinet mission as a result
Atlee : "..though mindful of the rights of minorities… cannot allow a minority to place their veto on advance of majority"

Interim Govt Ministers

Jawaharlal Nehru Vice President of Executive Council, External Affairs, Common Wealth Relations
Vallabhbhai Patel Home, Information and Broadcasting
Baldev Singh Defense
John Mathai Industries and Supplies
C Rajgopalachari Education
CH Bhabha Work, Mines, Power
Rajendra Prasad Agricultural and Food
Jagjivan Ram Labour
Asaf Ali Railway
Liaqut Ali Khan Finance
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Commerce
Abdur Rab Nishtar Communications
Ghazanfar Ali Khan Health
Jogendra Nath Mandal Law

Chapter 32
The Movement of Working Class
- Second half saw incoming of British Industries: Coal -> Cotton -> Jute
- Two basic antagonists
○ Imperial political rule
○ Economic exploitation in both British and Indian industry

History Page 21
 - Bharat Shramjeevi: Sasipada Banerjee
- NM Lokhande as Father of trade Union

- Congress Initial Stand

○ Differentiate between labour in Indian and Foreign factory
○ Not very comfortable in including the plight of workers in National movement as labor legislation would
effect Indian own industries and led to division in the movement
○ Did not support the Factory Acts of 1881 & 1891

- First Factory Act 1881

○ Act banned the employment of children below 7 years in factories
○ Working hours restricted to 9 hours per day for children(below 12 years of age)
○ Children to get one hour + 4 holidays per month
○ Inspector to enforce these rules + Hazardous machines properly fenced off

- Second Factory Act, 1891 [Lord Landsdowne]

○ Banned Age -: Increased to 9 years
○ Children mean < 14 years age
○ Legally allowed Child labor between 9 to 14 years -> restricted to 7 hours work
○ Women Related
▪ Maximum working hours restricted to 11 hours per day
▪ 1.5 hours interval per day (30 min for men)
○ Weekday holiday for all

○ These acts do not allowed on British Owned Tea and Coffee plant -> Criminal Act

- Gandhian Era
○ Mobilization of peasants and workers in national cause
○ Need was felt to organize workers in trade union

- Madras Labor Union (First Organized Trade Union, 1918)

○ Founded by Bahman Pestonji who was first president also
○ Listening exploitation of workers in Madras Mill like Buckhingam and Carnatic Mills

- All India Trade Union Congress on October 31, 1920

○ Lala Lajpat Rai as president & Deewan Chaman lal as first general secretary
○ Gaya session, 1922 of congress welcomed it
○ It was formed to represent India at International Labor Organization (ILO).
○ The manifesto issued to the workers by the AITUC urged them not only to organize themselves but also to
intervene in nationalist politics

- Trade Union Act, 1926

○ Legality to trade union
○ Laid down conditions for registration and regulations of trade union activities
○ Secured immunity, both civil and criminal for legitimate acts
○ Restriction on political activities

- Trade Dispute Act, 1929 -> against revolutionary impact on frequent strikes
○ Made compulsory the appointment of Courts of Inquiry and Consultation Boards for settling the Industrial
disputes
○ Made illegal the strikes in public utility services unless 1 month prior notice to administrator
○ Forbade trade union activity of coercive or purely political nature and even sympathetic strikes

- Due to arrest of 31 leaders in Meerut Conspiracy Case(1929) the movement got weakened
- In 1931, split in AITUC where corporatist trend led by NM Joshi Broke away to set up All India Trade Union
federation.
- In 1935 communists joined the AITUC
- In 1936 as Congress got ministeries many sympathetic act in their favour passed

Chapter 33
- Council of Minister of Independent India
Jawahar Lal Nehru - Prime Minister
- Minister of External Affair and Commonwealth Relation
- Minister of Scientific Research

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Deputy Prime Minister

- Minister of Home Affairs and States
- Minister of Information and Broadcasting
Maulana Abul Kalam - Minister of Education
Azad
John Mathai - Minister of Railways and Transport………. Earlier, Industries and Supply
Sardar Baldev Singh - Minister of Defence
Jairamdas Daulatram - Minister of Food and Agriculture…….. Earlier Food and Agri with Rajendra Prasad
Jagjivan Ram - Minister of Labour
C.H. Bhabha - Minister of Commerce
Amrit Kaur - Minister of Health
Rafi Ahmad Kidwai - Minister of Communication
R.K. Shanmukham - Minister of Finance
Chetty
B.R. Ambedkar - Minister of Law
Shyama Prasad - Minister of Industries and Supplies(First to resign from Cabinet in April 1950 over Delhi
Mukherjee Minority Pact)

Why so much massacre?

- Nehru decision not to allow the Britishers Army into Indian matter
- According to Lockhart, the Commander-in-Chief of Indian Army(Aug 15-Dec 31, 1947), the widespread disorder
could had been under control if all the personnel from civil and armed services had been place in their respective
new countries.
- Bengal due to presence of Gandhi experienced relatively less violence then Punjab.
Challenges
- Division of Civil Government
○ According to self decision of the Civil Servants in which country they want to serve
- Finance

History Page 22
 - Finance
○ Pakistan want 25% share but INC declined. Here, Gandhi went on fast pressurizing INC to accept Pakistan
demand. This became cause of his assassinations
- Defence
○ Muslim majority units to Pakistan and Non-muslim to India

- After Gandhi death, ban on RSS on Feb 4, 1948 which was later lifted on July 1949

Delhi Minority Pact

- Signed between Indian PM Jawahar Lal Nehru and Pakistan Prime Minister Liqauat Ali Khan on April 8, 1950
- It was to resolve the communal tension and restore peace in two countries especially in Bengal. Provision :
○ Set up of commission to look into probable cause of communal riots
○ Appointment of minority minister both at center and provincial level in both country

Chapter 35
- Constitution of India Bill(Home rule bill), 1895
○ Envisaged basic human rights such as liberty, equality before law, right to property etc.
○ No conclusive author

- National Demand, 1924

○ After NCM introduced by Motilal Nehru in CLA -> Passed in CLA
○ Minority rights and interests
○ In response British appointed Simon Commission
○ First time a demand for constitution

- First time demand for constituent assembly by Congress started post 1934

- 1937 : CWC accepted draft resolution prepared under Acharya Kriplani

○ Latter passed in all provinces demanding repealing of GOI Act, 1935

- Constituent assembly set up under Cripps mission

○ Constituent assembly elected indirectly by provincial assemblies
○ Provinces divided into three groups A, B, C
○ Each provinces got seat according populations -> Seats in each provinces among Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus

- Indian Independence act, 1947 declared Constituent Assembly to be fully sovereign body
○ Dr. Rajendra Prasad as first president of Constituent Assembly (Dr. Sachidananda for 2 days initially as
temporary president. HC Mukherjee and VT Krishnamachari as vice president)
○ Ambedkar as chairman of drafting committee
○ Preamble adopted in last
○ Constituent assembly adopted National Flag on July 22, 1947 and adopted National Anthem and National
song on last day of its session i.e. January 24, 1950
○ Drafting committee on Aug 29, 1947
○ Commonwealth notification on May 1949

- On 26 Nov, 1949 people of India gave to itself Constitution of India.

▪ Adoption of national flag -> National anthem -> Drafting Committee -> Ratification of Indian
membership of commonwealth
- First Election
○ INC > CPI > Socialist Party > Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party

History Page 23