Exercise 2A

40
1 a A displacement = 40 km, time = 0.5 h and = 80
0.5
So the average velocity is 80 km h−1.
20
B displacement = 20 km, time = 0.5 h and = 40
0.5
So the average velocity is 40 km h−1.
0
C displacement = 0 km, time = 0.5 h and =0
0.5
So the average velocity is 0 km h−1.
40
D displacement = 40 km, time = 1 h and = 40
1
So the average velocity is 40 km h−1.
100
E displacement = −100 km, time = 1.5 h and = −66.7 (to 3 s.f.)
1.5
So the average velocity is −66.7 km h−1.

b The average velocity for the whole journey is 0 km h−1 as the overall displacement is 0 km.

c Total distance travelled = 200 km

Total time taken = 4 h
200
average speed = = 50 km h−1
4

2 a For first section of the journey: average velocity = 60 km h−1, time taken = 2.5 h

displacement = 2.5 × 60 = 150 km

150
This is 6 squares on the vertical axis, so one square is = 25 km
6
total displacement shows as 7.5 squares = 7.5 × 25 = 187.5 km

b Time for whole journey = 3.75 h

187.5
average velocity = = 50 km h−1
3.75

3 a displacement = 12 km, time = 1 h

12
average velocity = = 12 km h−1
1

b Sarah passed her home at 12:45.

c For the penultimate stage: displacement = −12 + (−3) = −15 km, time = 1.5 h
−15
average velocity = = −10 km h−1
1.5

For the final stage: displacement = 3 km, time = 1 h

3
average velocity = = 3 km h−1
1

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3 d Total distance travelled = 30 km
Total time taken = 4 h
30
average speed = = 7.5 km h−1
4

4 a Reading from the graph:

maximum height = 2.5 m

time taken to reach this = 0.75 s

b When it reaches the highest point, the velocity of the ball is 0 m s−1.

c i The velocity of the ball is positive (upwards) and decreases (the ball is decelerating) until it
reaches 0 at the highest point.

ii The velocity of the ball is negative (downwards), and increases (the ball is accelerating) until it
hits the ground at the same speed at which it was launched.

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Exercise 2B
1 a a= 9
4 = 2.25
The athlete accelerates at a rate of 2.25 m s −2 .

b=s 1
2 ( a + b) h

= 1
2 (8 + 12) × 9= 90

The displacement of the athlete after 12 s is 90 m.

2 a

b=s 1
2 ( a + b) h

= 1
2 (30 + 42) ×10= 360

The distance from A to B is 360 m.

3 a a= 8
20 = 0.4

The acceleration of the cyclist is 0.4 m s −2 .

b a=− 158 =−0.533 (to 3 s.f.)

The deceleration of the cyclist is 0.533 m s −2 .

c=s 1
2 ( a + b) h

= 1
2 (40 + 75) ×=
8 460

After 75 s, the displacement of the cyclist is 460 m.

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4 a

b =s 1
2 ( a + b) h

2400= 1
2 (T + (15 + T + 25)) × 30
= 15(2T + 40)
2T + 40 = 2400
15 = 160

160 − 40
=T = 60
2

The time taken to travel from S to F is (15 + T + 25) = 100 s.

5 a The velocity after 20 s is given by

velocity = acceleration x time = 0.6 × 20 = 12

b =s 1
2 ( a + b) h

4200
= 1
2 (T + (20 + T + 40) ) × 12
= 6 (2T + 60)
4200
2T + 60= = 700
6
700 − 60
T= = 320
2

c While at constant velocity: v = 12 m s−1, t = 320 s

distance travelled = 12 × 320 = 3840 m

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6 a

b=s 1
2 ( a + b) h

480
= 1
2 (4T + (15 + 4T + T ))10
= 5 × (15 + 9T )
480
9T +=
15 = 96
5

96 − 15
=T = 9
9

Total time travelling = 15 + 5T = 15 + (5 × 9) = 60

The particle travels for a total of 60 s.

7 a Area = trapezium + rectangle + triangle

100= 1
2 (u + 10) × 3 + 7 ×10 + 12 × 2 ×10
= 3
2 (u + 10) + 70 + 10
3
2 (u + 10) = 100 − 70 − 10 = 20
u = 20 × 23 − 10
= 103

10 − 103 20
b a= = 9= 2.22 (to 3 s.f.)
3
The acceleration of the particle is 2.22 m s −2 .

8 a For M , velocity = acceleration x time = 3 × 8 =24

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8 b Let C overtake M at time T seconds.

The distance travelled by M is given by

1
(8 × 24) + 24 × (T − 8)
s=
2
= 24(T − 4)

The distance travelled by C is given by

s= 1
2 ( a + b) h = 1
2 (T − 20 + T ) × 30
= 15 (2T − 20)

At the point of overtaking the distances are equal.

24(T − 4)= 15(2T − 20)

24T − 96 = 30T − 300
6T = 204
T= = 34
204
6

=s 24(T − 4)
= 24(34 − 4)
= 720

The distance of the pedestrian from the road junction is 720 m.

Challenge

a The object changed direction after 6 s, as this is when the velocity changed from positive to negative.

b While travelling at positive velocity:

s p = 12 (1 + 6) ×=
3 1
2 21 10.5
×=

While travelling at negative velocity:

sn = 12 (4 + 2) × 2 = 12 ×12 = 6

The total distance travelled by the object = sp + sn = 10.5 + 6 = 16.5 m

c i Using the value calculated in b, after 6 s the displacement of the object is sp = 10.5 m.

ii In the first 6 seconds, displacement is positive.

In the last 4 seconds, displacement is negative.

Hence, using the values calculated in b, total displacement = sp + (−sn) = 10.5 + (−6) = 4.5 m.

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Exercise 2C
1 a Slowing down (decelerating)

b Constant velocity

c Accelerating

d 54 m s−1

2 a

c Distance travelled = area under the curve

1 1
= × 4 × (18 + 22 ) + 6 × 22 + × 4 × ( 22 + 20 )
2 2
= 296 m

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Challenge

b After T s the speed of the particle is 8 + 5T m s−1

After (T + 16) s the speed of the particle is (8 + 5T – 10 × 4) m s−1
The question states that after (T + 16) s the speed of the particle is –12 m s−1
Therefore,
8 + 5T – 10 × 4 = –12
5T – 32 = –12
5T = 20
T=4s

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Exercise 2D
1 =
a 3,=
u 2,=t 6,=
v ?

v= u + at
= 2 + 3 × 6 = 2 + 18 = 20

The velocity of the particle at time t = 6 s is 20 m s−1.

2=
u 10,=
v 0,=t 16,=
a ?

v= u + at

0 = 10 + a ×16
a=
− 10 −0.625
16 =

The deceleration of the car is 0.625 m s−1.

3=s 360,
= t 15,
= v 28,
= u ?

u+v
s= t
 2 
u + 28
360
= ×15
2
360 × 2
= u − 28
15
= 20

The velocity of the car at the first sign post is 20 m s−1.

4 a =
a 0.5,=
u 3,=
t 12,=
v ?

v= u + at
= 3 + 0.5 ×12 = 3 + 6 = 9

The velocity of the cyclist at B is 9 m s−1.

b =
u 3,=v 9,=t 12,=
s ?
u+v
s = t
 2 
 3+9 
=  ×12 =6 ×12 =72
 2 

The distance from A to B is 72 m s−1.

5 a=s 24,
= t 6,=
v 5,=
u ?
u+v
s= t
 2 

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 u +5
5 a 24 =  ×6
 2 
24 × 2
= u −5 = 3
6

The velocity of the particle at A is 3 m s−1.

b=
u 3,=
v 5,=
t 6,=
a ?

v= u + at
5= 3 + 6a
5−3 1
a= = = 0.333 (to 3 s.f.)
6 3

The acceleration of the particle is 0.333 m s−1.

6 a a=
−1.2, t ===
6, v 2, u ?

v= u + at
2 = u − 1.2 × 6 = u − 7.2
u= 2 + 7.2 = 9.2

The speed of the particle at A is 9.2 m s−1.

b=
u 9.2,=
v 2,=t 6,=
s ?

 u + v   9.2 + 2 
s=  t 
=  × 6= 11.2 × 3= 33.6
 2   2 

The distance from A to B is 33.6 m.

72 ×1000
7 a 72 km h −=
1
72
= ×1000 m h −1 = m s −1 20 m s −1
3600

20, a =
u= −0.6, t =
25, v =
?

v = u + at = 20 − 0.6 × 25 = 20 − 15 = 5 m s −1

5 × 3600
=5 m s −1 = km h −1 18 km h −1
1000

The speed of the train as it passes the second signal is 18 km h−1

b=
u 20,=
v 5,=
t 25,=
s ?

u+v  20 + 5 
s=  t=   × 25 = 12.5 × 25 = 312.5
 2   2 
The distance between the signals is 312.5 m.

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8 a a=
−4, u =
32, v =
0, t =
?

v= u + at
0 32 − 4t
=
32
=t = 8
4

The time taken for the particle to move from A to B is 8 s.

b=
u 32,=
v 0,=t 8,=
s ?

u+v  32 + 0 
s=   t=   × 8 = 16 × 8 = 128
 2   2 

The distance between A and B is 128 m.

9 a=u 16,
= t 40,=v 0,=a ?

v= u + at
0 16 + 40a
=
−16
a= = −0.4
40

The deceleration between A and B is 0.4 m s−2.

b=
u 16,
= t 40,
= v 0,=s ?

u+v  16 + 0 
s =  t =  × 40 =8 × 40 =320
 2   2 

The distance from the bottom of the hill to the point where the skier comes to rest is 320 m.

10 a =
u 2,=
v 7,=t 20,=
a ?

v = u + at
7 = 2 + 20a
7−2
=a = 0.25
20

The acceleration of the particle is 0.25 m s−2.

b From B to C=
, u 7,=v 11,=a 0.25,
= t ?

v= u + at
11= 7 + 0.25t
11 − 7
=t = 16
0.25

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10 b The time taken for the particle to move from B to C is 16 s.

c The time taken to move from A to C is (20 + 16) = 36 s

From A to C=
, u 2,=v 11,
= t 36,=s ?

 u + v   2 + 11 
s =  t =   × 36 = 6.5 × 36 = 234
 2   2 

The distance between A and C is 234 m.

11 a From A to B ,=
a 1.5,=
u 1,=t 12,=
v ?

v =u + at =1 + 1.5 ×12 =1 + 18 =19

The velocity of the particle at B is 19 m s−1.

b From B to C=
, u 19,
= v 43,
= t 10,
= a ?

v= u + at
43
= 19 + 10a
43 − 19
= a = 2.4
10

The acceleration from B to C is 2.4 m s−2.

c The distance from A to B,=

u 1,=v 19,=t 12,=s ?

 u + v   1 + 19 
s = t =   ×12 = 10 ×12 = 120
 2   2 

The distance from B to C=

, u 19,
= v 43,
= t 10,
= s ?

 u + v   19 + 43 
s = t =   ×10 = 31×10 = 310
 2   2 

The distance from A to C is (120 + 310) = 430 m.

12 a =
u 0,=
v 5,=t 20,=
a x

v = u + at
5 = 0 + 20 x
x= = 0.25
5
20

b While accelerating,=
u 0,=v 5,=t 20,=s ?

u+v 0+5
s =  t =   × 20 = 2.5 × 20 = 50
 2   2 

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12 b While decelerating, u =
5, v =
0, a =
− 12 , x =
−0.125, t =
?

v = u + at
0 = 5 − 0.125t
=t =5 40
0.125

Now,=
u 5,=v 0,=t 40,=s ?

u+v  5+0
s =  t =   × 40 = 2.5 × 40 = 100
 2   2 

The total distance travelled is the distance travelled while accelerating added to the distance
travelled while decelerating = (50 + 100) = 150 m.

13 a From A to B

v= u + at
30
= 20 + at1
at1 = 10 (1)

From B to C

v= u + at
45
= 30 + at2
at2 = 15 (2)

Dividing (1) by (2),

at1 10
=
at2 15
t1 2
= as required.
t2 3

b From the result in part a

t2 = 32 t1
t1 + t2 = t1 + 32 t1 = 52 t1 = 50
t1 =52 × 50 =20

From A to B
= , u 20,
= v 30,
= t 20,
= s ?

 u + v   20 + 30 
s = t =   × 20 = 25 × 20 = 500
 2   2 

The distance from A to B is 500 m.

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 Challenge

a Distance s is the same for both particles: AB.

For the first particle: u = 3, v = 5, time taken is t seconds

 u + v   3+5
=s =  t =  t 4t (1)
 2   2 

For the second particle: u = 4, v = 8, time taken is (t – 1) seconds, because the particle starts 1 second
later than the first and arrives at the same time)

u+v  4+8
s=  ( t − 1) =   ( t − 1) = 6 ( t − 1) = 6t − 6 (2)
 2   2 

4t = 6t – 6 (1) and (2)

t=3

The time for the first particle to get from A to B is 3 s.

b Substituting this value of t into equation (1):

s = 4t = 4 × 3 = 12

The distance between A and B is 12 m.

[Check by substituting into equation (2): s = 6t − 6 = 6 × 3 − 6 = 12]

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Exercise 2E
1=a 2.5,=
u 3,=s 8,=v ?

v 2 = u 2 + 2as = 32 + 2 × 2.5 × 8 = 9 + 40 = 49
=v 49 7
=

The velocity of the particle as it passes through B is 7 m s −1 .

2=
u 8,=t 6,=s 60,=
a ?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
60 = 8 × 6 + 12 × a × 62 = 48 + 18a
60 − 48 2
=a =
18 3

The acceleration of the car is 0.667 m s −2 (to 3 s.f.)

3=u 12,=v 0,=s 36,=a ?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
02= 122 + 2 × a × 36= 144 + 72a
a =
− 144 −2
72 =

The deceleration is 2 m s −2 .

54 ×1000
4=u 15,
= v 20,
= s 500,
= ? 54 km h −1
a= = m s −1 15 m s −1
3600

72 ×1000
72 km h −1
= = m s −1 20 m s −1
3600

2
v= u 2 + 2as
202= 152 + 2 × a × 500
400
= 225 + 1000a
400 − 225
= a = 0.175
1000

The acceleration of the train is 0.175 m s −2 .

5 a=s 48,=u 4,=v 16,=a ?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
162 = 42 + 2 × a × 48

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5 a 256
= 16 + 96a
256 − 16
= a = 2.5
96

The acceleration of the particle is 2.5 m s −2 .

b=u 4,=v 16,=a 2.5,

= t ?

v= u + at
16= 4 + 2.5t
16 − 4
=t = 4.8
2.5

The time taken to move from A to B is 4.8 s.

6 a a = 3, s = 38, t = 4, u = ?

s= ut + 12 at 2
38= 4u + 12 × 3 × 42 = 4u + 24
38 − 24
=u = 3.5
4

The initial velocity of the particle is 3.5 m s −1 .

b a = 3, t = 4, u = 3.5, v = ?

v = u + at= 3.5 + 3 × 4= 15.5

The final velocity of the particle is 15.5 m s −1 .

7 a u=
18, v =
0, a =
−3, s =
?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
2
0= 182 + 2 × (−3) × =
s 324 − 6 s
s
= 324
6 = 54

The distance travelled as the car decelerates is 54 m.

b u=
18, v =
0, a =
−3, t =
?

v= u + at
0= 18 − 3t
t
= = 6
18
3

The time taken for the car to decelerate is 6 s.

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8 a u=
12, v ==
0, a −0.8, s =
?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
2
0= 122 + 2 × (−0.8) × =
s 144 − 1.6 s
s
= = 90
144
1.6

The distance moved by the stone is 90 m.

b Half the distance in a is 45 m.

12, a =
u= −0.8, s =
45, v =
?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
= 122 + 2 × (−0.8) × 45= 144 − 72= 72
v
= 72 8.49 (to 3 s.f.)
=

The speed of the stone is 8.49 m s −1.

9 a a = 2.5, u = 8, s = 40, t = ?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
40= 8t + 1.25t 2
0 1.25t 2 + 8t − 40
=
−(8) ± (8) 2 − 4 × (1.25) × (−40)
t=
2 × (1.25)
−8 + 264
=t = 3.30 (to 3 s.f.)
2.5

The time taken for the particle to move from O to A is 3.30 s.

b=a 2.5,=
u 8,=s 40,=v ?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
= 82 + 2 × 2.5 × 40 = 264
=v 264 16.2 (to 3 s.f.)
=

The speed of the particle at A is 16.2 m s −1 .

10 a a =
−2, s =
32, u =
12, t =
?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
= 12t − t 2
32
t 2 − 12t + 32 = (t − 4)(t − 8) = 0

So t = 4 or t = 8.
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10 b When t = 4,

v = u + at = 12 − 2 × 4 = 4

The velocity is 4 m s −1 in the direction AB.

When t = 8,

v =u + at =12 − 2 × 8 =−4

The velocity is 4 m s −1 in the direction BA.

11 a a =
−5, u =
12, s =
8, t =
?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
8 12t − 2.5t 2
=
2.5t 2 − 12t + 8 =0
5t 2 − 24t + 16 = (5t − 4)(t − 4) = 0

So t = 0.8 or t = 4.

b a=
−5, u =
12, s =
−8, v =
?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
= 122 + 2 × (−5) × (−8)
= 144 + 80 = 224
=v 224 15.0 (to 3 s.f.)
=

The velocity at x = −8 is 15.0 m s −1 .

12 a a =
−4, u =
14, s =
22.5, t =
?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
= 14t − 2t 2
22.5
2t 2 − 14t + 22.5 =
0
4t 2 − 28t + 45 = (2t − 5)(2t − 9) = 0

The difference between the times is (4.5 − 2.5) s =

2 s.

b The maximum distance is reached when P reverses direction.

a= −4, u =
14, v = 0, t = ?

v= u + at
0 = 14 − 4t ⇒ t = 14
4 = 3.5

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12 b Find the displacement when t = 3.5.

s ut + 12 at 2
=
= 14 × 3.5 − 2 × 3.52 = 24.5

Between
= t 2.5
= and t 4.5 the particle moves back and forward.

Hence total distance travelled =

2 × (24.5 − 22.5) m =
4 m.

13 a From B to C
= , u 14,
= v 20,
= s 300,
= a ?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
202= 142 + 2 × a × 300
202 − 142
=a = 0.34
600

The acceleration of the car is 0.34 m s −2 .

b From A to =
C , v 20,
= s 400,
= a 0.34,
= u ?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
202 = u 2 + 2 × 0.34 × 400 = u 2 + 272
u 2 = 400 − 272 = 128
± 128 =
u = ±8 2

Assuming the car is not in reverse at A, u = +8 2

v= u + at
20 8 2 + 0.34t
=
20 − 8 2
=t = 25.5 (to 3 s.f.)
0.34

The time taken for the car to travel from A to C is 25.5 s.

14 a For P,=a 2,=u 4

s = ut + 12 at 2
= 4t + 12 × 2t 2 = 4t + t 2

The displacement of P is (4t + t 2 ) m.

For =
Q, a 3.6,
= u 3

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14 a Q has been moving for (t − 1) seconds since passing through A, so

s = u (t − 1) + 12 a (t − 1) 2
= 3(t − 1) + 1.8(t − 1) 2 = 1.8t 2 − 0.6t − 1.2

The displacement of Q is (1.8t 2 − 0.6t − 1.2) m.

b P and Q meet when sP = sQ, so, from a:

4t + t 2= 1.8t 2 − 0.6t − 1.2

0.8t 2 − 4.6t − 1.2 =
0

Divide throughout by 0.2:

4t 2 − 23t − 6 =
0
(t − 6)(4t + 1) =
0

Rejecting a negative solution for time, t = 6.

c Substitute t = 6 into the equation for one of the displacements (here P):

s = 4t + t 2 = 4 × 6 + 62 = 60

The distance of A from the point where the particles meet is 60 m.

15

a Let the velocity as the competitor passes point Q be vQ

For PQ, s = 2.4, t = 1, v = vQ

s= vt − 12 at 2
2.4 = vQ ×1 − 12 (a ×12 ) = vQ − 12 a
v=
Q 2.4 + 0.5a

For QR, s = 11.5, t = 1.5, u = vQ

s ut + 12 at 2
=
11.5 = vQ ×1.5 + 12 a ×1.52 =1.5vQ + 1.125a

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15 a Substituting for vQ:

11.5 = 1.5(2.4 + 0.5a ) + 1.125a

=3.6 + 0.75a + 1.125a
( 0.75 + 1.125) a
11.5 − 3.6 =
11.5 − 3.6 7.9
a= = = 4.21 (to 3 s.f.)
0.75 + 1.125 1.875

The acceleration is 4.21 km h−2.

4.21×1000
4.21 km h−2 = s −2 3.25 ×10−4 m s −2 (to 3 s.f.)
m=
3600 × 3600

So her acceleration is 3.25 x 10-4 m s-2.

b For PQ, s = 2.4, t = 1, a = 4.21, u = ?, using exact figures

s ut + 12 at 2
=
7.9
2.4 = u ×1 + 12 × ×12
1.875
u = 0.293 (to 3 s.f.)

0.293 ×1000
0.293 km h −1
= = m s −1 0.0815 m s −1 (to 3 s.f.)
3600

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Exercise 2F
1 a Take downwards as the positive direction.

s = 28, u = 0, a = 9.8, t = ?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
28 = 0 × t + 12 × 9.8 × t 2 = 4.9t 2
28
=t = 2.4 (to 2 s.f.)
4.9

The time taken for the diver to hit the water is 2.4 s.

b v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = 0 + 2 × 9.8 × 28 = 548.8
= v = 548.8 23 (to 2 s.f.)

When the diver hits the water, he is travelling at 23 m s−1.

2 Take upwards as the positive direction.

20, a =
u= −9.8, s =
0, t =
?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
0 =20t − 4.9t 2 =t (20 − 4.9t ), t ≠ 0
t
= = 4.1 (to 2 s.f.)
20
4.9

The time of flight of the particle is 4.1 s.

3 Take downwards as the positive direction.

=u 18,
= a 9.8,
= t 1.6,
= s ?

s =ut + 12 at 2 =18 ×1.6 + 4.9 ×1.62 =41 (to 2 s.f.)

The height of the tower is 41 m.

4 a Take upwards as the positive direction.

24, a =
u= −9.8, v =
0, s =
?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
02= 242 − 2 × 9.8 × s
242
=s = 29 (to 2 s.f.)
2 × 9.8

The greatest height reached by the pebble above the point of projection is 29 m.

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4 b u=
24, a =
−9.8, v =
0, t =
?

v= u + at
0 24 − 9.8t
=
t
= = 2.4 (to 2 s.f.)
24
9.8

The time taken to reach the greatest height is 2.4 s.

5 a Take upwards as the positive direction.

18, a =
u= −9.8, s =
15, v =
?

v 2 = u 2 + 2as = 182 − 2 × 9.8 ×15 = 30

v= 30 = ± 5.5 (to 2 s.f.)

The speed of the ball when it is 15 m above its point of projection is 5.5 m s −1 .

b u=
18, a =
−9.8, s =
−4, v =
?

v 2 = u 2 + 2as= 182 + 2 × (−9.8) × (−4)= 324 + 78.4= 402.4

− 402.2 =
v = −20 (to 2 s.f.)

The speed with which the ball hits the ground is 20 m s −1 .

6 a Take downwards as the positive direction.

=s 80,=u 4,=a 9.8,=v ?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
= 42 + 2 × 9.8 × 80 = 1584
=v 1584 40 (to 2 s.f.)
=

The speed with which P hits the ground is 40 m s −1 .

b=u 4,=a 9.8,

= v 1584,
= t ?

v= u + at
1584= 4 + 9.8t
1584 − 4
t= = 3.7 (to 2 s.f.)
9.8

The time P takes to reach the ground is 3.7 s.

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7 a Take upwards as the positive direction.

−10, a =
v= −9.8, t ==
5, u ?

v= u + at
−10 =u − 9.8 × 5
u = 9.8 × 5 − 10= 39

The speed of projection of P is 39 m s −1 .

b u=
39, v ==
0, a −9.8, s =
?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
02= 392 − 2 × 9.8 × s
1521
=s = 78 (to 2 s.f.)
2 × 9.8

The greatest height above X attained by P during its motion is 78 m.

8 Take upwards as the positive direction.

21, t 4.5, a =
u == −9.8, s =
?

ut 12 at 2 =×
s =+ 21 4.5 − 4.9 × 4.52 =
−4.7 (to 2 s.f.)

The height above the ground from which the ball was thrown is 4.7 m.

9 a Take upwards as the positive direction.

−3, u =
s= 16, a =
−9.8, t =
?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
−3= 16t − 4.9t 2

4.9t 2 − 16t − 3 =0 , so using the quadratic formula,

−(−16) ± (−16) 2 − 4 × (4.9) × (−3)

t=
2 × (4.9)

t = 3.4 (to 2 s.f.) as we may discount the negative answer.

The time of flight of the stone is 3.4 s.

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9 b u=
16, v ==
0, a −9.8, s =
?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
02= 162 − 2 × 9.8 × s

162
=s = 13 (to 2 s.f.)
2 × 4.9

The total distance travelled by the stone is (2 × 13 + 3) m =

29 m.

10 Take upwards as the positive direction.

24.5, a =
u= −9.8, s ==
21, t ?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
21 24.5t − 4.9t 2
=

4.9t 2 − 24.5t + 21 =
0

Using the quadratic formula,

-(-24.5) ± (−24.5) 2 − 4 × (4.9) × (21)

t=
2 × (4.9)

= 1.1 or 3.9

The difference between these times is

(3.9 − 1.1) s =
2.8 s

The total time for which the particle is 21 m or more above its point of projection is 2.8 s.

11 a Take upwards as the positive direction.

3 u, a =
v= −9.8, t ==
2, u ?
1

v= u + at
1
3 u =u − 9.8 × 2
2
3 u =19.6 ⇒ u = 23 ×19.6 = 29.4

u = 29 (to 2 s.f.)

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11 b u =
29.4, s ==
0, a −9.8, t =
?

s ut + 12 at 2
=
0 = 29.4t − 4.9t 2 = t (29.4 − 4.9t ), t ≠ 0
t
= = 6
29.4
4.9

The time from the instant that the particle leaves O to the instant that it returns to O is 6 s.

12 For A, take downwards as the positive direction, s A =

ut + 12 at 2 =+
5t 4.9t 2

ut + 12 at 2 =
For B, take upwards as the positive direction, sB = 18t − 4.9t 2

46
s A + sB =

(5t + 4.9t 2 ) + (18t − 4.9t 2 ) =

46

23t = 46 ⇒ t = 2

t 2 into s A= 5t + 4.9t 2
Substitute =

s A = 5 × 2 + 4.9 × 22 = 29.6 = 30 (to 2 s.f.)

The distance of the point where A and B collide from the point where A was thrown is 30 m.

13 a Find the speed, u1 say, immediately before the ball strikes the floor.

=u 0,=a 9.8,=s 10,=v u1

2
v= u 2 + 2as
u12 = 02 + 2 × 9.8 ×10 = 196
u1
= 196 14
=

The speed of the first rebound, u2 say, is given by

u2 =34 u1 =34 ×14 =10.5

Find the maximum height, h1 say, reached after the first rebound.

10.5, v ==
u= 0, a −9.8, s =
h1

2
v= u 2 + 2as
2
0= 10.52 − 2 × 9.8 × h1

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 10.52
13=
a h1 = 5.6 (to 2 s.f.)
2 × 9.8

The greatest height above the floor reached by the ball the first time it rebounds is 5.6 m.

b Immediately before the ball strikes the floor for the second time, its speed is again u2 = 10.5 by
symmetry. The speed of the second rebound, u3 say, is given by

u3 =4 u2 =4 × 10.5 =
7.875
3 3

Find the maximum height, h2 say, reached after the second rebound.

7.875, v ==
u= 0, a −9.8, s =
h2

2
v= u 2 + 2as
02 7.8752 − 2 × 9.8 × h2
=
7.8752
=h2 = 3.2 (to 2 s.f.)
2 × 9.8

The greatest height above the floor reached by the ball the second time it rebounds is 3.2 m.

Challenge

1 a Take upwards as the positive direction.

ut + 12 at 2 gives sP =
For P, s = 12t − 4.9t 2

s ut + 12 at 2
For Q, =

Q has been moving for 1 less second than P, so

sQ= 20(t − 1) − 4.9(t − 1) 2

At the point of collision sP = sQ

12t − 4.9t 2= 20(t − 1) − 4.9(t − 1) 2

= 20t − 20 − 4.9t 2 + 9.8t − 4.9

24.9
= 17.8t ⇒=
t = 1.4 (to 2 s.f.)
24.9
17.8

The time between the instant when P is projected and the instant when P and Q collide is 1.4 s.

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Challenge

1 b Substitute t into s=
P 12t − 4.9t 2 from part a

sP = 12t − 4.9t 2 ≈ 12 ×1.4 − 4.9 ×1.42 = 7.2 (to 2 s.f.)

The distance of the point where P and Q collide from O is 7.2 m.

2 Take downwards as positive.

For 1st stone: u = 0, t = t1, a = 9.8, s = h

s ut + 12 at 2
=

h = 0 × t1 + 12 × 9.8 × t12 = 4.9t12

For 2nd stone: u = 25, t = t1 − 2, a = 9.8, s = h

s ut + 12 at 2
=

h= 25(t1 − 2) + 12 (9.8 × (t1 − 2) 2 )

= 25t1 − 50 + 4.9 × (t12 − 4t1 + 4))
= 25t1 − 50 + 4.9t12 − 19.6t1 + 19.6
= 4.9t12 + 5.4t1 − 30.4

Substituting for h from information for first stone:

4.9t12 = 4.9t12 + 5.4t1 − 30.4

30.4 = 5.4t1
30.4
=t1 = 5.629
5.4

Putting this value into equation for first stone:

h=4.9 × 5.6292 =4.9 × 31.69 =

155 (to 3 s.f.)

The height of the building is 155 m.

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Chapter review 2
1 45 1000 1
1 a 45 km h ms
3600
12.5 m s 1
3 min 180 s

b s 1
2 ( a b) h
1
2 (160 180) 12.5 2125

The distance from A to B is 2125 m.

2 a

b s 1
2 ( a b) h

570 1
2 (32 32 T ) 15
15
2 (T 64) 570
570 2
T 64 76
15
T 76 64 12

c At t 32, s 32 15 480

At t 44, s 480 area of the triangle

480 1
2 12 15 570

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2 c

v u
3 a i Gradient of line =
t
v u
a
t

Rearranging: v = u + at

ii Shaded area is a trapezium

u v
area = t
2

u v
s t
2

b i Rearrange v = u + at
v u
t
a

u v
Substitute into s t
2

u v v u
s
2 a

2as = v2 u2
v2 = u2 + 2as

u v
ii Substitute v = u + at into s t
2
u u at
s t
2
2u at
s t
2 2
s ut 12 at 2

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3 b iii Substitute u = v – at into s ut 1
2 at 2
s (v at )t 1
2 at 2
s vt 1
2 at 2

4 s 1
2 ( a b) h

152 1
2 (15 23)u 19u
u 152 8
19
5

1 40 1000 1 100 1
6 40 km h ms ms
3600 9

1 24 1000 1 20 1
24 km h ms ms
3600 3

u 100
9 , v 20
3 , s 240, a ?

v2 u2 2as
20 2 100 2
3 9 2 a 240
20 2 100 2
3 9
a 0.165 (to 2 s.f.)
2 240

The deceleration of the car is 0.165 m s 2 .

7 a a 2.5, u 20, t 12, s ?

s ut 1
2 at 2
20 12 1
2 2.5 122
240 180 60

OA 60 m

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7 b The particle will turn round when v 0

a 2.5, u 20, v 0, s ?

v2 u2 2as
02 202 5s s 80

The total distance P travels is (80 20) m 100 m

8 u 6, v 25, a 9.8, t ?

v u at
25 6 9.8t
25 6
t =1.9 (to 2 s.f.)
9.8

The ball takes 1.9 s to move from the top of the tower to the ground.

9 Take downwards as the positive direction.

a i u 0, s 82, a 9.8, t ?

s ut 1
2 at 2
82 0 4.9t 2
82
t 4.1 (to 2 s.f.)
4.9

The time taken for the ball to reach the sea is 4.1 s.

a ii u = 0, s = 82, a = 9.8, v = ?

v2 u 2 2as
0 2 9.8 82 1607.2
v 1607.2 40 (to 2 s.f.)

The speed at which the ball hits the sea is 40 m s 1.

b Air resistance/wind/turbulence

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10 a distance = area of triangle + area of rectangle + area of trapezium

451 1
2 8 2u 12 2u 1
2 (u 2u ) 6
8u 24u 9u 41u
u 451
41 11

b The particle is moving with speed less than u m s 1 for the first 4 s

s 1
2 4 11 22
The distance moved with speed less than u m s 1 is 22 m.

11 a From O to P, u 18, t 12, v 24, a ?

u 18, t 12, v 24, a ?
v u at
24 18 12a

24 18 1
11 a a
12 2

From O to Q, u 18, t 20, a 1

2 , v ?

v u at
18 1
2 20 28

The speed of the train at Q is 28 m s 1 .

b From P to Q

u 24, v 28, t 8, s ?
u v 24 28
s t 8 208
2 2

The distance from P to Q is 208 m.

12 a s 104, t 8, v 18, u ?

u v
s t
2
u 18
104 8 (u 18) 4 4u 72
2
104 72
u 8
4
1
The speed of the particle at X is 8 m s

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12 b s 104, t 8, v 18, a ?

s vt 1
2 at 2
104 18 8 1
2 a 82 144 32a
144 104
a 1.25
32

The acceleration of the particle is 1.25 m s 2 .

c From X to Z, u 8, v 24, a 1.25, s ?

v2 u2 2as
2 2
24 8 2 1.25 s
24 82 2
s 204.8
2.5

XZ 204.8 m
13 a Take upwards as the positive direction.

u 21, s 32, a 9.8, v ?

v2 u2 2as
212 2 ( 9.8) ( 32) 441 627.2 1068.2
v 1068.2 33 (to 2 s.f.)

The velocity with which the pebble strikes the ground is 33 m s 1.

The speed is 33 m s 1.

b 40 m above the ground is 8 m above the point of projection.

u 21, s 8, a 9.8, t ?
s ut 1
2 at 2
8 21t 4.9t 2

0 4.9t 2 21t 8 , so using the quadratic formula,

21 212 4 4.9 8 21 284.2

t 3.86, 0.423 (to 3 s.f.)
9.8 9.8

The pebble is above 40 m between these times: 3.863... 0.423... 3.44 (to 3 s.f.)
The pebble is more than 40 m above the ground for 3.44 s.

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13 c Take upwards as the positive direction.

u = 21, a
21 v
v u at 21 9.8t t
9.8

From part a, the pebble hits the ground when v

21 v 21 ( 33) 54
t 5.5 (to 2 s.f.)
9.8 9.8 9.8
This is shown on the graph at point (5.5, 33)

The graph crosses the t-axis when v = 0.

21 v 21 0 21
t 2.1 (to 2 s.f.)
9.8 9.8 9.8

So the graph passes through point (2.1, 0)

14 a u 12, v 32, s 1100, t ?

u v
s t
2

12 32 1100
1100 t 22t t 50
2 22

The time taken by the car to move from A to C is 50 s.

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14 b Find a first.

From A to C , u 12, v 32, t 50, a ?

v u at
32 12 a 50
32 12
a 0.4
50

From A to B, u 12, s 550, a 0.4, v ?

v2 u 2 2as
122 2 0.4 550 584 v 24.2 (to 3 s.f.)

The car passes B with speed 24.2 m s 1.

15 Take upwards as the positive direction.

At the top:

u 30, v 0, a 9.8, t ?
v u at
30
0 30 9.8t t
9.8

The ball spends 2.4 seconds above h, thus (by symmetry) 1.2 seconds rising between h and the top.
30
So it passes h 1.2 seconds earlier, at t 1.2 1.86 (to 3 s.f.)
9.8

At h, u 30, a 9.8, t 1.86, s ?

s ut 1
2 at 2
30 1.86 1
2 ( 9.8) 1.862 39 (to 2 s.f.)

16 a u 20, a 4, s 78, v ?

v2 u2 2as
202 2 4 78 1024
v 1024 32

The speed of B when it has travelled 78 m is 32 m s 1 .

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16 b Find time for B to reach the point 78 m from O.

v 32, u 20, a 4, t ?

v u at
32 20
32 20 4t t 3
4

For A, distance speed time

s 30 3 90

The distance from O of A when B is 78 m from O is 90 m.

c At time t seconds, for A, s 30t

for B, s ut 1
2 at 2 20t 2t 2

On overtaking the distances are the same.

20t 2t 2 30t
t 2 5t t (t 5) 0

t 5 (at t 0, A overtakes B)

B overtakes A 5 s after passing O.

17 a To find time decelerating:

u 34, v 22, a 3, t ?

v u at
34 22
22 34 3t t 4
3

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17 b distance = rectangle + trapezium

s 34 2 1
2 (22 34) 4
68 112 180

Distance required is 180 m.

18 a

b Acceleration is the gradient of a line.

30 30 10
For the first part of the journey, 3 x t1
t1 3x x

30 30
For the last part of the journey, x t2
t2 x

t1 T t2 300

10
x T 30
x 300 40
x T 300, as required

c s 12 (a b)h
6000 12 (T 300) 30 15T 4500
6000 4500
T 100
15
Substitute into the result in part b:
40
x 100 300 40
x 200
x 40
200 0.2

d From part c, T = 100

At constant velocity, distance = velocity time 30 100 3000 (m)

The distance travelled at a constant speed is 3 km.

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18 e From part b, t1 10
x
10
0.2 50

Total distance travelled = 6 km (given) so halfway = 3 km = 3000 m

While accelerating, distance travelled is 1

2 50 30 m 750 m.

At constant velocity, the train must travel a further 2250 m.

distance 2250
At constant velocity, time = s 75 s
velocity 30

Time for train to reach halfway is (50 75) s 125 s

Challenge

Find the time taken by the first ball to reach 25 m below its point of projection (25 m above the ground).
Take upwards as the positive direction.

u 10, s 25, a 9.8, t ?

s ut 1
2 at 2
25 10t 4.9t 2
0 4.9t 2 10t 25
102 4 4.9 25
t 10
9.8
3.5 (to 2 s.f.)

As we discard the negative solution. Find the time taken by the second ball to reach 25 m below its point of
projection. Take downwards as the positive direction.

u 0, s 25, a 9.8, t ?

s ut 1
2 at 2
25 4.9t 2
t 2.3 (to 2 s.f.)

Combining the two results:

T 3.4989 2.2587 1.2 (to 2 s.f. using exact figures)

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