A Summer Industry Internship – I Report

on
Embedded System Developer Virtual Internship
During
II Year II Semester Summer

Submitted to
The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
In partial fulfillment of the academic requirements of
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
For
The award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

By

P.Sreya 23315a0401

Name of Internship Coordinator

Designation

Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology

Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, R.R. District, Hyderabad - 501301

Affiliated to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University
Hyderabad - 500085
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Summer Industry Internship – I Report on “Embedded System
Developer Virtual Internship”, submitted by P.Sreya (23315a0401) in the year 2023 in partial
fulfillment of the academic requirements of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering,
is a bonafide work in industry internship that has been carried out during II B Tech ECE II
Semester Summer, will be evaluated in III B Tech ECE I Semester , under our guidance. This
report has not been submitted to any other institute or university for the award of any degree.

Dr.Abhishek Choubey Dr. S. P. V. Subba Rao

Associate Professor Head, Department of ECE
Department of ECE
Internship Coordinator

External Examiner
Date:-
 DECLARATION

I, P.Sreya (23315a0401), student of SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, YAMNAMPET, GHATKESAR, studying IIIrd year Ist semester,
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING solemnly declare that the
Summer Industry Internship-I Report, titled “Embedded System Developer Virtual
Internship” is submitted to SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
for partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology in ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.

It is declared to the best of our knowledge that the work reported does not form part of any
dissertation submitted to any other University or Institute for award of any degree

P.SREYA 23315a0401
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped me to
transform an idea into a real application.

I would like to thank my Project coordinator Dr.Abhishek Choubey for his technical guidance,
constant encouragement and support in carrying out my project at college.

I profoundly thank Dr. S. P. V. Subba Rao , Head of the Department of Computer Science &
Engineering who has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration to my work.

I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my parents without whom I would not have been
privileged to achieve and fulfill my dreams. I am grateful to our principal, Dr. T. Ch. Siva Reddy,
who most ably run the institution and has had the major hand in enabling me to do my project.

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would be
great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their constant
guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. In this context, I would like
thank all the other staff members, both teaching and non-teaching, who have extended their timely
help and eased my task.

P.SREYA 23315a0401
 Digital Thermometer using Arduino and LM35
Temperature Sensor

Abstract

This project is very helpful for Human body temperature, as a sign of life action, is a significant
physiological parameter of the new supplants the old. The temperature has physiological
significance, yet additionally has clinical essentialness, which can be considered as a significant
file for clinical conclusion. In order to have a proper clinical report thermometer are very useful
in measuring the temperature. Nowadays, digital thermometers are widely used to measure the
temperature and also it is safe to use. Digital thermometers can be used in houses, offices,
hospitals and so on. In this project we have planned to make a digital thermometer using a
temperature sensor and microcontroller. The design we proposed will also be cost effective and
affordable. LM35 is the temperature sensor which is used in our project. The temperature value
which is in analog value is converted to digital and it is displayed using a liquid crystal display.
The temperature measured using our design will be compared with the actual thermometer
reading and the result will also be verified.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER -1: Understanding the Microcontroller of PIC family

1.1 Brief Overview of Embedded Systems

1.2 8 Bit Microcontrollers: Architecture of the PIC16

1.3 Introduction to MPLAB X IDE

1.4 Getting started with PIC16F1xxx MCUs using MCC ans State Machines

CHAPTER -2: Programming in C (basic to advanced)

2.1 Syntax and Structures of C

2.2 C programming: Linked List Data Structures

2.3 C Programming Callbacks

2.4 Advanced C Programming

2.5 Advanced Embedded C Tips, Tricks and Cautions

CHAPTER -3: APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDED SYSTEMS (Link)

3.1 Design Considerations for your first IOT project

3.2 Exploring Bluetooth Low energy (BLE) from first steps to final application

3.3 Creating a sensor node for Azure IOT Central

3.4 Motor Control Workshop using ds PIC Digital signal

Controllers(DSC) Dual core Devices
 CHAPTER1

1.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded system: Any combination of hardware and software which is intended to

do a particular or specific task is known as Embedded system
Example: mobiles, smart tv, refrigirator etc....

Categories:
1. Standalone Embedded system

2. a) Slave Embedded system

b) Independent Embedded system

3. Real time Embedded system

4. Networked Embedded system

5. Mobile embedded Embedded system

Slave Embedded system does not decide on its own which means that it is not having
intervenience but in independent Embedded system it can take necessary actions based
on input from the synthesis
Example: driver less car,semiautomatic washing machine

Real time Embedded system are the systems takes action within a specific amount of
time
Example: airbags in cars, pacemakers which are used for blood pumping

Networked Embedded system are the systems which are connected via network

Example: routers ,gps modems

Mobile embedded Embedded system are the movable embedded systems Example:
cars some of the embedded systems which satisfies all above criteria are called Hybrid
Embedded systems category
Example: Robots etc..
 1.2 8 Bit Micro controllers: Architecture of the PIC16
The PIC16 family of micro controllers, produced by Microchip Technology (formerly
Microchip PIC), is a popular series of 8-bit micro controllers known for their simplicity,
low power consumption, and versatility. These micro controllers are widely used in
various embedded systems, including consumer electronics, industrial automation, and
automotive applications. Here, I'll provide an overview of the architecture of the PIC16
micro controller.

1. CPU Core:

- The PIC16 micro controllers are based on a Harvard architecture, which means
they have separate program memory (Flash memory) and data memory (RAM).
- They feature an 8-bit RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) CPU core, which
is highly optimized for low-power and fast execution of instructions.
- The CPU can execute most instructions in a single instruction cycle, making it
relatively efficient.

2. Memory:

- Program Memory (Flash): This is where the program code is stored. The size of the
Flash memory can vary depending on the specific PIC16 model.
- Data Memory (RAM): This is where variables and data are stored during program
execution. PIC16 devices typically have a limited amount of RAM.
- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Some PIC16
devices also include a small EEPROM for non-volatile data storage.
3.Registers:

- PIC16 micro controllers have a set of special function registers (SFRs) that control
various hardware features and are used for I/O operations.
- These include general-purpose registers, status registers, and control registers.

4. Instruction Set:

- The instruction set of the PIC16 micro controller is relatively small and designed
for simplicity and efficiency.
- Instructions are mostly 8-bit wide and include arithmetic, logical, and control
operations.
5. Peripherals:

- PIC16 micro controllers offer a variety of on-chip peripherals, which can include
timers, USARTs (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) controllers, and more.
- These peripherals can be configured and controlled through SFRs.

6. I/O Ports:

- PIC16 micro controllers typically have multiple I/O ports for connecting to
external devices and sensors.
- These ports can be configured as inputs or outputs and can be used for digital I/O
operations.
7. Interrupts:

- PIC16 micro controllers support both hardware and software interrupts, allowing
for responsive event handling.
- Interrupts are vectored, meaning there are specific memory locations for different
interrupt sources.
8. Clock and Reset:

- These micro controllers have an internal oscillator, but they can also be connected
to an external crystal or clock source for more precise timing.
- They provide reset and power-on reset circuitry to ensure a controlled start-up.
9. Low Power Modes:

- PIC16 micro controllers are known for their low power consumption and offer
various low-power modes to conserve energy.
10. Development Tools:

- Microchip provides a range of development tools, including integrated

development environments (IDEs) and programmers, to facilitate programming and
debugging of PIC16 micro controllers.

The specific features and capabilities of PIC16 micro controllers can vary depending on
the exact model within the family. Developers choose a particular PIC16 device based on
the requirements of their application, considering factors like memory size, available
peripherals, and power consumption.

1.3 Introduction to MPLAB X IDE

MPLAB X IDE is an integrated development environment (IDE) specifically designed
for programming and developing applications for Microchip micro controllers and digital
signal controllers (DSCs). It's a powerful tool that provides a comprehensive set of
features to streamline the entire embedded software development process. Here's an
introduction to MPLAB X IDE:
1. Supported Microchip Devices:

- MPLAB X IDE is primarily used for developing software for Microchip's micro
controllers and digital signal controllers, including PIC micro controllers, dsPIC digital
signal controllers, and more.
2. Cross-Platform Compatibility:

- MPLAB X IDE is designed to be cross-platform, which means it runs on multiple

operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it accessible to a
wide range of developers.
3. Integrated Development Environment:

- MPLAB X IDE provides a complete environment for embedded software

development. It includes all the tools and features required for writing, compiling,
debugging, and programming code for Microchip devices.
4. Code Editor:

- The IDE includes a powerful code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
code completion, and code navigation to assist developers in writing and editing code.
5. Project Management:

- Developers can create and manage projects within MPLAB X IDE. Projects help
organize code files, configuration settings, and build options.
6. Device Configuration:

- MPLAB X IDE offers a device configuration tool that simplifies the process of
setting up and configuring peripherals, pins, and clock settings for the target
microcontroller.
7. Compiler and Debugger Integration:

- The IDE seamlessly integrates with Microchip's XC compilers, allowing you to

compile your code directly within the IDE.
- MPLAB X IDE also supports debugging through various tools, including incircuit
debuggers and programmers. You can set breakpoints, view register values, and step
through your code during debugging sessions.
8. Plugin Support: MPLAB X IDE supports plugins, which extend its functionality.
Developers can create custom plugins or use existing ones to enhance the IDE's
capabilities.
9. Real-Time Data Monitoring:

- For debugging and analysis, the IDE provides real-time data monitoring and
visualization tools, allowing you to monitor variables and peripheral registers while your
code runs on the target device.
10. Integrated Programmer:

- MPLAB X IDE includes support for Microchip's programmers and debuggers,

making it easy to program your microcontroller with the compiled code directly from the
IDE.
11. Version Control Integration:

- The IDE can integrate with version control systems like Git, making it easier for
teams to collaborate on projects and manage source code revisions.
12. Community and Support:

- Microchip provides a wealth of documentation, tutorials, and a user community to

help developers get started and troubleshoot any issues.
MPLAB X IDE is an essential tool for anyone developing applications for Microchip
microcontrollers and digital signal controllers. It offers a user-friendly interface and a
wide range of features that simplify the development process, from writing code to
programming and debugging your embedded systems.

1.4 Getting started with PIC16F1xxx MCUs using MCC and State
Machines

Getting started with PIC16F1xxx microcontrollers (MCUs) using the MPLAB Code
Configurator (MCC) and state machines is a great way to quickly develop embedded
applications. This approach simplifies the configuration of peripherals and the creation of
state-based applications. Here are the steps to get started:
1.Hardware Setup:

- Start by setting up your hardware. This includes connecting the PIC16F1xxx MCU
to your development board and ensuring you have a suitable power supply.
2. MPLAB X IDE and MCC Installation:

- If you haven't already, download and install MPLAB X IDE from the Microchip
website. Ensure that you also install MPLAB Code Configurator (MCC), which is a
plugin for MPLAB X IDE.
3. Create a New Project:

- Launch MPLAB X IDE, and create a new project by going to "File" > "New
Project."

4. Select the Target Device:

- In the project wizard, select the PIC16F1xxx MCU as your target device.

5. Configure the Clock:

- Use MCC to configure the MCU's clock settings. Select the clock source and
frequency that best suits your application.
6. Configure Peripherals:

- Use MCC to configure the peripheral modules you plan to use in your project.
This might include GPIO pins, timers, UART, or other peripherals.
- MCC provides a graphical interface to configure and initialize these peripherals,
making it easy to set up their parameters.
7. Create State Machines:

- Define your application's behavior using state machines. State machines are a
powerful way to model complex behavior in an organized manner. You can use MCC's
"State Machine" feature to create and manage state machines within your project.
- Define states, transitions, and actions for your state machine to describe how your
application should respond to events.
8. Code Generation: After configuring your peripherals and creating state machines,
generate code using MCC. MCC will generate initialization code for your peripherals and
state machine code based on your configurations.
9. Custom Application Code:

- Write custom application code to handle high-level logic and interactions within
your state machine. You can do this in the main.c file or other source files created in
your project.
10. Build and Debug:

- Build your project to compile the code, and use MPLAB X IDE's debugging tools
to test your application. You can set breakpoints, examine variable values, and step
through your code to identify and fix issues.
11. Program the MCU:

- Once you're satisfied with your code and it's free of errors, use a suitable
programmer (e.g., PICkit) to program the PIC16F1xxx MCU on your development
board.
12. Test and Iteration: Test your application on the hardware, and iterate as necessary to
refine and expand its functionality.

13. Documentation and Resources:

- Throughout the development process, refer to the PIC16F1xxx datasheet and

reference manual for detailed information on the MCU's features and operati

-
 CHAPTER 2
2.1 Syntax and Structures of C
The C programming language is known for its simplicity and power. It consists of
various syntax rules and structures that govern how programs are written. Here's an
overview of some key syntax and structures in C:
1. Comments:

- Comments in C are used to add explanatory notes within the code.

- Single-line comments start with `//`, and multi-line comments are enclosed in `/*
*/`.

Example:

// This is a single-line comment

/*

This is a multi-line
comment
*/

2. Preprocessor Directives:

- Preprocessor directives begin with a `#` symbol and are used to include header
files, define macros, and perform other preprocessing tasks.
Example:

#include <stdio.h> // Include a standard library header

#define PI 3.1415 // Define a macro

3. Main Function:

- Every C program must have a `main` function where program execution begins.

- The `main` function returns an integer value that represents the program's exit
status.
Example: int
main() {
 // Program statements return 0; // Indicates
successful execution
}

4. Variables:

- Variables are used to store data. They must be declared before use, specifying their
data type.
- Variable names can include letters, digits, and underscores but must start with a
letter or underscore.
Example:

int age = 25; // Declare and initialize an integer variable float

temperature; // Declare a floating-point variable
5. Data Types:

- C supports basic data types such as `int`, `float`, `char`, and more.

- You can also create user-defined data types using structures and enumerations.

Example: int x =
42; float pi =
3.1415; char grade
= 'A';

struct Person { char

name[50];
int age;

};

6. Operators:

- C includes various operators for performing operations on variables and values,

including arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators.
Example: int sum = 5 + 3; int isEqual = (sum == 8);
// Comparison operator int isTrue = (1 && 0); //
Logical AND operator
7. Control Structures:

- C provides control structures like `if`, `else`, `while`, `for`, and `switch` for
decision-making and looping.
Example: if
(x > 10) {
// Code to execute if x is greater than 10

} else {

// Code to execute otherwise

} while (count < 10) {

// Code to repeat while count is less than 10 count++;
}

8. Functions:

- Functions are blocks of code that can be called and reused.

- Functions are defined with a return type, a name, and optional parameters.

Example:

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

} int result = add(5, 3); // Call the add function

9. Arrays:

- Arrays are used to store collections of data of the same data type.

Example: int numbers[5] = {1, 2,

3, 4, 5}; char name[20] = "John";
10. Pointers:

- Pointers are variables that store memory addresses. They are used for dynamic
memory allocation and accessing data indirectly.
Example: int value = 42; int *ptr = &value; // Declare a pointer and assign
the address of 'value' printf("Value: %d\n", *ptr); // Dereference the pointer
to access the value
 These are some of the fundamental syntax and structures in the C programming
language. Understanding and mastering these concepts is essential for writing C
programs effectively. C is a versatile language, and it allows for low-level memory
manipulation, making it suitable for systems programming and embedded development.

2.2 C programming: Linked List Data Structures

In C programming, linked lists are a fundamental data structure used to store and manage
collections of data dynamically. A linked list consists of a sequence of nodes, where each node
contains two parts: a data element and a reference (or pointer) to the next node in the sequence.
Linked lists come in various forms, including singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, and
circular linked lists. Here's an overview of implementing singly linked lists in C:

Singly Linked List Structure:

In a singly linked list, each node points to the next node in the sequence, and the last
node points to NULL to indicate the end of the list.
Example: struct Node
{ int data; struct Node
*next;
};

Creating a Linked List:

To create a linked list, you typically start with a pointer to the first node (the head) and
initialize it to NULL. You then add nodes dynamically as needed.
Example: struct Node *head = NULL; // Initialize an empty
linked list

Inserting Nodes:

To insert a node at the beginning of the linked list, you allocate memory for the new
node, set its data and next pointer, and update the head to point to the new node.
Example:
struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->data = 42; newNode->next = head; head = newNode;
To insert a node at a specific position or at the end of the list, you traverse the list until
you reach the desired position or the end, then update the pointers accordingly.
Deleting Nodes: To delete a node, you update the pointers of the previous node to
bypass the node you want to remove, then free the memory of the deleted node.
Example:

// Assuming 'prevNode' is the node before the one you want to delete
struct Node *temp = prevNode->next; prevNode->next = temp->next;
free(temp);

Traversing the Linked List:

To access and process the elements in the linked list, you traverse it using a loop or
recursion. Example:
struct Node *current = head; while
(current != NULL) { // Process the
current node printf("%d ",
current->data); current =
current->next;
}

Advantages of Linked Lists:

1. Dynamic Size: Linked lists can grow or shrink dynamically, making them suitable
for situations where the size is not known in advance.
2. Memory Efficiency: Linked lists can be more memory-efficient than arrays
because they allocate memory for each element only when needed.
3. Insertions and Deletions: Inserting or deleting elements in a linked list is more
efficient than in an array because you don't need to shift elements.

Disadvantages of Linked Lists:

1. Random Access: Unlike arrays, linked lists don't support direct random access
to elements. To access an element, you need to traverse the list from the beginning.
2. Memory Overhead: Linked lists require extra memory for the next pointer,
which can lead to higher memory consumption compared to arrays.

3. Linked lists are a fundamental building block in C programming and are widely
used in various applications, including implementing data structures like stacks, queues,
and hash tables. Understanding linked lists and their operations is crucial for C
programmers.

2.3 C Programming Callbacks

In C programming, callbacks are a powerful and flexible way to implement functions
that can be passed as arguments to other functions. Callbacks allow you to define custom
behavior for functions, making your code more modular and adaptable. Callbacks are
often used in event-driven programming, asynchronous operations, and in scenarios
where you need to customize the behavior of a function without modifying its code.

Here's how callbacks work in C programming:

1. Function Pointers:

- Callbacks are implemented using function pointers. A function pointer is a variable

that stores the address of a function instead of its value.
- Function pointers have a specific function signature, meaning they point to
functions with a specific set of parameters and return type.
Example:

// Declare a function pointer type typedef

void (*CallbackFunction)(int);
// Define a function that takes a callback function as an argument void
doSomething(int value, CallbackFunction callback) {
// Perform some operation
callback(value); // Call the callback function

// Define a callback function void myCallback(int value)

{ printf("Callback invoked with value: %d\n", value);
} int main() { doSomething(42, myCallback); // Pass the callback function as an
argument return 0;
}

In this example, `doSomething` is a function that takes an integer value and a callback
function as arguments. When called, it performs some operation and then invokes the
provided callback function with the given value.

2. Using Callbacks for Custom Behavior:

- Callbacks are often used when you want to customize the behavior of a function
without modifying its code. This allows for greater flexibility and reusability of code.
Example:

// Another callback function void

doubleCallback(int value) { printf("Double
Callback: %d\n", value * 2);
} int main() { doSomething(42, myCallback); // Pass one callback
doSomething(10, doubleCallback); // Pass another callback return
0;
}
In this modified example, we pass different callback functions to `doSomething`,
resulting in different behaviors based on the callback provided.
3. Callbacks in Library Functions:

- Callbacks are commonly used in C library functions, such as sorting algorithms. For
example, the `qsort` function in the C standard library allows you to provide a
comparison callback to customize the sorting order.
Example:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

// Comparison callback function for sorting integers in ascending order

int compareAscending(const void *a, const void *b) { return (*(int *)a -
*(int *)b);
} int main() { int arr[] = {5, 2, 9, 1, 5, 6}; int size =
sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); qsort(arr, size, sizeof(int),
compareAscending); for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
 { printf("%d ", arr[i]);
} return 0;
}

In this example, `qsort` is a library function that sorts an array of integers. It accepts a
callback function (`compareAscending`) to determine the sorting order.
Callbacks are a powerful tool in C programming that allows you to create flexible and
reusable code by separating functionality from behavior. They are commonly used in
libraries, frameworks, and event-driven systems to enable customization and
extensibility.

2.4 Advanced C Programming

Advanced C programming delves into more complex and nuanced aspects of the C
language, enabling developers to write efficient and sophisticated code. Here are some
topics and concepts that are considered advanced in C programming:
1. Pointers and Memory Management:

- Mastery of pointers is essential for advanced C programming. This includes pointer

arithmetic, dynamic memory allocation with `malloc` and `free`, and understanding stack
vs. heap memory.
2. Data Structures:

- Implementing and working with complex data structures like linked lists, trees,
graphs, and hash tables. This involves memory management and pointer manipulation.
3. Function Pointers and Callbacks:

- Utilizing function pointers to implement callback mechanisms and dynamic

function invocation, as discussed in the previous response.
4. File Handling:

- Advanced file I/O operations, binary file handling, and handling complex file
formats. Understanding fseek, ftell, and how to read and write binary data is important.
5. Multi-threading and Concurrency:

- Writing multithreaded programs using libraries like pthreads or Windows threads.

Managing shared resources, synchronization, and avoiding race conditions.
6. Advanced Data Types: Working with advanced data types such as unions and bitfields
to optimize memory usage and data representation.

7. Dynamic Data Structures:

- Implementing dynamic arrays, queues, and stacks with resizing capabilities.

8. Error Handling:

- Creating robust error-handling mechanisms using error codes, errno, and custom
error reporting.
9. Preprocessor Directives:

- Advanced use of preprocessor directives for conditional compilation, macro tricks,

and code generation.
10. Bit Manipulation:

- Performing bitwise operations and optimizing code through bit manipulation.

11. Advanced Memory Techniques:

- Understanding memory layout, alignment, and cache optimization. Utilizing

memory-mapped I/O and direct memory access (DMA).
12. Optimization Techniques:

- Profiling and optimizing code for performance and memory efficiency.

Understanding compiler optimization flags and inline assembly.

13. Security and Secure Coding Practices:

- Writing secure code to prevent common vulnerabilities like buffer overflows and
injection attacks.
14. Advanced Input/Output:

- Working with sockets for network programming and using select/poll for
asynchronous I/O operations.
15. Low-Level Programming:

- Writing low-level code for hardware interaction, embedded systems, or operating

system development.
16. Design Patterns:

- Applying design patterns to create modular and maintainable code. Examples

include Singleton, Factory, and Observer patterns.
17. Debugging and Profiling Tools:
- Using advanced debugging tools, such as gdb, and profiling tools to analyze code
performance.
18. Portability and Cross-Platform Development:

- Writing code that is portable across different platforms and compilers.

19. Custom Libraries and Frameworks:

- Building custom libraries and frameworks to encapsulate functionality for reuse.

2.5 Advanced Embedded C Tips, Tricks and Cautions

Advanced embedded C programming involves working with microcontrollers and
embedded systems, where resource constraints and real-time considerations are critical.
Here are some tips, tricks, and cautions to keep in mind:

Tips and Tricks:

1. Efficient Data Types: Use data types that match the target hardware's architecture
to improve performance and reduce memory usage. For example, use `uint8_t` for an 8-
bit microcontroller.
2. Memory Management: Carefully manage memory, especially in systems with
limited RAM. Use dynamic memory allocation sparingly and consider implementing
memory pools or fixed-size buffers.
3. Interrupt Handling: Understand interrupt priorities and use efficient interrupt
handlers. Minimize the time spent in interrupts to avoid disrupting the system's realtime
behavior.
4. Clock Management: Be aware of clock sources and settings. Accurate timing is
critical in embedded systems. Pay attention to clock initialization and configuration.
5. Power Management: Implement power-saving modes when appropriate to reduce
energy consumption. Understand the power-down and sleep modes of the
microcontroller.
6. Watchdog Timers: Use watchdog timers to recover from system crashes or lock-
ups. Ensure that your code periodically resets the watchdog timer.
7. Optimize Code: Write efficient code. Profile your code to identify bottlenecks and
optimize critical sections. Employ compiler optimization flags.
8. Modular Design: Use modular and structured code design. Divide your code into
manageable functions and modules. Avoid long, complex functions.
9. Testing and Debugging: Invest in debugging tools like in-circuit emulators or
debuggers. Implement logging and diagnostics to aid in debugging.
10. RTOS (Real-Time Operating System): If using an RTOS, understand its features
and limitations. Proper task scheduling and synchronization are crucial.

Cautions and Considerations:

1. Resource Constraints: Be mindful of memory and processing power limitations.
Avoid using unnecessary libraries or features that may consume excessive
resources.
2. Real-Time Requirements: Ensure that your code meets real-time deadlines.
Understand and minimize interrupt latency.

3. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Be cautious when using floating-point arithmetic, as it

can be slow and may not be supported on all microcontrollers.
4. Global Variables: Minimize the use of global variables, as they can lead to
maintenance challenges and make debugging difficult.
5. Concurrency Issues: Be aware of concurrency issues in multi-threaded or multi-
tasking systems. Use proper synchronization mechanisms to prevent data
corruption.
6. Hardware Abstraction: Implement hardware abstraction layers (HALs) to isolate
hardware-specific code. This makes porting to different microcontrollers easier.
7. Memory Alignment: Pay attention to memory alignment requirements, especially
when working with peripherals that require specific data alignments.
8. Error Handling: Implement robust error handling and recovery mechanisms.
 Understand how to handle and report errors gracefully.

9. Security: Consider security vulnerabilities, especially in connected embedded

systems. Protect against unauthorized access and data breaches.
10. Documentation: Maintain thorough documentation of your code, including
comments, data structures, and interfaces. This aids in code maintenance and
collaboration.
11. Testing Environments: Be aware that testing on a development board may not
fully replicate the real-world environment. Test thoroughly in the target
environment.
12. Regulatory Compliance: If your embedded system is used in a regulated industry
(e.g., medical or automotive), be aware of the necessary compliance standards and
follow best practices for safety and reliability.

Advanced embedded C programming requires a deep understanding of both the C

language and the specific microcontroller or platform you are working with. It's
important to continuously update your knowledge, leverage debugging tools, and
thoroughly test your code to ensure the reliability and performance of your embedded
systems.

-
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 CHAPTER-3

3.1 Design Considerations for your first IOT project

Designing your first IoT (Internet of Things) project involves several important
considerations to ensure the success and functionality of our project. Here are key design
considerations for your first IoT project:
1. Define the Problem and Objectives:

- Clearly define the problem you want to solve with your IoT project and set specific
objectives. Understand the needs and requirements of your target users or customers.

2. Select the IoT Platform:

- Choose a suitable IoT platform or framework to build upon. Platforms like

Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or cloud-based platforms like AWS IoT, Azure IoT, or Google
Cloud IoT can simplify development.

3. Hardware Selection:

- Select the appropriate hardware components, including sensors, actuators,

microcontrollers, and communication modules (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, etc.), based on
your project's requirements.

4. Power Supply and Management:

- Plan for the power supply and management of your IoT device. Consider battery
life, power efficiency, and whether the device needs to operate in a low-power mode.

5. Connectivity:

- Determine how your IoT device will connect to the internet or other devices. This
could involve Wi-Fi, Ethernet, cellular, or LPWAN (Low-Power Wide Area Network)
technologies.

6. Security:

- Prioritize security in your design. Implement encryption, authentication, and access

control mechanisms to protect data and devices from unauthorized access and attacks.
7. Data Collection and Sensors:

- Choose the appropriate sensors to collect relevant data for your project. Consider
factors like accuracy, precision, and calibration.

8. Data Processing and Analytics:

- Decide how and where data will be processed and analyzed. It can be on the device
itself, at the edge, or in the cloud. Determine the necessary processing power and storage
capacity.

9. User Interface:

- Design a user interface if your project requires user interaction. This could be a web or
mobile app, a dashboard, or even voice commands through virtual assistants.
10. Data Storage:

- Plan for data storage requirements. Decide whether you will store data locally on
the device, in a cloud database, or in a hybrid setup.

11. Scalability and Future Growth:

- Consider the scalability of your IoT solution. Can it handle a growing number of
devices and users? Plan for future updates and expansions.

12. Regulatory Compliance:

- Be aware of regulatory requirements and certifications, especially if your IoT

device is intended for specific industries like healthcare or automotive.

13. Power Efficiency:

- Optimize power consumption to extend the device's battery life and reduce
operational costs.

14. Firmware Updates and Maintenance:

- Plan for remote firmware updates to fix bugs, add features, and enhance security.
Ensure that updates can be deployed seamlessly.

15. Data Privacy and Compliance: Address data privacy concerns and comply with data
protection regulations, such as GDPR or HIPAA, if applicable.
16. Testing and Validation:

- Perform rigorous testing, including unit testing, integration testing, and field
testing, to ensure the reliability and functionality of your IoT device.

17. Documentation and Support:

- Create comprehensive documentation for users, developers, and maintainers.

Provide customer support channels for troubleshooting and inquiries.

18. Cost Analysis:

- Calculate the total cost of ownership (TCO) for your IoT project, including
hardware, software development, maintenance, and operational costs.

19. Environmental Impact:

- Consider the environmental impact of your IoT project, including the disposal of
electronic waste and energy efficiency.
20. Backup and Redundancy:

- Plan for data backup and implement redundancy mechanisms to ensure the
availability of critical functions.

By carefully addressing these design considerations, we can increase the chances of a

successful and functional IoT project. Remember that IoT development often involves
collaboration between hardware and software engineers, data scientists, and domain
experts, so effective communication and teamwork are essential.

3.2 Exploring Bluetooth Low energy (BLE) from first steps to final
application

Exploring Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) from first steps to a final application involves
understanding the technology, developing the necessary skills, and following a
systematic approach to building your project. Here's a step-by-step guide:
1. Understand BLE Technology:

- Start by learning the fundamentals of BLE technology. Understand how it differs

from classic Bluetooth and its advantages, such as low power consumption and
compatibility with smartphones and IoT devices.
2. Choose Development Tools:

- Select the development platform and tools that suit your project. Popular options
include Nordic Semiconductor's nRF series, Texas Instruments' CC26xx/CC13xx series,
and the Arduino platform with BLE shields.
3. Learn BLE Protocols:

- Study the BLE protocol stack, which includes the Generic Attribute Profile
(GATT), Generic Access Profile (GAP), and more. Understand concepts like advertising,
connections, services, and characteristics.
4. Set Up Development Environment:

- Install the necessary software development kits (SDKs), compilers, and debugging
tools provided by your chosen hardware platform. Familiarize yourself with the IDE and
development workflow.
5. Develop Basic BLE Applications: Start with simple BLE applications, like creating a
peripheral device that broadcasts data (e.g., sensor readings) and a central device that scans
for and receives this data.

6. Study BLE Profiles: Explore standard BLE profiles like Heart Rate Monitor, Proximity,
or Health Thermometer to understand how services and characteristics are structured.
Create custom profiles if needed.
7. Design Your Application: Define the purpose and functionality of your BLE application.
Decide what data it will transmit, how devices will interact, and any specific requirements.

8. Code Your Application:

- Begin coding your BLE application. Implement the necessary services,

characteristics, and descriptors. Handle advertising, connections, data exchange, and
disconnections.
9. Test and Debug:

- Test your BLE application thoroughly. Use debugging tools and real devices for
testing. Address any bugs or issues that arise during the testing phase.
10. Optimize Power Consumption:

- BLE is known for its low power consumption, but you can optimize further by using
low-power modes, optimizing advertising intervals, and minimizing data transfers.
11. Implement Security:

- Ensure data security by implementing encryption, authentication, and authorization

mechanisms as required by your application.
12. Handle Errors and Exceptions:

- Implement error handling and exception management in your code to handle

unexpected situations gracefully.
13. User Interface (UI):

- If your application has a user interface, design and implement it to interact with the
BLE functionality effectively.
14. Connectivity with Mobile Devices: If your final application involves mobile devices,
create mobile apps (iOS/Android) that communicate with your BLE device using
platform-specific BLE APIs.

15. Documentation and Support:

- Document your code, hardware connections, and any user instructions. Provide
customer support channels for troubleshooting.
16. Compliance and Certification: If your BLE device is intended for commercial use,
ensure that it complies with relevant regulatory standards and undergoes certification (e.g.,
Bluetooth SIG certification).
17. Scalability and Future Improvements:

- Consider future enhancements and scalability. Plan for firmware updates and
feature additions.
18. Real-World Testing:

- Conduct real-world testing in the intended environment to evaluate the

performance and reliability of your BLE application.
19. Deployment:

- Deploy your BLE devices or applications in the target environment or market.

20. Maintenance:

- Continue to support and maintain your BLE application by addressing bug fixes,
updates, and customer feedback.
Building a BLE application from start to finish involves a combination of hardware and
software development skills, along with a deep understanding of BLE protocols and best
practices. It's also beneficial to engage with the BLE developer community and access
online resources and documentation provided by your hardware platform and the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).3.2

3.3 Creating a sensor node for Azure IOT Central

Creating a sensor node for Azure IoT Central involves several steps, from hardware
selection and sensor integration to setting up communication with the Azure IoT Central
platform. Here's a high-level guide to help you get started:
1. Define Your Project:

- Determine the purpose of your sensor node and the type of data it will collect.
Consider factors like the environment, power constraints, and communication range.

2. Select Hardware:

- Choose a microcontroller or single-board computer (SBC) that is compatible with

Azure IoT Central. Common options include Raspberry Pi, Arduino, or specialized IoT
development boards with built-in connectivity.
3. Assemble Hardware: - Assemble your hardware components, including the
microcontroller, sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity, light), power supply, and any
necessary peripherals.
4. Set Up Development Environment:

- Install the necessary software tools and libraries for your chosen hardware
platform. Configure your development environment.
5. Interface Sensors:

- Connect and interface your sensors with the microcontroller. Read data from the
sensors using appropriate libraries or code.
6. Implement Communication:

- Choose a communication method to send sensor data to Azure IoT Central.

Common options include Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or cellular connectivity. Ensure your hardware
supports the chosen method.
7. Azure IoT Central Setup:

- Sign in to the Azure IoT Central portal (https://apps.azureiotcentral.com/).

- Create a new application or use an existing one.

- Define a device template that describes the capabilities and properties of your
sensor node.
8. Device Provisioning:

- Implement device provisioning on your sensor node. Azure IoT Central supports
various methods, such as symmetric key authentication or X.509 certificates.
9. Develop Firmware: Write firmware for your sensor node that collects sensor data and
sends it to Azure IoT Central. Use the Azure IoT SDK for your chosen platform.

10. Security Implementation:

- Ensure that your firmware includes secure communication practices, such as using
TLS/SSL for data encryption and proper authentication mechanisms.
11. Test and Debug:- Test your sensor node in a real-world environment to ensure data
collection and transmission work as expected. Use debugging tools and logs to
troubleshoot any issues.
12. Device Integration:

- Register your sensor node with Azure IoT Central by providing device-specific
information and credentials.
13. Data Visualization:

- Define dashboards and visualizations in Azure IoT Central to display the data sent
by your sensor node.
14. Configure Alerts and Rules:

- Set up rules and alerts in Azure IoT Central to trigger actions based on sensor data,
such as sending notifications or performing specific tasks.
15. Monitoring and Management:

- Implement remote monitoring and management capabilities for your sensor node
using Azure IoT Central's features.
16. Deployment:

- Deploy your sensor node in the target environment. Ensure it has a reliable power
source and network connectivity.
17. Scalability:

- Consider how to scale your solution if you need to deploy multiple sensor nodes.
Azure IoT Central supports device management at scale.
18. Documentation:

- Create documentation for your project, including hardware schematics, firmware

source code, and instructions for setup and maintenance.
19. Compliance and Security:

- Ensure that your solution complies with regulatory standards and follows security
best practices.
20. Continuous Improvement: Plan for ongoing maintenance, updates, and improvements
based on user feedback and changing requirements.
Creating a sensor node for Azure IoT Central involves both hardware and software
development, along with integration with the Azure IoT platform. Be prepared to iterate
on your design and implementation to achieve a reliable and scalable IoT solution.

3.4 Motor Control Workshop using ds PIC Digital signal Controllers(DSC)

Dual core Devices

A Motor Control Workshop using dsPIC Digital Signal Controllers (DSC) with DualCore
Devices is an excellent opportunity to learn about embedded systems and motor control.
These dual-core devices combine a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) core with a
microcontroller core, making them suitable for demanding control applications like motor
control. Below is a structured outline for conducting such a workshop:

Workshop Title: Motor Control Workshop using dsPIC Dual-Core DSC

Devices
Workshop Duration: Typically, a full-day or multi-day workshop, depending on the
depth of the content and hands-on activities.
Workshop Goals:

1. Introduce Dual-Core dsPIC DSCs: Provide an overview of the dsPIC dual-core

architecture and its advantages in motor control applications.
2. Motor Control Fundamentals: Cover the basics of motor control theory,
including types of motors (DC, BLDC, AC), control techniques, and hardware
requirements.
3. Hands-On Lab: Practical exercises with dsPIC DSC development boards, motor
control hardware, and software tools.
4. Advanced Topics: Explore advanced motor control concepts, such as sensorless
control, field-oriented control (FOC), and position control.
5. Real-World Applications: Discuss real-world applications of motor control in
robotics, automotive, industrial automation, and more.
6. Troubleshooting and Debugging: Learn debugging techniques for motor control
systems and common challenges.

Workshop Outline:

Session 1: Introduction to dsPIC Dual-Core DSCs (1-2 hours)

- Overview of dsPIC DSCs and their dual-core architecture.

- Features and benefits of dsPIC DSCs for motor control.

- Introduction to the development environment (MPLAB X IDE).

Session 2: Motor Control Basics (1-2 hours)

- Types of motors and their characteristics.

- Open-loop vs. closed-loop control.

- Introduction to pulse-width modulation (PWM) and motor drive circuits.

Session 3: Motor Control Hardware (2-3 hours)

- Overview of motor control hardware components (sensors, drivers, encoders).

- Hands-on lab: Assembling motor control hardware with dsPIC DSC development
boards.

Session 4: Motor Control Software (2-3 hours)

- Introduction to motor control software development using the Motor Control

Application Framework (MCAF).
- Hands-on lab: Writing code to control a motor using PWM and sensor feedback.

Session 5: Advanced Motor Control (2-3 hours)

- Sensorless motor control techniques.

- Field-oriented control (FOC) principles.

- Hands-on lab: Implementing FOC for motor control.

Session 6: Real-World Applications (1-2 hours)

- Case studies of motor control applications in various industries.

- Discussion of challenges and innovative solutions. Session 7: Troubleshooting and

Debugging (1-2 hours)
- Common issues in motor control systems.

- Debugging techniques and tools.

- Hands-on lab: Debugging a motor control system.

Session 8: Project Showcase (1-2 hours) -

Participants present their motor control projects.
- Discussion and feedback.

Session 9: Q&A and Conclusion (1 hour)

- Open Q&A session to address participants' questions.

- Recap of key takeaways.

- Closing remarks and certificates distribution.

Materials and Resources:

- dsPIC Dual-Core DSC development boards and motor control kits.

- MPLAB X IDE and MPLAB Harmony framework.

- Motors, sensors, and motor drive circuits.

- Oscilloscopes, multimeters, and debugging tools.

- Workshop manuals, code examples, and reference materials.

Evaluation and Assessment:

- Participants may be evaluated based on their performance in hands-on labs and project
presentations.
- Assessment can also include quizzes or written assignments to test their understanding
of motor control concepts.By following this structured workshop outline and providing
hands-on experience with dsPIC dual-core DSCs, participants can gain a solid
foundation in motor control and develop practical skills for real-world applications. The
workshop should be adaptable to different skill levels, from beginners to experienced
engineers, based on the depth of the content covered.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, my internship as an embedded system developer has been a valuable and
enriching experience. Over the course of this internship, I have had the opportunity to
work on real-world projects, collaborate with a talented team, and expand my technical
skills significantly.
This internship has reaffirmed my passion for embedded systems development and has
equipped me with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in this field. I am grateful for
the guidance and mentorship I have received throughout this journey, and I am excited to
continue my career as an embedded system developer, applying the lessons and
experiences gained during this internship to future endeavors.
 FUTURESCOPE
The future scope for an embedded system developer is promising and diverse. As
technology continues to advance, embedded systems are becoming increasingly integral
to various industries. Here are some key points regarding the future scope of an
embedded system developer:

1. IoT (Internet of Things): With the proliferation of IoT devices, embedded

systems will continue to be in high demand. Developers will work on creating smart,
connected devices for applications in healthcare, smart homes, industrial automation, and
more.
2. Automotive Industry: Embedded systems play a crucial role in the automotive
sector, powering advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), infotainment systems, and
autonomous vehicles. Future opportunities will abound in this rapidly evolving field.
3. Medical Devices: The healthcare industry relies heavily on embedded systems for
medical devices, patient monitoring, and diagnostics. Developers will continue to
innovate in this area, contributing to improved healthcare solutions.
4. Aerospace and Defense: Embedded systems are critical in aerospace and defense
for avionics, missile systems, and communication equipment. As technology advances,
there will be ongoing development and maintenance of these systems.

5. Robotics: The robotics industry is expanding rapidly, and embedded systems are at
its core. Developers will have opportunities to work on robotics for various applications,
from manufacturing to healthcare and beyond.
6. Consumer Electronics: Consumer electronics, such as smartphones, smart TVs,
and wearable devices, rely heavily on embedded systems. Continuous innovation in this
sector ensures a steady demand for developers.
7. Energy and Green Technologies: Embedded systems are used in energy
management, renewable energy systems, and smart grids. As sustainability becomes
increasingly important, developers in this field will work on eco-friendly solutions.
8. Security: With the growing importance of cybersecurity, embedded system
developers will be tasked with creating secure systems that protect data and privacy in an
interconnected world.
9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning: Integrating AI and ML into
embedded systems is a growing trend. Developers will work on optimizing hardware and
software for AI-driven applications.
10. Education and Research: Embedded system development will continue to be a
focus of educational institutions and research organizations, offering opportunities for
teaching and contributing to cutting-edge research projects.

-
 REFERENCES

1. Academic Journals: Websites like IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and
ScienceDirect host academic journals and papers related to embedded systems. You can
search for specific papers or journals that are relevant to your research or interests.
2. Online Courses and Tutorials: Websites like Coursera, edX, Udemy, and YouTube
offer online courses and tutorials on embedded systems development. These can serve as
educational references.
3. GitHub Repositories: Many developers and organizations share open-source
embedded systems projects on GitHub. You can explore repositories, access source code,
and learn from real-world examples.