L Marchiol, S Assolari, P Sacco, G Zerbi

Environmental Pollution 132 (1), 21-27, 2004

Phytoextraction is a technology for extracting heavy metals from polluted soils that can be done in situ.
In the context of a pot-experiment, the researchers investigated the fundamental potential of
phytoextraction of Brassica napus (canola) and Raphanus sativus (radish) growing on a multi-metal
contaminated soil. During the experiment, chlorophyll content and gas exchanges were assessed, as well
as the heavy metal phytoextraction efficiency of canola and radish, as well as the phytoextraction
coefficient for each metal. Both species are fairly tolerant of heavy metals, but radish is more so than
canola, according to the data.The phytoremediation capacity of these species in multicontaminated soils
was quite poor.

The technology use to extract heavy metals is called phytoextraction. Through the use of Barissica
napus(canola) and Raphanus sativus (radish) the study were conducted and it is found out that both of
them are fairly tolerant of heavy metals and radish is more so than canola. So that the concluded study
is the phytoremediation of the canola and radish is poor.

Ping Zhuang, Q Wang Yang, HB Wang, WS Shu

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 184 (1), 235-242, 2007

Phytoremediation is an in situ, cost-effective potential strategy for cleanup of sites contaminated with
trace metals. Selection of plant materials is an important factor for successful field phytoremediation. A
field experiment was carried out to evaluate the phytoextraction abilities of six high biomass plants
(Vertiveria zizanioides, Dianthus chinensis, Rumex K-1 (Rumex upatientia × R. timschmicus), Rumex
crispus, and two populations of Rumex acetosa) in comparison to metal hyperaccumulators (Viola
baoshanensis, Sedum alfredii).Among the high biomass plants, R. crispus extracted Zn and Cd of 26.8
and 0.16 kg ha−1, respectively, with one harvest without any treatment, As a result, it could be a
candidate species for soil phytoextraction of Cd and Zn. No plants have been shown to have a high
efficiency in phytoextracting Pb

One factor of successful phytoremediation is the selection of plant. The conducted experiment uses six
high biomass plants and among the six Rumex crispus could be good for soil phytoextraction of Cd and
Zn. But in the phytoextraction of high efficiency pb no plants have been proven to phytoextract.

Victor J Odjegba, Ishola O Fasidi

The Environmentalist 27 (3), 349-355, 2007

The potential of Eichhornia crassipes to bioconcentrate eight toxic metals usually present in industrial
effluent (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was investigated. Young plants of equal size were cultivated
hydroponically for 21 days and were individually modified with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mM of
each heavy metal. The tolerance indices for Hg and Zn were lowest and highest, respectively, in the test
plant. In comparison to the control, metal-treated plants produced significantly less biomass (P.05). The
concentrations of all trace elements in roots were higher than in shoots.The starting concentration of
particular metals in the growth medium and the period of exposure were proportionate to trace
element concentrations in tissues and bioconcentration factors (BCF). E. crassipes is a promising plant
species for phytoremediation of low-level Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag, and Ni in natural water bodies and/or
wastewater.

Eichhornia crassipes was investigated on it potential to bioconcentrate eight toxic metals which is
Ag,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn.The tolerance of Hg and Zn were lowest and highest respectively.The
concentration of all the elements in roots were higher than in shoots. In the study E. crassipes has the
ability to phytoextract of low level Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag, and Ni in natural water bodies and/or
wastewater.

(BCF). E. crass is a good plant for phytoremediation. In these study E.crass is good for removing heavy
metals

Hazrat Ali, Muhammad Naseer, Muhammad Anwar Sajad

International Journal of Environmental Sciences 2 (3), 1459-1469, 2012

Year after year, more and more heavy metals are removed from their ores and discharged into the
environment (water, air, and soil) during or after processing. As a result, a primary priority is to
effectively remediate heavy metal pollution. The various physico-chemical approaches that have been
used for this goal all have significant drawbacks. Phytoremediation, on the other hand, is considered as
a green approach to solving the problem.Trifolium alexandrinum, a promising candidate plant species
for this purpose, was found to be capable of phytoremediation of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in this study. T.
alexandrinum was grown in heavy metal-contaminated soil to simulate the effects of heavy metals. T.
alexandrinum had root bioconcentration factors of 4.242, 1.544, 1.071, and 0.604 for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd.
In this study Trifolium balexandrinum can be use for phytoremediation of metals including Cd,Pb,Cu, and
Zn.

Finding solution to water,air and soil pollution caused by heavy metals is a primary priority and
phytoremediaton is one of the solution which has a green approach to solving the problem.Trifolium
balexandrinum have also the ability to use as phytoremediation of heavy metals and it is found out that
it can phytoextract Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn

Ali Karami, Zulkifli Hj Shamsuddin

African Journal of Biotechnology 9 (25), 3689-3698, 2010

Phytoremediation is one of the remediation techniques with a relatively slow procedure and low
efficiency. This review covers some of the biological, chemical, physical, physico-chemical and genetic
methods, which were applied in parallel with phytoremediation, in an attempt to help increase the
efficiency in the remediation of air, soil and water. These include lowering the pH and increasing the
electrode potential (Eh), as well as using chelating agents and micro-organisms (arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)). Among the introduced methods, an
appropriate application of the PGPRs is one of the most useful and environmentally friendly techniques
which is currently considered as a useful process in phytoremediation. As a result of the discovering of
these new methods, multi-approaches have been executed for a faster and higher removal rate of the
contaminants, with a consequent increase in the efficiency of phytoremediation, as compared to single
techniques.

Phytoremediation is a technique with slow procedure and low efficiency. Among the methods use
which are biological, chemical, physical, physico-chemical and genetic methods as well as using chelating
agents and micro-organisms (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR) . PGPR is the most useful and environmental friendly technique for
phytoremediation.

Vimal Chandra Pandey

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 82, 8-12, 2012

The abundance of naturally growing Azolla caroliniana (water fern) on the surface of a metal enriched fly
ash (FA) pond indicates the plant’s toxitolerant properties. Because of its higher bioconcentration factor,
the results show that A. caroliniana is effective for FA pond phytoremediation. In roots and fronds, metal
concentrations ranged from 175 to 538 mg kg1 and 86 to 753 mg kg1. All metal bioconcentration factors
(BCF) in root and frond ranged from 1.7 to 18.6 and 1.8 to 11.0, respectively, indicating that A.
caroliniana has a high metal accumulation potential. For several heavy metals, the translocation factor
(TF) ranged between 0.37 to 1.4 The field results demonstrated that A. caroliniana is a potential heavy
metal accumulator and can be employed for FA pond phytoremediation.

Azolla Carolinian( water fern) found out that it is effective for FA pond phytoremediation.Azolla
Carolinian has a high metal accumulation potential. And also it is a candidate for heavy metal
accumulator and can be use is FA pond phytoremediation.

Amin Mojiri

The use of plants for the removal of heavy metals from spillage sites, sewage waters, sludges and
polluted areas has become an important experimental and practical approach. A study was carried out
to investigate the phytoremediation of heavy metals from municipal wastewater by Typhadomingensis
according to randomized complete block design (with three replications). Every Typhadomingensis was
planted in pots containing 7 liter of municipal wastewater, and aeration was done. After 24 and 48 h,
the samples were taken for testing. The concentrations in the root and shoot tissues were found in the
order of Fe>Mn>Zn>Ni>Cd. The evidences provided by this experiment indicated that the
Typhadomingensis was capable to remove heavy metals from urban wastewater. These results also
showed that most metal removal from wastewater byTyphadomingensis was after 48 h.

To remove heavy metals from spillage,sites,sewage waters sludges and polluted areas the researcher
used Typhadomigensis and planted to pots containing 7 liters of municipal waste and aeration. In the
experiment it found out that Typhadomigensis has the ability to remove heavy metals from urban
wastewater and it was also showed in the result that the higher metal remove was after 48hrs.

Felix Aibuedefe Aisien, Oluwole Faleye, Eki Tina Aisien

Leonardo Journal of Sciences 17 (4), 37-46, 2010

One of the major environmental problems is the pollution of water and soil by toxic heavy metals. This
study investigated the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth, for the removal of cadmium (Cd),
lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Water hyacinths were cultured in bore-hole water, supplemented with 5mg/l of
Zn and Pb and 1mg/l of Cd at pH 4.5, 6.8 and 8.5. The plants were separately harvested each week for
six weeks. The results showed that removal of these metals from solution was fast especially in the first
two weeks, after which it became gradual till saturation point was reached. Enhanced pH increased Cd
and Zn accumulation in leaves and roots. With metal concentrations of 4870mg/kg, 4150mg/kg, and
710mg/kg for Zn, Pb, and Cd, respectively, at pH 8.5, the maximum accumulation was in the roots. The
maximum bioconcentration factor (BCF) values for Zn, Pb, and Cd were 1674, 1531, and 1479,
respectively, indicating that water hyacinth was a good accumulator of Zn, Pb, and Cd and may be
utilized to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with Zn, Pb, and Cd.

The study investigated water hyacinth as phytoremediation for the removal of Cd,Pb,and Zn. The
conducted experiment came out with the result which is the maximum values of bioconcentration factor
(BCF) for Zn, Pb and Cd were 1674, 1531 and 1479 respectively,and found out that water hyacinth could
be used to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals such as Zn, Pb and Cd.

Eleni Manousaki, Nicolas Kalogerakis

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50 (2), 656-660, 2011

A more efficient performance of several basic biochemical tolerance mechanisms provides an advantage
to halophytes with respect to several environmental factors including heavy metals. Halophytes have an
edge when it comes to a variety of environmental conditions, including heavy metals, because various
basic biochemical tolerance mechanisms are more efficient. As a result, halophytes have been proposed
to be better adapted to cope with environmental stresses, such as heavy metals, than salt-sensitive crop
plants commonly used for phytoremediation, and thus offer a greater potential for phytoremediation
research for the decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils. According to the findings, halophytes
are excellent candidates for phytoextraction, phytostabilization, or phytoexcretion of heavy metal
polluted saline and nonsaline soils.
Because of various basic biochemical tolerance mechanism are more efficient Halophytes have an edge.
The researchers used Halophytes for phytoremediation and found out that it has the higher ability to
phytoextract heavy metal in the polluted soil.

Luu Thai Danh, Paul Truong, Raffaella Mammucari, Tam Tran, Neil Foster

International journal of phytoremediation 11 (8),Glasshouse and field studies showed that Vetiver grass
can produce high biomass (>100t/tha−1 year−1) and highly tolerate extreme climatic variation such as
prolonged drought, flood, submergence and temperatures (−15°–55°C), soils high in acidity and
alkalinity (pH 3.3–9.5), high levels of Al (85% saturation percentage), Mn (578 mg kg−1), soil salinity
(ECse 47.5 dS m−1), sodicity (ESP 48%), and a wide range of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se,
and Zn). Vetiver can accumulate heavy metals, particularly lead (shoot 0.4% and root 1%) and zinc
(shoot and root 1%). Heavy metals accumulate in roots, making them ideal for phytostabilization and
phytoextraction with chelating agents. Organic wastes can also be absorbed and biodegraded by vetiver
(2,4,6-trinitroluene, phenol, ethidium bromide, benzo[a]pyrene, atrazine). Although vetiver does not
accumulate heavy metals as well as some other species, few plants in the literature have a wide range of
resistance to severely harsh environment and growing medium (soil, sand, and tailings) combined into
one plant like vetiver does. Vegetables are an excellent alternative for heavy metal and organic waste
phytoremediation due to their unique properties.

Vertiver grass can produce high biomass .Heavy metals in roots making them ideal for phytoextraction
with chelating aagents The study found out that vertiver does not accumulate heavy metals. The
alternative for heavy metal phytoremediation are vegetables due to their unique properties.