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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining

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ii76iiq
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Appendices: Appendix A

A. Conversion Factors
A.1. Length
1 m ¼ 100 cm ¼ 1000 mm ¼ 106 mm ¼ 39.37 in ¼ 3.2808 ft ¼ 1.0936 yd
1 ft ¼ 12 in ¼ 1/3 yd ¼ 0.3048 m ¼ 30.48 cm

A.2. Mass
1 kg ¼ 1000 g ¼ 0.001 metric ton ¼ 2.20462 lbm ¼ 35.27392 oz
1 lbm ¼ 16 oz ¼ 5  104 ton ¼ 453.593 g

A.3. Volume
1 m3 ¼ 1000 L ¼ 106 cm3 ¼ 35.3145 ft3 ¼ 220.83 imperial gallon
¼ 264.17 gal
1 ft3 ¼ 1728 in3 ¼ 7.4805 gal ¼ 0.028317 m3 ¼ 28.317 L ¼ 28.317 cm3
¼ 7.48 gal
1 barrel ¼ 42 gal (oil) ¼ 5.62 ft3
Ideal gas occupies 379.5 ft3 at (P ¼ 14.7 psia and T ¼ 60  F)
Ideal gas occupies 224 liter at (P ¼ 14.7 psia and T ¼ 32  F)

A.4. Density
Density of water ¼ 1000 kg/m3 ¼ 1 g/cm3 ¼ 62.4 lb/ft3
Specific gravity (SG) ¼ density of oil/density of water
141:5
API ¼  131:5
SG

A.4. Force
1 N ¼ 1 kg m/s2 ¼ 105 dyne ¼ 105 g cm/s2 ¼ 0.22481 lbf
1 lbf ¼ 32.174 lb m ft/s2 ¼ 4.4482 N ¼ 4.4482  105 dyne

Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining # 2010 Elsevier B.V.


DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52785-1.00027-9 All rights reserved.

465
466 Appendices: Appendix A

A.5. Pressure
1 atm ¼ 1.01325  105 N/m2 (Pa) ¼ 101.325 kPa ¼ 1.01325 bar
¼ 1.01325  105 dyne/cm2 ¼ 760 mmHg at 0  C ¼ 10.33 m H2O at 4  C
¼ 14.7 lbf/in2 (psi) ¼ 33.9 ft H2O at 4  C ¼ 29.921 in Hg at 0  C

A.6. Energy
1 J ¼ 1 N m ¼ 107 ergs ¼ 107 dyne cm ¼ 2.778  107 kW h
¼ 0.23901 cal ¼ 0.7376 ft lbf ¼ 9.486  104 Btu

A.7. Power
1 W ¼ 1 J/s ¼ 0.23901 cal/s ¼ 0.7376 ft lbf/s
¼ 9.486  104 Btu/s ¼ 1.341  103 hp

A.8. Standard Acceleration of Gravity


g ¼ 9.80665 m/s2 ¼ 980.665 cm/s2 ¼ 32.174 ft/s2

A.9. Dynamic Viscosity


1 cp ¼ 102 g/cm s (poise) ¼ 2.4191 lbm/ft h ¼ 6.7197  104 lbm/ft s
¼ 103 Pa s ¼ 103 kg/m s ¼ 103 N s/m2 ¼ 2.0886  105 lbf s/ft2
1 Pa s ¼ 1 N s/m2 ¼ 1 kg/m s ¼ 1000 cp ¼ 0.67197 lbm/ft s

A.10. Kinematic Viscosity


1 cSt ¼ 0.01 stoke ¼ 0.01 cm2/s ¼ 1.07  105 ft2/s

A.11. Heat Capacity


1 Btu/lbm  F ¼ 4.1868 kJ/kg K ¼ 1 cal/g  C ¼ 2326 J/kg
1 kcal/gmol ¼ 4.1840  103 kJ/kg mol

A.12. Temperature

C ¼ ( F  32)/1.8

F ¼ 32 þ 1.8( C)

R ¼  F þ 459.67

K ¼  C þ 273.15
1.0 K ¼ 1.0  C ¼ 1.8  F ¼ 1.8  R
Appendices: Appendix A 467

A.13. Gas Law Constant


1.9872 g cal/gmol K ¼ 1.9872 Btu/lb mol  R ¼ 82.057 cm3 atm/gmol K
8324.34 J/kmol K ¼ 82.057  103 m3 atm/kgmol K
10.731 ft3 lbf/in2 lb mol  R ¼ 0.7302 ft3 atm/lb mol  R
1545 ft lbf/lb mol  R ¼ 8314.34 m3 Pa/kg mol K

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