AR120-1 - HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION SKYSCRAPERS

History • Economic Power

• Gk. “Historia” = Inquiry We Pray - Support our Leaders - Gain Money

• Chronological records of events
• Discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of Architecture validates inquiries and everything.
information about past events
Ex: Philippines has the largest Catholic population -
Architecture Churches and Why are there a lot of Theatre in the
Philippines - Filipinos love to act
• Gk. “Arkhi” = Chief and “Tekton” = Builder
• Art and Science of Designing and Erecting buildings or
structures Influences of Architecture
• Style and Method of design and construction of buildings
GEOGRAPHICAL
and other physical structures.
• Location, road network, trade route
Applicable ba ang styles and method ng ibang bansa sa
Pilipinas? TOPOGRAPHICAL

• Terrain, slope, contour, natural defense

Historic Style Of Architecture
GEOLOGICAL
• The particular method or building technique
• The characteristics • locally available materials
• The manner of design
CLIMATIC
• Prevalent at a certain place and time
• effects of sun and wind
Hybrid - Combination of two different styles from a different
country. RELIGIOUS
➢ Ex: Pilipinas at Europe
• structures depend on prevailing belief system

Historical Period HISTORICAL

• is the particular time in the history of man that a certain • significant changes that affected humanity
style was prevalent.
SOCIAL

• lifestyle, social system, labor and manual skills

POLITICAL

• government, power shift, hostile or friendly

TECHNOLOGICAL

• inventions that made changes possible

INTRODUCTION TO PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

• refers people recorded history in writing.
• longest period in the past of modern man (homo sapiens)
lasted for 400,000 years
Significant Buildings • not associated with a particular place or time.
• Due to lack of written documentation, prehistoric research
• Temples and Churches is based on remains, which are used as evidence
➢ Religious faith was dominant in human life

Oldest Church Building - San Augustine Church

Cradles of Civilization During the Ancient Times

ROYAL PALACES • Nile Valley - Egypt (3,100-1,090 B.C.)

• Tigris-Euphrates Valley- Middle East (3,100 -1,200
• Increased importance of the rulers B.C.)
• Indus Valley- India-Pakistan (2,500 -1,700 B.C)
• Hwang Ho Valley- China (1,500-1,027 B.C

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The Basic Needs Of Man

• both present and prehistoric

• Food - nomadic hunter-gatherers > domestication/
agriculture
• Clothing
• Shelter - temporary > permanent
MEGALITH
REASONS WHY MAN SOUGHT SHELTER
• “MEGAS” (great) + “LITHOS” (stone)
• Protection -from weather and animals ➢ Dolmen - large stones set on end with a large
• Comfort covering slab
• Food storage ➢ Cromlech - 3++ upright stones capped by an
• Perpetual life unhewn stone.

Geography/Geology

• Used abundant available materials for their tools and

shelter
• Took advantage of rock-caves and used it for shelter

Climate/Religious Beliefs

• Different religious beliefs but no formal organization

• Natural Phenomena is a sign of something significant

Social-political/ Historic events

• Hunting, POTTERY, Wall/Cave paintings and engravings

• PERIODS were determined with the TYPE OF TOOLS
used
CROMLECH, STONEHENGE, ENGLAND
Architectural Character
• Huge stones arranged in a circle
MATERIALS • Partially covered with horizontal slabs of stone

• Animal skin
• Wooden frames
• Animal bones

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

• Existing or excavated caves

• Megalithic
• Most evident in France, England and Ireland

Building Examples

MONOLITH Sa loob may kinatay or may ritual

• Single massive upright stone used as a monument.

➢ Menhir - Men (Stone) + HIR (Long) Large monolithic STONE ROWS
(Simple Upright Stone)
• Made up of a number of stones spaced apart into 10-18
Lithos - stone lines and one line or row may stretch for about 3 miles
➢ Weight 5 tons to 10 tons
Truck 10 tons - Elephant 1 tons

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STONE ALIGNMENT, CARNAC, FRANCE

• More than 3,000 large stones of granite

• Lined up for several kilometers running east by north east
• Ten to thirteen rows towards a circle

MENHIR

• A prehistoric monument consisting of an upright megalith,

usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with others
➢ Some Menhir have been erected next to buildings
that often have an early or current religious
significance
➢ The word Menhir was adopted from French by 19th
century archaeologists

STONE AND WOOD CIRCLES

• The two circles are complementary to each other

• Stonehenge aligns - sunset midwinter solstice
• Durrington’s Timber Circle aligns - sunrise midwinter
solstice

Large Menhir located in Ireland

➢ It is a combination of two words of the Breton

language; maen and hir.
➢ In modern Weish, they are described as maen, hir,
or “long stone”

TUMULUS (TUMULI) OR BARROW

• Grave or mound of earth or stone protecting a tomb

chamber or simple grave.
• An artificial mound or earth or stone, especially over an
ancient grave.
➢ Dominant Tomb Type: corridor inside leading to an
underground chamber.
➢ Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or
kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the
world.
Menhir de Champ Dolent

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DOLMEN

• A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large

upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab, found
especially in Britain and France usually regarded as a
tomb.
➢ Horizontal capstone is called TABLE
➢ Town of Amadalavalasa, India, Megalithic dolmen
(said to be the world’s largest single capstone as a
dolmen with 36ft. In length and 14ft in width and 2ft.
thickness)
1. First Stage: (3000 -2935 BCE) - It consists of a circular
enclosure that is more than 330 feet (100 metres) in
diameter, enclosing 56 pits called the Aubrey Holes,
named after John Aubrey, who identified them in 1666.
The Aubrey holes said to be use to hold the Weish
Bluestones
➢ Human cremation burials were found written and
around most of the holes

2. Second Stage: (2640-2480 BCE) - Except for human

burials, there is no evidence of activity between
Stonehenge’s first and second stages of construction.
➢ They were then arranged inside the circle in a
horseshoe-shaped setting of five tall trilithons (paired
uprights with a lintel)—the central and largest of
which is known as the giant trilithon—surrounded by
30 uprights linked by curved lintels to form a circle.
➢ Addition of bluestones
CROMLECH

• Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground

in circular form

STONEHENGE, ENGLAND (2800 -1500 BC)

• Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments

• Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring
with open end facing east
• Largest stones weigh 45 to 59 tones, came from Wales
3. Third Stage: (2470-2280 BCE) - It is possible that the
200 km away
avenue traces the path of the bluestones that were
• Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land
moved by the Aubrey Holes and Blue Stonehenge.
with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised
upright into pits, capped with lintels
4. Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Stages: (2280-1520 BCE) - The
Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space circles were rearranged to form a circle and an inner oval.
A Solar Observatory - designed to mark the sun’s path
during sunrise on Midsummer Day

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Primitive Dwellings

• Mostly had one room

• The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping,
and socializing.
• In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to
transform building methods and increase population
density, houses show little difference from primitive ones.

Dwelling and Settlement

TRULLO

• Dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof.

• Essentially a rural building type. With its thick walls and
its inability to form multi-story structures, it is wasteful of
ground space and consequently ill-suited to high density
settlement.

Sarsen Horseshoe
Blue Stone Horseshoe
➢ Sarsen - malaki na bato
➢ Blue stone - maliit na bato
➢ Inner circle - blue stone

TRILITHON

• A trilithon (or trilith) is a structure consisting of two

large vertical stones (posts) supporting a third stone set
horizontally across the top (lintel). It is commonly used
in the context of megalithic monuments.

Corbell yung trullo - pa-round na roof

Post (tagalog: poste) - kahoy at bato (stone)
Concrete (tinitimpla) - column (haligi)
WIGWAM OR TEEPEE
Mortise - butas sa ilalalim
• Conical tent with wooden poles as framework
Tenon – tusok
➢ Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door

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➢ It was common for Native Americans to devote much
of the winter season to decorating their tepees with
colorful paintings of animals and the hunt

HOGAN

• Primitive Indian structure of joined logs

Binabasa ang bato para magdikit ang yellow.

Igloo - nilalagyan ng insulator para pigilan ang sobrang init

at lamig. Ginagamit ang whalebone which is ipin ng
balyena na nilalagay sa interior space

HUT AT TERRA AMATA, FRANCE

• One of earliest known example of a temporary shelter

using available materials
• Oval in shape and constructed of tree branches

Sila ang may karapatan (native americans) - hindi ang puti

at hindi ang itim. Ito ay na displaced nung dumating ang
Europeans.

Mukhang cone, apa dahil ito ay made of branches of trees

at babalutan ng balat ng hayop. - Ex baka.

Hogan - iipitin ang logs. Tatakpan ang butas gamit ang

mud/putik. Mapresko sa loob. Why no window? Hihina ang
foundation kapag may bintana. Kapag may butas pa other
than sa pinto hihina at bibigay
India, China, and Philippines ang may maraming kahoy
pero sa Egypt napaka precious ng kahoy. Mas mahal pa
IGLOO ang kahoy sa ginto Dahil walang kahoy sa desert

• Innuit (eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed snow

blocks built up spirally. NIGERIAN HUT
➢ Snow igloos are not spherical, but are built in a shape
more closely resembling a paraboloid. • With mud walls and roof of palm leaves
➢ Other Innuit people tended to use snow to insulate
their houses, which were constructed from
whalebone and hides. Snow is used because the
air pockets trapped in it makes it an insulator.
➢ On the outside, temperatures may be as low as -45
°C, but on the inside the temperature may range from
-7 °C to 16 °C when warmed by body heat alone.

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PUEBLO

• Traditional pueblo construction used limestone blocks

or large adobe bricks; the latter were made from clay and
water
• Building can be up to five stories tall

Mainit sa umaga malamig sa gabi dahil walang ulap. Kaya

madaling mag evaporate pataas dahil walang nakaharang.

Gumagamit ng putik at tuyong halaman. - nigerian hut IRAQUI MUDHIF

Pueblo - multilayered. Gumagamit ng ladder para • Covered with split reed mats, built on a reed platform to
makaakyat. Sina-unang apartments prevent settlement.
➢ A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and
maintained by a local sheik, for use by guests or as
CATAL HUYUK gathering place for weddings, funerals, etc.
➢ A mudhif is a grand structure.
• pronounced as “cha tal HOO yook” ➢ Typical dimensions of a mudhif are: 21 metres long,
• trash, sewage and burial customs 7 metres wide and 15 metres at its peak.
➢ Neolithic monument in present day Turkey
(Anatolia)
➢ Occupied between 6300 BC to 5400 BC
➢ Supported a population up to 6000 people
➢ Largest and most cosmopolitan city of its time
➢ Houses packed in one continuous block
punctuated by courtyards
➢ Mud brick
➢ No doors and windows
➢ Roof hatches for access

Hindi ito tirahan kundi para sa libing or kasal

Small Doors And Windows - because of sandstorm dahil
if Malaki mapapasukan ito at maaring mamatay ang nasa
SUMATRAN HOUSE
loob
• For several families, built of timber and palm leaves, the
Puro putik or mud ang ganamit sa paggawa. If sa pilipinas
fenced pen underneath is for livestock.
ito gagawin tunaw agad dahil umuulan

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• Fertile land, adequate rainfall, grazing land, and good
source of IRRIGATION encouraged the first complex
societies

Characteristics - tall roof, hindi nililipad ang mga ganitong

bubong. The more steef the more na mas kayang
magstand sa hangin or bagyo.Common sa south east asia.
GEOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO WESTERN-ASIA (ANCIENT • Clay turned into MUD BRICKS

NEAR EAST) • The greatest impact of the local geology on human
settlement in the near east is the location of water
Where civilization started, dito umusbong ang yaman, supplies
relihiyon, diskarte. Based sa bible, near sa garden of eden • LACK OF NATURAL DEFENSE made neighboring
kaya dito mas umusbong ang tao. people enviously watch the richer living offered by
Mesopotamia
• BITUMEN was available in Mesopotamia and the Plain of
Susa, which was obtainable from natural springs

Mesopotamia (Sumer – Assyria – Babylon) CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITION

• Derived from the Ancient Greek words Meso (middle) and • Small amount of rainfall
Potamos (river) • Hot and dry climate
• “BETWEEN RIVERS” - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Huge flooding due to spilling of rivers during spring
• Gk.“MESOS” = MIDDLE and “POTAMOS” = RIVER • Arid soil containing minerals
• Fertile Crescent • No stones and timber resources
• Coexists with same time period as the Egyptians • Dominated by floods during rainfall (Assyria and
Babylonia)
• Extreme hot and cold (Persia)

RELIGIOUS BELIEF

• Symbolism and polytheism; magic and divination

• Led to the use of effigies of the KING-HEADED WINGED
LIONS AND BULLS for decoration on doorways of
palaces

Land between rivers.

GEOGRAPHY

• Bounded by two rivers – Tigris and Euphrates

• Desert environment also meant harsh climatic conditions, SOCIAL-POLITICAL
this led to the evolution of the COURTYARD form of
building. • City-State, Ruled by Kings, Three Classes of People

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• Monumental palaces, place of residence and
administration
• BABYLONIAN CODE OF HAMMURABI

FERTILE CRESCENT

Tak-I-Chiara, Ctesiphon (Iwan) • Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from water
and soil
• Import materials like hardwood and metals
• Western Iran and Mesopotamia-warmer climate allowing
wider distribution of settlements
• With adequate and insufficient amount of rainfall with
snow occurring at Petra
• Development of the settlement was along the Fertile
Crescent
➢ Northern Mesopotamia - climate was more and
agriculture depended on irrigation tapped from
Euphrates and Tigris
➢ Southern Mesopotamia - alluvial lands good for
agriculture-first complex societies of south-west Asia
evolved.
• Mesopotamia lacks natural defensive boundaries
• The rivers Tigris and Euphrates caused floods when
snow melted
• Syria is open to maritime due to its location along the
Babylonian Code Of Hammurabi
Mediterranean; has fertile lands good for agriculture

MATERIALS
HISTORY
• Clay from mud abundant along rivers of Tigris and
• Historical records were written in CUNEIFORM
Euphrates; stone and timber were rare.
TABLETS
➢ SUMERIAN - Kish, Uruk, Ur Mesopotamia- fertile crescent kasi kapag nagkaroon ng
➢ ASSYRIA - Nineveh, Dun, Assur, Khorsabad, spill off yung nutrients galing sa bundok napupunta dun
Nimrud

BUILDING EXAMPLES

PALACES

➢ Raised on brick platforms

➢ Principal entrance ways – flanked by guardian
figures of human headed bulls or lions of stone

Cuneiform Tablets

• Palaces over temples

➢ BABYLON - 612 BC
• New form of façade ornament – polychrome (figures
designed in colored glazed brick work)
➢ PERSIAN EMPIRE - 560 BC

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PARTS OF PALACES PERSEPOLIS - PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS

• SERAGLIO - King’s residence, Men’s chamber • Persian architecture achieved its greatest monumentality
• HAREM – Private family apartment, Women’s chamber • Monumental staircases, gateways and avenues
• KHAN – Service chamber • Two great state halls towards the center of the platform

CITY OF KHORSABAD - PALACE OF SARGON

• Designed as the royal capital of Assyria

• Built on a flat land
• Enclosed by a double wall
• Seven city gates

PALACE OF XERXES

• The harem, and other living quarters

• The Royal Audience Hall - APADANA
• The Throne Room - also known as the HALL OF THE
HUNDRED COLUMNS (Double-Bull and Double-Unicorn
Capital)

CITY OF BABYLON - PALACE OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR

• Legendary Hanging Garden

• Ishtar Gate, faced with blue glazed brick
• Ornamented with figures of animals – lions, bulls, and ORNAMENTS
dragons
• Rosettes
• Guilloche
• Palmettes
• Lotus
• Battlement Cresting
• Terracotta Cones

Early Mesopotamian Architecture (5th To 2nd BC)

• Influence by Sumerians
• Temple XVI Central features:

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➢ Cella or sanctuary with an altar in a niche and • Consisted of courts and ziggurats, secondary courts and
central offering table with traces of burning three great temples.
➢ Later temples were larger with tripartite plan having
subsidiary rooms on either side of the celia.
➢ First manifested the embellishment of the exterior by
alternating niches and buttresses.

Architecture Of Mesopotamia

• Among the Mesopotamian architectural

accomplishments are the development of urban
planning, the courtyard house and ziggurats.
• No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia;
however, scribes drafted and managed construction for
the government, nobility, or royalty.

ZIGGURATS - pinaka-main architecture that time na Mas stable kapag naka incline. Kayang isustain ng
ginagamit ng high priest para makipag-ugnayan sa ibaba yung itaas dahil magaan.
Gods.
ZIGGURAT OF URNAMMU
BUILDING EXAMPLES
• Remodeled by Urnammu and his predecessors
ZIGGURAT • Contained ziggurats, courts, three great temples on a
great rectangular
• Great Ziggurat at Ur (2113 to 2048 BC) by Urnammu • platform
• D-system of zaqaru means to build on a raised area • 62mx 43m at its base and 21 m high
• Type of massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia. • Normal orientation
• It has the form of a terraced compound of successively • Solid core of mud brick
receding stories or levels. • As a building with rooms approached with long flight of
• Built by ancient civilizations for local religions, steps
predominantly Mesopotamian religion.
• The sun baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat
with facings of fired bricks on the outside.
• One practical function of the ziggurats was a high place
on which the priests could escape rising water that
annually inundated lowlands and occasionally flooded.
• “Holy Mountains” with a “Fire Altar” on top
• Temple-tower built in diminishing stages of mud brick with
buttressed walls faced with burnt bricks

WHITE TEMPLE

• Located in Anu
• Served as religious and secular
• Sloping sides three of which had flat buttresses; a broad
square platform of similar height overlapped the north
corner
• Centrally nearby was a brick offering table, adjoined by a
low semi-circular hearth. shallow buttresses formed the
principal decoration of the hall and the external walls. The
platform stood 13 meters high.

WARKA (2900-2340 BC)

• Largest Sumerian city with 9km perimeter

• One-third of the city is occupied by temples
• Two important areas in the city were Eanna and any
associated with mother goddess and sky God Anu.
• Ziggurat of Urnammu

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ZIGGURAT OF CHOGHA; ZANBIL • Corbel vaulting was used extensively
• True arch was mastered by the Sumerians so too with
• Built by Untash-Gal in 13th BC the use of pendentives
• Five tiers; the lowest, the shallowest
• Base is 107 m; height is 53 m
• Flights of steps recessed in the mass led to the first tier
on the center on the south-west side.
• Rest of the height was to be scaled on the south east, the
principal facade.

TEMPLE OVAL AT KHAFAJE

Dome gumamit ng corbelling. Kailangan ng apat na corner
• Northeast of Baghdad was an unusual complex dating using stones. Pendentives yung triangle
from the early Dynastic period.
• Within the ovals, the layout was rectilinear, corner
oriented to the four cardinal points
• Consisted of three ascending terraces; the lowest had
many roomed buildings for administrative or dwelling of
the priest
• Second terrace was with rooms used for stones and
workshops
• Near the staircase was a sacrificial altar
• Elsewhere were well and two basins for ritual ablution

Sumerians

• Built of canals, dikes, dams, plumbing, and drainage

systems
• First city of the world
• Trade system of economy called bartering including
wools and clothes for stones, metals, limber, copper
pearls, ivory.
• Priest controls the owner of lands on behalf of Gods
• Individuals are renting lands from the priests
• Profits of trades went to temples

Sumerian Architecture
Wall - proteksyon para sa revolution, baha at para sa
• The rise of Sumerian Civilization ended the the pre-
leaders din. historic period
• The major cities are: Ur, Urukand and Kish
• First to make a conscious attempt of designing public
ROYAL CEMETERY AT UR
building
• Mud used as building material
• Early dynastic period
• Massive walls were made using sun-dried bricks; Walls
• Displays best engineering skills of the Sumerian
are reinforced with buttresses; Thick walls makes the
architects
spaces narrow
• Used rough limestone
• Temples was their major building types
• Rubble masonry
• Cities were enclosed in walls with Ziggurat temples and
• Roofed tomb with chamber with vault and dome
palaces in the center; Only priests can access the
• Connecting doors were often spanned with arch temples
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• Chief temple was used as the last line of defense during
the war.

Umalis dapat sila sa ilog pero sabi ng sumerians pwede

gawin pangkabuhayan.

Sinakop ng persia ang europe. Buong greece

Nagsisisksikan yung mga tao sa ilog. Kaya napopollute
nasakop. Nakarecover ang greece, by alexander.
yung ilog. Pero kailangan ilapat sa gitna para balanse.
Kaso paano ililipat kung malalayo sa ilog. Gagawa ng
kanal/ dikes para yung natural water ay pumunta sa gitna.
CITY OF ASHUR
Magkakaroon din ng nutrients ang gitna.
• Center Assyrian state as administrative capital located
Dikes -control ng flood.
above Tigris River
• The first shrine was dedicated to Ishtar - goddess of
love and war
• During the reign of Ashur and his successors, the
Assyrian architects displayed the ability to experiment
with architectural combinations showing intentional
divergence with Babylonian prototypes

Assyrian Architecture

• Produced violent sculptures and relief carving in stones

used to ornament their domestic buildings
• Palaces were raised on brick platforms
• Entrances with guardian figures of human headed bulls
or lions of stones
• Interior were richly decorated and luxurious
• Walls of the cities were usually strengthened by many
towers serving as defensive positions
Sumerians develop rivers along the city • All buildings within the citadel were arranged around
courtyards
• Buildings was decorated with relief and sculpture and
Assyrian glazed brick
• 2nd millennium BC include old Assyrian and Middle CITY OF NIMRUD
Assyrian Period
➢ First innovation - Polychrome ornamental brickwork • Restored by Ashurnasirpal II 883-859 BC.
was introduced. • Consisted of a ziggurat with temples on the north side,
➢ Second innovation - high plinths or dadoes placed large public court; south side huge throne-room and
on edge and usually carved low-relief sculpture. private wing of the palace.
• Temples with or without ziggurats. • Carved slabs with scenes of war and domestic chores
• Palaces were numerous emphasizing central role of the adorned the palace.
monarchy
• Based on Assur, the biggest empire under King
Ashurbanipal - conquered Mesopotamia, Syria,
Palestine, and Egypt.
➢ Conquered lands pay taxes
➢ Dominant force in the North
• Unites Mesopotamia and establish the first true empire
• However, the empire collapsed due to state revolt and
was easily conquered by Persian empire until Alexander
the Great.

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CITY OF KHORSABAD

• Built by Sargon II (722-705BC)

• Square planned with defensive perimeter nearly 1 mile
• Contained a citadel and palaces

Ito ang citadel - mayroong palasyo Philippines is actually a muslim country before we
became a Christian country
TELL RIMAH
PALACE OF SARGON
• Temple built by Shamshi-Adad, the strongest ruler of
Assyria in 2nd m BC • Contained courts, corridors and rooms covering 23 acres
• Had a central citadel mound, a place and outer town • Each of the building was raised with terrace
• Excavations on the south side of the mound revealed 3 • Palace site was approached by broad ramps
phases of building using “pitched” brick vaulting, and • Main entrance to the palace grand court was flanked with
domical vault using thinner bricks. two towers and guarded by man-headed winged bull,
• Voussoirs were used 3.8m high supporting a semicircular arch decorated with
• The temple was Babylon plan, with radial vaulting, 277 colored glazed bricks
engaged columns, 50 of which were in complex palm-
trunk and spiraliform patterns.

• Has 3 main parts:

➢ on the left were temples;
➢ on the right were service quarters and administrative,
➢ and opposite were private residential apartments,
➢ State chambers behind Terracotta drains to carry
rain water in the mud-brick platform

Lamassu - bull winged with a head of human

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Bricks - terracotta - surface ng drain ng canal. • Individuals can own lands around the city
• Instituted laws to keep order
• Invention of writing - Pictograms or Cuneiform records
CITY OF NINEVEH on clay tablets

• Capital of Assyrian empire 705-681 BC built by Invented text but not in the form of “abcd”
Sargon’s son Sennacherib
• More palaces built by Sennacherib successors
Babylonian Architecture
• Reliefs shower activity of hunting and bloody war against
the kingdom Elam
• Old Sumerian cities were rebuilt
• Before its downfall, Nineveh was given extra rampart on
• The city of the old Babylon was enlarged and heavily
the east side but was never finished
fortified
• The city fell in the war against Babylonian in 612 BC and
• Magnificent new buildings were built
never to rise again
• Traditional buildings were enhanced
• Water was the primary concern of Assyrian Kings
• Moats in front of fortification is also used for navigation
• Ashurnaspiral II dug a canal from river Zab to irrigate the
land near Nimrud BUILDING EXAMPLES
• Sennacherib built an arched aqueduct of stone
construction, which may be said to anticipate Roman ISHTAR GATE
achievements of this class
• Named after a Mesopotamian goddess of love and war,
was one of the eight gateways that provided entry to the
inner city of Babylon during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar
II. It was decorated with glazed blue bricks (lapis lazuli)
• Built across the double walls of the city fortification
• The gate had projecting towers on each wall
• Figures of heraldic animals— lions, bulls, and dragons
were used as ornaments in the wall facade.

Neo-Babylonian Architecture

• Influenced by earlier architecture of Mesopotamia and

Assyria

CITY OF BABYLON

• Rebuild by Nebuchaadnezzar II (605 - 563 BC) after

being destroyed by Sennacherib (689 BC)
• Heavily fortified
• Inner town -square in plan of 1300 m containing principal
buildings and Euphrates River at the west side
• Few main streets intersect at right angles terminating in
tower - framed bronze gates where they met the walls
• Tiered dwellings, business houses, temples, chapels and
shrines were along the streets
• Principal sites lined the riverfront behind them ran the
processional way; its cista closed to the north by the
Ishtar gate glowing in colored bricks patterned with yellow
and white bulls and dragons
• Nebuchadnezzer’s palace complex on the water side was
the Hanging Gardens 275 x 183 m - its long facade
decorated with polychrome glazed bricks
• To the north was the Tower of Babel, a ziggurat of
Mesopotamian and Assyrian influence, 90 square plan
with seven stages and a summit temple of blue bricks.

BABYLONIANS
Importante ang gates sa civilizations. Ishtar gate
• Lead by King Hammurabi pinakauna. Ito ang main architecture. If walang ishtar gate
• Fortifications were built to protect the city walang main architecture.
• Canal and dikes to improve the production of crops
Limestone - blue bricks - lapis lazuli

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TOWER OF BABYLON • The legendary Tower of Babel located at the end of
procession street is mentioned in the Christian Bible.
• As told in Genesis 11:1-9 is an origin myth meant to
explain why the world’s peoples speak different
languages.
➢ (6) And the Lord said, Behold, the people are one,
and they have all one language; and this they begin
to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them,
which they have imagined to do.
➢ (7) Go to, let us go down, and there confound their
language, that they may not understand one
another;s speech.
➢ (8) So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence
upon the face of all the earth; and they left off all the
earth; and they left off to build the city.
➢ (9) Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because
the Lord did there confound the language of all the The Seven Wonders of Ancient World
earth; and from thence did the Lord scattered them
abroad upon the face of all the earth. — Genesis • Great Pyramids of Giza
11:6-9 • Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• Temple of Artemis
• Statue of Zeus at Olympia
• Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
• Colossus of Rhodes
• Lighthouse of Alexandria

Babel - entitled ang mga tao

HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON

• A remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending

series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees,
shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain
constructed of mud bricks, and said to have been built in
the ancient City of Babylon.

Crineate para magkaroon ng multistorey forest. Kasi

disyerto nga ito. Kaya ginawan

NEBUCHADNEZZAR’S PALACE

• Recorded as one of the Seven Wonders of Ancient

World.
• Exact knowledge of the nature of this garden is not known

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Architecture Of Persia

• Begun by Cyrus the Great

from 559 to 529 BC
• Covered Mesopotamia,
Anatolia, Eastern
Mediterranean, Bactria,
Indus Valley and North
Africa
• Darius I had provinces ruled
by a satrap, who guarded
the roads, collected taxes
and controlled the army
• Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and
customs
• Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of
the empire - from Susa in Persia to Sardid in Anatolia
• Traded raw materials, carpets and spices BUILDING EXAMPLES
• Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece TEMPLE OF PERSEPOLIS
• Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the
Great of Macedonia
• A triumph of architecture and beauty, cutting edge for
their time, decorated with precious stones and finely
carved
• The monumental gateway ensures a dramatic entry to the
palace.
• Persepolis eventually fell to Alexander the Great and his
army. He burnt it to the ground.

Persia is one of the strongest empires. Darius namatay sa

kamay ng atenean. Natalo ang buong Europa. Darius the
III na natalo ni alexander the great hanggang sa nabawi
ang europa

• Architecture influence were synthesis of ideas gathered

from some part of its empire including from Greece and PERSIAN COLUMNS OR PERSEPOLITAN COLUMNS
Egypt
• are the distinctive form of column developed in the
MATERIALS:
Achaemenid architecture of ancient Persia.
• Are mud bricks from Babylon, wooden roof beams from ACHAEMENID PALACES
Lebanon, precious materials from India and Egypt,
stone columns quarried from Greek temples
• had enormous hypostyle halls called apadana, which
• City was surrounded with fortification
were supported inside by several rows of columns.

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INTRODUCTION TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Ancient Egypt • Monumentality – large scale and grandeur

• Massiveness – solidity
• Land of the Pharaohs (3200BC – 1AD) • Simplicity
• Walls diminished course by course toward the top due to
EGYPTIAN
the shrinkage caused by annual inundation. Interior face
MAP OF ANCIENT EGYPT of the wall was vertical. The outer face showed the inward
inclination or the “batter” which is the characteristic of
• Nile river provided good setting for early settlement – Egyptian architecture.
water used for transportation and irrigation ➢ Fiber or reed were placed in between bricks to
• Geological Material – desert rich in natural building reinforce
stones and minerals. Ex: Limestone, sandstone ➢ Papyrus, Reeds, palm-branch ribs plastered with
• The desert shielded Egypt from external attacks clay for walls
• Nile River - efficient form of transportation, affected • Rectangular in plan with tunnel-shaped covering or flat
culture and economy of and fertilized the land ancient roof
Egypt • Egyptian gorge cornice- produced by the pressure of the
mud roof against the wall
➢ Timber was used for buildings
➢ Palm logs used for roofs
➢ Stones were used in the 3rd Dynasty for rubble
masonry, stiffening, and foundation for religious
buildings
➢ Mud brick for other structures

Present - (reinforcement) sa loob ng pader may bakal

Noon - sa loob ng pader ay halaman.
Ang kahoy sa egypt ay pinaka precious. Ito ay iniimport pa
galing sa Africa at iba pa. Hindi ito basta basta ginagamit.
Ginagamit nila ay ang mantika ng mga hayop para magka-
apoy.
Wala pa konsepto ng pagiging artistic

GEOGRAPHY

• CROSSROADS between Africa and Asia Minor

• NILE RIVER - Lifeblood of Egypt
• “Black Land” - the soil on the banks of Nile
• “Red Land” - the barren desert

• Worship wind and water

➢ Horus – god with a human body and falcon face
➢ Osiris - god of death and rebirth
• Believe in life after death

Naging alipin ng egypt ang mga israel pero nakalaya

rin dahil kay moses

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GEOLOGY HISTORY

• The availability of building stones such as limestone, ARCHAIC / OLD KINGDOM PERIOD
sandstone, alabaster, granite, quartzite and basalt
made possible the construction of monumental • Upper and Lower Egypt unified by MENES
structures. • The art of writing and HIEROGLYPHICS developed
• Clay with chopped STRAW (sun dried bricks) • Tombs were MASTABA type (normally had a
CENOTAPH)
• Development of the PYRAMID
• Method of PRESERVING the body – MUMMIFICATION

Ang bricks kapag naiinitan mas lalong

tumitigas. Para hindi magbitakbitak nilalagyan
ng straw or tuyong damo/halaman.

CLIMATE

• Very hot and dry climate > preservation of buildings

• Brilliant sunshine > simplicity in design Menes unang pharaoh
• Interiors lighted through doors and roof > no windows
• Unbroken massive walls > hieroglyphics Cenotaph - pekeng libangan dahil may mga nagnanakaw
• Flat roof of stone > exclude heat ng mga katawan ng pharoah dahil napakavaluable

They preserve dahil they believe in life after death

kailangan ipreserve katawan para mabalikan ito ng
kaluluwa.

MIDDLE KINGDOM

• OBELISKS - by Senusret I, erected in Heliopolis (earliest

known large obelisks)
• Huge monolith, square in plan and tapering to it sacred
RELIGION part, ELECTR(I)UM- capped pyramid at the summit
• Open fronted tombs at BENI-HASAN
• Belief in the “After-Life”; Pharaoh is god
• Introduced CHARIOTS and horses
• THEBAN TRIAD – Ammon, Muth, Khons
• MEMPHIS TRIAD – Ptah, Sekhmet, Nefertem

They believe in life after death.

SOCIAL-POLITICAL

• Monarchy and Pharaoh ruled over ancient Egypt

• Engaged in jewelry making, weaving, pottery,
literature on papyrus leaves

Monarchy - queens and kings.

Ang mga kababaihan ay hobby na ang mag-ayos.

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NEW KINGDOM FORTRESSES

• Ramses II built the Rock Temples at ABU-SIMBEL and • Fortress of Buhen

finished the HYPOSTYLE HALL at Karnak (where the ➢ The best preserved monument of the twelfth century
CLERESTORY admits light into the interior) (Middle Kingdom) located in Nubia
• EMBALMING was fully developed ➢ Built by succession of kings especially Senusret III
➢ The main wall was 4.8 m thick and 11 m high
Ramses step brother of moses ➢ With semi-circular bastions with 3 loopholes with
single embrasure through which the archers could
Clerestory ay konsepto ng sinag ng araw na tumatama sa cover the ditch below them by cross-fire.
mga puno

DWELLINGS

• Ordinary dwellings were bricks

• One or two storey high with arched ceiling and parapet
roof partly occupied by a loggia
• Rooms facing the north - facing court
➢ Barrack - like dwelling for the workers at the pyramid
complex
• Houses of the rich were two or three floors high due to n
constricted lots

• Gardens, pools laid out formally surrounding the crude Fortress used to have a communication. From one tower to
rectangular dwelling with doors and windows on dressed another ay nagsisignal ng apoy
stones
➢ Columns, beams and window frames were made of • Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands (Menes)
timber • Close communications with other fortresses
• Living rooms raised high to allow light coming from
clearstory
➢ Three parts of the house: reception suite on the
north side, service and private quarters

MATERIALS

• Stone was abundant in variety and quantity

• Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this day
➢ Other materials, metals and timber were imported
➢ Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus,
palm branch ribs, plastered over with clay)

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Egyptian Columns

• Large proportion showing vegetative origin Shafts to base

from bundle of plant stems Capitals from lotus bud,
papyrus flower and palm
ROOF & OPENINGS

• Roof was not an important consideration

• Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
• No windows
• Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories

WALL

• Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for

stability
➢ Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples
• Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
hieroglyphics

image sa itaas ay sample ng dwelling. Di nila kailangan ng

bintana dahil ang problema ay sandstorm.

Ideal sa pilipinas na mataas ang kisame at may bintana Columns - haligi - sumusuporta.
para lumabas ang init Lotus, papyrus atbp. Ginagamit bilang inspirasyon

Three parts: Ulo - capital, Katawan - shaft, Paa - base

WALL DECORATIONS

• Masonry walls surface decoration done by scratching

pictures on early mud-plastered wall
• Wall are windowless suitable for wall surface writing and
art-incised relief and hieroglyphs

(F) Sacred boat ito dahil sa nile river kapag gabi ang
paniniwala nila noon ay ito ay papuntang buwan na
para sa mga patay na inilalagay sa bangka at
ipinaapaanod

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COMMON CAPITALS

• used were the lotus, papyrus, palm which echoed

indigenous Egyptian plants, and were symbols of fertility
Hathor - love and happiness
as well
• The shaft represented bundle of stems
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

• Seen in pyramids, tombs and temples

COLUMNAR

• extensive use of columns

TRABEATED

• system of post and beams

DECORATIONS

• Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was

inspired by reeds

TORUS MOULDING

Sphinx

• Best example is the Great Sphinx at Giza

• Represented by god Horus, 65’ high 150’ long
• Carved on the 4th dynasty by pharaoh Chephren or
Khafre
• Has the body of a lion and pharaoh Chephren's face
• Became associated with the Egyptian god Harmakhis
➢ Androsphinx – man headed
➢ Criosphinx - ram headed
➢ Heriosphinx – hawk headed

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Types Of Sphinxes

ANDROSPHINX Belief In Life After Death

• Body of a lion, head of a man or a woman • Mummification
• King had two tombs (archaic period) one in Lower Egypt
and one in Upper Egypt.
➢ Cenotaph was placed in a tomb not used. The
cenotaphs were at Sakkara
• First Dynasty - mastaba evolved
• Simulation of house plan with several rooms and a central
room where the sarcophagus and others to receive
abundant offering; located below the ground

Mastaba

• Arabic word meaning “Bench of Mud”

• an ancient Egyptian, rectangular, flat topped funerary
CRIOSPHINX
mound with battered (sloping sides) covering a burial
• Body of a lion, head of a ram chamber below the ground

HIERACOSPHINX

• Body of a lion, head of a hawk

PARTS OF A MASTABA

SERDAB

• a completely enclosed room where the head of a statue

of the deceased is contained

STELE

• an upright stone slab inscribed with the name of the

deceased, funerary texts and relief carvings intended to
Dams serve in the event of failure in the supply of daily offerings
found in the offering room
• Built to divert and control the Nile River. Built during the
term of Pharaoh Menes in Memphis

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MASTABA AT GIZA

MASTABA AT BEIT KHALLAF

Pag Namatay si pharaoh nagpapagawa ng dalawang

libingan. Yung isa totoo yung isa peke tawag na cenotaph

PARTS INSIDE OF MASTABA

• Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false

door for spirits
• Column Hall
• Offering Chapel
➢ Serdab (contains statue of deceased)
• Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased
inscribed)
• Offering table
➢ Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin

BUILDING EXAMPLES

MASTABA OF THI AT SAKKARA

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Nadidistinguish sa pamamagitan ng statue ang mga
pharoah noon

Pyramids

• Primary building of a complex of buildings enclosed with

walls
• Had offering chapel with stele at the east side of the
pyramid
• Mortuary temple for the pharaoh usually at the north side
➢ Valley Building – embalming and interment is
carried out.
• Materials used were limestone and rarely granite
• Evolved from mastaba
• Massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square
base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the
apex
• SIDES are oriented on the CARDINAL POINT

PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX

• Offering chapel (north or east side)

• Mortuary chapel
• Causeway leading to the valley building
• Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west
• Valley building for embalmment and interment rites
• Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like
steps

Apex sa tagalog ay tuktok It was aligned sa constellation. How could people during
that time build such things as big as that, with precision and
accuracy?

Types of Pyramid

• Step Pyramid
• Bent Pyramid
• Red Pyramid
• True Pyramid

STEP PYRAMID

STEP PYRAMID OF ZOSER (DJOSER) OF SAKKARA

(ROYAL MASTABA)

• Pharaoh Djoser (Zoser)

➢ Architect Imhotep
• First of any of the pyramids, evolved towards the true
pyramid
• Built during the Old Kingdom's 3rd Dynasty
• First large-scale monument in stone
• Seven steps
• Underwent five changes
➢ Final dimension was 125 m from east to west 109 m.
and 60 m high
➢ A pit of 7.3m x 8.5 m deep approached by a
horizontal tunnel emerging at the north side in an
open ramp
➢ Wall of Tura Stone around the complex 547 m from
north to south and 278 m wide.

1. Complete mastaba 7.9 m high with square plan of 63 m

sides
2. Plan extended eastward 8.5 m for a stepped pyramid
3. Plan was rectangular with 83mx 75 m

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BENT PYRAMID

BENT PYRAMID OF SNEFERU

• Pharaoh Sneferu
• Rhomboidal, False, or Blunt Pyramid
• Square in Plan 187m and height is about 102m
• Tomb chamber covered with corbelled roof
• Double wall rectangular enclosure
• Rises from the desert at a 54- degree inclination, but the
top section (above 47 meters) is built at the shallower
angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid its very obvious
'bent' appearance

PYRAMID AT MEYDUM

• Pharaoh Huni of the 3rd Dynasty

• 144.5 m square base and 90 m high
➢ Corbel – roofed tomb chamber at the heart of the
structure
• Started as a Step Pyramid but then converted into a true
pyramid

Yung puti nanakikita sa picture ay plastering. Dahil sa baha

natanggal or nabalatan yung step na naging puti

RED PYRAMID

RED PYRAMID OF DASHUR

• Named for the rusty reddish hue of its red limestone

stones, it is the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after
those of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.
• It used to be cased with white Tura limestone
• The Red Pyramid was the third pyramid built by Old
Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu

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Zoser - unang nagpagawa ng pyramid. Architect niya is

imhotep

TRUE PYRAMID

GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU)

• Pharoah Cheops (Khufu) son of Seneferu, 2nd king of

4th Dynasty
• Largest of the three in the site
• Nearly an equilateral triangle with 51º52’ with the ground
• abandoned queen’s chamber
• King’s chamber with sarcophagus

PYRAMID OF CHEFREN (KAFRA)

• Second biggest at Giza

• 216 m side and 143 m high Puti sa taas ng pyramid na napakataas ay lime plaster ibig
• steeper slope of 52º20’ sabihin ganyan kataas bumaha noon
• Great sphinx of Chefren - head of Chefren - 73.2 m long
and 4.1 m across and 20 m high
THE GREAT PYRAMID
PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA)
• the largest of the three, was built by the Pharaoh Khufu
• 4th Dynasty and rises to a height of 146 meters (481 feet) with a base
length of more than 230 meters (750 feet) per side
• Smallest at Giza
• 109m square by66.5 m high

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TOMBS OF THE KINGS, THEBES

• Corridor Type
• Stairs, passages, and chambers extend into the mountain
side and below the valley floor.

Magkaiba ang height ng great gallery sa ascending

passage dahil kailangan mataas ang great gallery dahil iba
ang ginamit na bato sa relief chamber at kings chamber
which is granite. Ginagamit para mahila ang granite paatas
gamit ang great gallery. Hihilin sa great gallery ang granite

Sarcophagus - a stone coffin, typically adorned with a

ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient
civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece
• Built along hillside
• Tomb serving the nobility rather than the royalty
TEMPLES

• Used for mysterious sites and priestly processions.

• Only kings and priests enter.

PARTS OF A ROCK-HEWN TOMB

• Portico or Vestibule MORTUARY TEMPLES

• Columned Hall
• Sacred Chamber • For ministrations to deified pharaohs- Mortuary Temple
of Queen Hatshepsut.
BENI HASAN • worship/ in honor of pharaohs

• 39 tombs of great provincial family consists of a chamber

behind a porticoed façade

CULT TEMPLES

• worship/ in honor of god

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• For the popular worship of the ancient gods - Cult BUILDING EXAMPLES
Temple of Horus at Edfu
TEMPLE OF KHONS

• Typical Temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,

chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall
• Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons

Temple of Horus at Edfu

HYPOSTYLE HALL
PARTS OF A TEMPLE

ENTRANCE PYLONS • A pillared hall in which the roof rests on columns; applied
to many columned halls of Egyptian architecture
• massive slopping towers fronted by obelisks

HYPAETHRAL COURT

• a rectangular palisaded court surrounded on three sides

by a double colonnade
• Large outer court open to sky

HYPOSTYLE HALL

• a pavilion, a pillared hall, a covered structure or a

columned vestibule in which the roof rests on columns. Hypostyle hall nasa itaas is clerestory
CLERESTORY
TEMPLE OF KHONS(U), KARNAK
• a device used by the Egyptians to light the interior of the
hypostyle hall. The roof on the center aisle was raised • A cult temple with a most typical plan by Ramses III
over the side aisle so that light is admitted through an • Constructed 1198 BC
opening over the roofs of the aisle • Cult temple with pylon, court, Hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
and various chapels enclosed by high wall
BATTER(ED) WALLS
• Entrance pylon with obelisk with avenues of sphinxes
• Hypostyle was lighted thru clearstory windows formed by
• use of sun dried mud-brick diminishing course by course increased in height of the column
towards the top with inward inclination towards the top.
• Beyond the sanctuary with front and rear access was a
SANCTUARY (CHAPELS) circulating passage.

• surrounded by passages and chambers used in

connection with the temple service.

ROOMS FOR PRIESTS

EGYPTIAN TEMPLES

• Great courts
• Massive pylons
• Great hypostyle hall
• Dim inner sanctuaries
• Secret rooms
• Egyptian temples composed of several buildings
diminishing in height behind the imposing pylon

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• Surrounded by wall with sacred lake and other temples
• had 6 pylons added by successive rulers
• Had avenue of sphinxes connected with the temple at
Luxor

TEMPLE OF MENTUHETEP

• Terraced in two main levels

• At the base of steep cliffs
• Upper terrace with colonnades approached with tree-
lined inclined way; with solid pyramid raised on a podium
and surrounded with walled hypostyle
• Pyramid was a cenotaph below it is a dummy burial
chamber
• Rear of the temple is a pillared hall recessed in the rock
face to an open court to the ramp going down to the
Mentuhotep's tomb.
• Valley Building was connected by a shielded causeway 3
quarters of a mile away.
TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT

• Architect - Senmut
• A mortuary temple dedicated to Amun and other gods
• Her tomb was in the mountains beyond
• Consisted of three terraces approached by ramps leading
to the base of the cliffs, their faces lined with colonnades
• Upper terrace contained the queen’s mortuary chapel and
altars for the gods
• The chief sanctuary was laid deep in the rocks
• Minor sanctuaries of Hathor And Anubis were located
on the second terrace

GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN, KARNAK 1530-323 BC

• Grandest of all Egyptian Temples

➢ owes its size, disposition and magnificence to many
kings
• Amenemhat commenced the planning
• Started as a modest shrine in the Middle Kingdom in 2000
BC
• Thutmose I (1530 BC) started the enlargement with
366m x 110 m dimension

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GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU-SIMBEL TEMPLE OF LUXOR

• One of the rock –hewn temples built by Ramesses II • Dedicated to the rejuvenation of kingship
with his 65 feet high colossal statue. • Avenue of sphinxes
• Entrance fore court has imposing façade 36 m wide and
32 m high formed as pylon
• In front are rock-cut seated colossal statues of Ramesses
ii 20 m high
• The hall beyond has 8 Osiris pillars 9 m high and vividly
colored reliefs
• Eight smaller chambers were placed asymmetrical with
the axis
• The central chamber is the sanctuary containing statues
of gods and the sacred boa
• The temple was moved from its original site due to the
construction of the Aswan dam

MAMMISI TEMPLE

• Prototype of Greek temple

• Sanctuaries perpetrating the traditions of the divine birth
of a pharaoh
• Best example is the Temple Island of Elephantine

Temple Island of Elephantine

• Also called a BIRTH HOUSE

• Small chamber or room which contains the statue of Isis
RAMESSEUM, THEBES BY RAMESSES II • Altar surrounded by a colonnade or portico of pillars
• CRYPTOPORTICUS
• Typical mortuary temple of the New Kingdom • Rises on a podium
• House of millions of years of Usermaatra-setepenra that • Approached by a flight of steps from one end
unites with Thebes-the-city in the domain of Amon.

Temple of Hathor

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Pylons Counter weight system. May buhangin sa gitna at lalabas
sa butas ng pinto.
• Monumental gateway to the temple consisting of Ginagawa ang obelisk mismo sa bundok tas ipapaanod sa
slanting walls flanking the entrance portal nile river tapos hihilahin

Egyptian Ornaments

Obelisks

• A huge monolith, square in plan and tapering to a sacred

part
➢ Electrum - capped pyramid at the summit.
• Upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped ANCIENT GREECE (850 BC-476 AD
pyramidion on top • This period shows beauty, clean, and pure.
• Sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
• Usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances Geography
• Height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base
• Four sides cut feature with hieroglyphics • Peninsula bounded by Aegean Sea and Mediterranean
Sea
➢ The surrounding sea lanes = relatively safe from
invasion, exchange of goods and ideas with ease =
conducive to developing and sustaining a culture •
➢ The mountainous terrain also allowed for multiple
easily defensible positions
• Crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe has
undeniably played a large role in its history
• The civilization developed around a significant maritime
power.

Peninsula (tangway) - napapaligiran ng dagat

One of the classical periods… classical = luma.

Modern means old.

Modern period 1700s -1900s; 100 years ago - naimbento
ang baril, tren, eroplano - industrial revolution

GEOLOGY

• Stones and Marbles are the chief building materials.

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SOCIO-POLITICAL

• Music, dancing, gladiator fights, horse racing, olympics

• The Mycenaean is also called Age of Heroes, source of
the mythological heroes and epics like Hercules and
Odyssey
• Democratic government that drew power from
commerce.

• Mycenaean palaces were built around great halls called

the megaron rather than around an open space as in
Crete.

• The unrivalled marble facilitates exactness of line and

refinement of detail
• Pentelic marble, found in Mount Pentelikon in Attica, used
by the great sculptors of Ancient Greece

RELIGION

• Believed in gods and goddesses

• The gods were personifications of particular elements,
where each deity has its own attribute.
• Twelve Olympians

HISTORICAL

• Aegean, Minoan, Mycenean, Hellenic, Hellenistic

• Hellenic Period - Commenced circa 900 BC, ended with
the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC
• Hellenistic Period - 323 BC - AD 30 - Hellenic culture
was spread widely, throughout lands conquered by
Alexander, and then by the Roman Empire which
absorbed much of Greek culture.

Alexander defeated the persian he was able to take back

Greece.

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Greek Classical Orders TYMPANUM

MARCUS VITRUVIUS • an enclosed spaced in the pediment which is triangular in

shape
• Roman architect who defined column styles and
ACROTERION
entablature.

ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE • ornament found at the tip or end of the pediment

ANTE-FIXAE
• Set or rules or principles for designing buildings
• the ornamental end of the cover tile in the roofing system
CLASSICAL ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE

• An approach to building design established in Greece or

Rome during the Classical period (850 BC - 476 AD)

COMPARISON OF THE THREE GREEK ORDERS

Entablature

• upper portion of a building

• above the columns and below the roof

CORNICE

• highest part of the entablature, ornamental molding

FRIEZE

• fanciest part of the entablature, displays carvings that tell

stories

ARCHITRAVE

• lowest part of an entablature, rests directly on the capitals

of the columns

PEDIMENT

• Gable or triangular element rimmed by cornices at the top

of the façade.

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CAPITAL

• top of the column; simple or elaborately decorated

SHAFT

• main part of the column, smooth, fluted (grooved), and

carved with designs

BASE

• columns rest on a round or square base

Crepidoma

• base where the column rests

Triglyph - tatlong guhit
Metope - nakaukit sa pagitan ng triglyph

STYLOBATE

• highest step

STEREOBATE

• succeeding stepped base

EUTHYNTERIA
Column
• leveled foundation
• upright pillar or post
• supports a roof or a beam
• can be purely decorative

Classical Orders

DORIC ORDER

• Earliest and simplest of the Classical Orders

• Plainer, thicker and heavier than the Ionic and Corinthian
column
• Associated with strength and masculinity
• Placed directly on the ground
• Without a pedestal or base
• Shaft is fluted (grooved)

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• Capital decorated with scrolls, acanthus leaves, and
flowers
• Invented by Callimachus, a Greek sculptor and architect

IONIC ORDER

• More slender and more ornate than the Doric style

• Scroll-shaped ornaments on the capital with a pair of
volutes
DORIC FLUTING VS. IONIC FLUTING
• Stands on a base of stacked disks

Temple Plan

OPISTHODOMOS

• (epinaos, ophisthodamus, posticum) inner portico at the

rear corresponding to the pronaos in front

NAOS (PRINCIPAL CHAMBER)

• containing the statue of the god/dess to whom the temple

is dedicated

PTEROMA

• the space between the naos and the side portico

CORINTHIAN ORDER PRONAOS

• Most complex and elaborate with a fluted (grooved)

shaft • the space between the front portico and the naos (east
orientation)

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c. Prostyle
d. Amphi-prostyle
e. Peripteral
f. Pseudo-peripteral
g. Dipteral
h. Pseudo-dipteral

IN ANTIS

• 1 to 4 columns between antae at front

ATHENIAN TREASURY IN DELPHI

AMPHI-ANTIS

• 1 to 4 columns between antae at front and rear

PROSTYLE

• portico of columns at the front

AMPHI-PROSTYLE

Temple Column Layout • portico of columns at front and rear

According to Vitruvius, plans of temples depend on:

TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE, ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS
1. Arrangement of columns and its numbers on the
entrance/front

Henostyle - 1 Heptastyle - 7

Distyle - 2 Octastyle - 8

Tristyle - 3 Enneastyle - 9

Tetrastyle - 4 Decastyle - 10

Pentastyle - 5 Dodecastyle - 11

Hexastyle - 6

2. Arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the PERIPTERAL

naos
a. In antis • single line of columns surrounding the naos
b. Amphi-antis
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THE TEMPLE OF HERA II AT PAESTUM

PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL

• flank columns attached to the naos walls

TEMPLE OF PORTUNUS, ROME

Pseudo - fake
Tholos walang front
DIPTERAL

• two lines of columns surrounding the naos 3. Rule of the spacing of columns
a. Intercolumniation
TEMPLE OF APOLLO, DIDYMAS

INTERCOLUMNIATION

• spacing between columns in a colonnade

• measured at the bottom of their shafts

PSEUDO-DIPTERAL

• same as Dipteral but the inner range of columns is

omitted on the flanks of the naos.

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Column Proportion Of A Temple

Pinagpatong patong ang column - sandstone

Kaya maraming column kasi putol putol ang arcitrade -

lulundo ang marble

Entasis

• Most obvious adjustment to the profile of columns

• Gently curved narrowing from base to top
• With a slight swelling below the middle

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Architectural Structures and Examples

TEMPLES

• What Ancient Greece is best known for

• Raised on high ground (eg. The ACROPOLIS in Athens,
built on top of the Sacred Rock)
• Part of a religious/sacred precinct called a TEMENOS
• Meant to look best from the outside
• Place for devotees of the gods, but gathered outside
• Oriented astronomically
• Doors spanned with a lintel narrowing towards the top
• Has no windows, light enter through the door

THE PARTHENON

• Temple to the Goddess Athena on the Acropolis in

Athens
• The most perfect example ever achieved of architecture PROPYLAEA
➢ Phidias
➢ Ictinus and Callicrates • Any monumental gateway in ancient Greek
architecture.
• The prototypical Greek example is the propylaea that
serves as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens

THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS

• Designed by Mnesicles
• Irregular in plan and features a porch with caryatids
(draped female figure) as columns
➢ Canephora - female figure with a basket on her
head

ODEION
STOA
• Kindred type of theater
• A building whose main purpose was to provide shelter
• It was building in which musician performed their works
from the sun or the rain
for the approval of the public and competed for prizes

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SKENE

• low building located behind the orchestra, serves as a

store-room, a dressing-room, and also as a backdrop

PROSKENION

• built in front of the skene. Its roof serving as a stage or

“logeion” (speaking place)

CAVEA

• semi-circular, tiered stone seats on natural rocks

DIAZOMA

• wide horizontal walkway between the lower and upper

tiers of seats

PARODOS

• passageway between the stage and seats on each side

is wide enough to permit rapid exit

Architectural Structures And Examples

AGORA

• The focus for political, economic and social activity of the

Building were offered to gods that is why the buildings are city
built high
STADIUM

Theaters • For foot racing

• Greek Panathenaic Stadium
• Second important type of building
• Always built into the side of a hill
• Usually semi-circular and could seat up to 21000 people
• Used for both public meetings as well as dramatic
performances
➢ Best known: Epidaurus, Polykleitos the Younger

PARTS OF A THEATER:

ORCHESTRA

• circular, slightly raised usually with an altar to Dionysos

at the center where the choirs chanted and danced

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GYMNASIA

• Training facility for competitors in public games

• Large room used and equipped for various sports
• Greek word gymnasion or “school for naked exercise”

PRYTANEION

• Houses the chief magistrate and the common altar or

hearth of the community
• For ambassadors, distinguished foreigners, and citizens
PALAESTRA • Served as senate house for the chief dignitaries of the
city and as a place were distinguished visitors and
• A smaller, privately owned gymnasia
citizens were entertained

MAUSOLEUM

• Monumental tomb
HIPPODROME • Tomb of Mausolus (353 and 350 BC) at Halicarnassus
• Designed by Satyros and Pythius
• For horse racing and chariot racing
• From “hippos” (horse) and "dromos“ (course)

MOULDINGS:

CYMA RECTA

• often carved with honeysuckle ornament

BOULEUTERION CYMA REVERSA (OGEE)

• Town hall of a Greek city-state • when enriched it is carved with the water leaf and
• Council house, was a covered meeting place for the tongue
democratically-elected councils
• Usually rectangular, enclosed roofed space with banked OVOLO (EGG-LIKE)
seat on three sides in which line sights were uninterrupted
and acoustics were good • when enriched it is carved with the egg and dart, or egg
and tongue ornament

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FILLET

• small plain face to separate other mouldings usually

without enrichment

ASTRAGAL

• serves much the same purposes as the fillet, when

enriched it is carved with the bead and reel

CAVETTO

• simple hallow
Method Of Construction:
SCOTIA

• deep hallow which occurs in bases and generally

• The Greeks borrowed from the Egyptians a system for
fastening blocks together to reduce the risk of movement
enriched
in the event of earthquakes
TORUS
1. Drums of columns were secured vertically by plugs or
dowels which could be of wood as well as metal.
• magnified bead moulding, when enriched it is carved with 2. Blocks were secured horizontally by metal couplings of
guilloche or plait ornament or with bundles of leaves tied varying shape – dovetail, double T and pi-shaped were
with bands among the most popular, set in lead to protect them
against rust.
BIRD’S BEAK 3. Pitched roofs were supported by a system of timbers
slotted into the tops of the walls below into the gables and
• occurs frequently in the Doric order into the cross walls at attic level.

CORONA INTRODUCTION TO ROMAN

• deep vertical face of the upper portion of the cornice, Nag start dito yung word na invention na mga materials
frequently painted with Greek fret ornament which is concrete

Roman Architecture

GEOGRAPHY

• Bounded by Mediterranean Sea and Tiber Sea

• Central position enabled Rome to spread art and
civilization

RELIGION

• Idolized emperors more than gods and goddesses

• Emperors endorsed various popular cult religions
• Romans gods acquired similar attributes to the Greeks

CLIMATE

• Sub-tropical

SOCIO-POLITICAL

• Literature, Sports and Entertainment (Gladiators and

Circus)
• Emperors, Roman Senate, Roman Army, Slaves
• Great builders, sailors and skilled in metal work and
poetry
• Roman alphabet and calendar

GEOLOGY

• Iron, copper, and tin found in Italy gave rise to the

civilization

POZZOLANA

• greatest contribution to architecture

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• Helped to lighten the load
• Maintained both structural strength and stability

Estruscan Architetcure (B.C. 750 - B.C. 100)

• Early inhabitants of Central Italy

➢ Great Builders
ARCH
• Methods of construction influenced Roman Architeture
• True or radiating arch PIERS
• Walls are of solid cyclopean
• Two Supports

IMPOST

• Platform on top of the pier supporting the arch

VOUSSOIRS

• Arched, curved pattern angled blocks of brick or stone

placed on the imposts

Roman Architecture

ARCH, VAULT , CONCRETE

• The Romans perfected its use

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• Roman cement was special not only because it was
strong but it was also hydraulic

ROMAN WALL SURFACES

OPUS LATERICIUM

• laid brick work

OPUS RETICULATUM

• joints were in diagonal lines, like the meshes of a net

OPUS TESTACEUM

• Bricks triangular on plan and about 1 ½ in thick

OPUS SPICATUM

• paving bricks set in herring-bone pattern

OPUS QUADRATUM

• rectangular blocks of stone with or without mortar joints

OPUS TESSELLATUM

VAULT • made of square tescery of stone, marble or many colored

glass to form patterns or even pictures
• Extended arches used to create large open rooms and
high, covered passageways
• Semicircular, wagon-headed, barrel, or tunnel vault
• Cross-vault with groins, Fenestrated sequence of groins
• Hemispherical domes or cupolas (cupa = a cup)

ROMAN CLASSICAL ORDER

TUSCAN

• A simplified version of the Doric Order

➢ 7 diameters high with base
➢ Unfluted shaft
➢ Simply moulded capital
➢ Plain Entablature

CONCRETE

• Rome’s most important contribution to architecture

• Made with a special roman mortar or cement called
caementa
• Water lime, and a special volcanicn ash san (possolana),
were mixed together, giving roman caementa its special
strength

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COMPOSITE ROMAN COLOSSEUM OR FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER

• Combination of the Corinthian and Ionic Capitals • Started by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty
• Used largely in triumphal arches to give an ornate (72 AD)
character • Finished by his son Titus (80 AD)
• Greatest work of architectural engineering
• 50,000 spectators

Building Types

AMPHITHEATER

• Large, circular or oval open-ari venues with raised seating

➢ Amphitheatrum means “theatre all around”
➢ Gladiator combats
➢ Chariot racing
➢ Venationes (animal slayings)
• Executions

THE VELARIUM

• Immense awning which on special occasion was spread

out over the Colosseum to protect the spectators from the
heat of the sun.
• Segment of linen canvas, each of which slid along the
rings in order to spread out or gather up.

Supercolumnation - patong patong na column

Nakahilera is columnade

Intercolumnation - pagitan

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CIRCUS BASILICA

• Chariot racing stadium • Large roofed hall erected for transacting business and
• Mass entertainment venue disposing of legal matters
• Circus Maximus located in Rome, Italy ➢ Nave - wide central aisle higher than the flanking
• First and largest stadium in Ancient Rome aisles
• 621 m (2,037 ft.) in length; 118 m (387 ft.) in width • Aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides
• Accommodates about 150,000 spectators • Apse at one end (or at each end) - where the magistrates
sat, often on a slightly raised dais.

THEATER

PALMYRA

LEPTIS MAGNA, LIBYA

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Aisle are the corridors sa gilid PONS
Gitna is Naive
• Roman bridges made of stone serve as part of the road
system
• Pons Gabriclus (Ponte Fabricio), built in 62 BC
• Oldest original bridge still in use today in Rome.

FORUM

• Marketplace; a gathering place if great social

significance TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
• Political discussions, debates, rendezvous, meetings,
etc. • Commemorated victories in war

ARCH OF CONSTANTINE

• Commemorate Constantine’s victory over his enemy

Maxentius (312 AD)

Forum- counterpart ng agora

AQUEDUCT

• “Conductor of water”
• Masters of Topography
• Brought water into cities from vast distances
• Pont Du Gard, Gard river in France ARCH OF TITUS
• A 30-mile-long aqueduct
• One of the greatest of all aqueducts • Earliest style of triumphal arch, erected by Domitian (81
C)
• Commemorates the victories of his father, Vespasian
and brother, Titus in the Jewish war in Judea (70-71 CE)
• A political and religious statement expressing the divinity
of the late Emperor Titus.

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Constantine- unang emperor ng roman na naniwala kay
kristo

Commemoration / commemorative - is pag alala. Ito ay

ibinibigay sa mga nananalo or nanalo sa war sa mga
emperor

ROSTRAL COLUMN

• Victory column to commemorate a naval military victory.

➢ Rostra- prows or rams of captured ships mounted on
the columns.

TRAJAN’S COLUMN

• Erected in 113 AD in honor of Emperor Trajan

• Commemorates Trajan’s victories in Dacia (now
Romania)

TEMPLE

• Cella- main room which house the cult image

PILLARS OF VICTORY
CIRCULAR TEMPLE: THE PANTHEON
VICTORY COLUMN OR MONUMENTAL COLUMN
• Crowning achievement of Roman architecture
• Monument in the form of a column in memory of a
• Best preserved Ancient Roman building
victorious battle, war or revolution
• Built by Emperor Hadrian (AD 117-138)
• Stands on a base
➢ Commissioned by Marcus Agrippa
• Crowned with a victory symbol, such as a statue.
• Rebuilt by the Emperor Hadrian (126 AD)

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• Dome on a circular plan with a portico of large granite FRIGIDARIUM
Corinthian columns under a pediment
➢ Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus • Cold Room

TEPIDARIU

• Warm Room

CALDARIUM

• hot room

UNCTORIUM

• For the rubbing and anointing with oil

LACONIUM

• Dry, Sweating Room

Coffered Ceiling- pampagaan

Oculus- THERMAL GAP/Thermal Heat expansion to avoid

cracks dahil sa concrete mas mabilis mag crack at mag
expand.

RECTANGULAR TEMPLE: MAISON CARRÉE

Thermae - public bath

Frigidarium - ang frigidaire brand ng refrigerator pero
ngayon tawag ay ref
PARTS OF THERMAE OR BATHS Laconium - sauna bath
BALNEUM

• Bath-houses provided for private villas, town houses and

forts

THERMAE

• Facility for public bathing and exercising, includes

wrestling and weight-lifting, swimming

APODYTERIUM

• For undressing and dressing

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THERMAE OR BATHS TRAJAN’S BATH (C. 100)

BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN (THERMAE DIOCLETIANI) (C.

302)

• Grandest and largest of the public paths

• Built between 298 and 306 AD by Maxentius for
Diolectian

BATHS OF CARACALLA (217)

ROMAN HOUSES - DOMUS
• The largest bath complex in the world VESTIBULUM
• Functional for over three hundred years, started in 212
AD • entrance hall
• Built during the reign of Emperor Caracalla
➢ Official name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus- ATRIUM
Thermae Antonianae
• Large central hall, focal point of the domus, contained a
statue of an altar to the household gods

COMPLUVIUM

• Rainwater could come, draining inwards from the slanted

tiled roof

IMPLUVIUM

• A drain pool, a shallow rectangular sunken portion of the

Atrium to gather rainwater, which drained into an
underground cistern

ALAE

• Open rooms on each side of the atrium

FAUCES

• Hallways

CUBICULA

• Bedrooms

TRICLINIUM

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• Dining room where guests could recline on klinai (3 • Largest and expensive apartments located on the bottom
couches) and eat dinner while reclining floors
• Up to six or seven storeys high
TABLINUM • Few reached eight or nine storeys.

• Living room or study

TABERNAE

• Shops on the outside, facing the street

CULINA

• Kitchen

POSTICUM

• Servants’ entrance, also used by family members wanting

to leave the house unobserved.

Insulae -sinaunang apartment. Usually second floor lang

tinitirahan pero sa ground floor ay business

Pueblo - ninuno ng condo

VILLA & TWO KINDS OF VILLAS

• Roman country house built for the upper class

VILLA URBANA

• Could easily be reached from Rome (or another city) for

a night or two

VILLA RUSTICA

• Farm-house estate permanently occupied by the servants

in-charge of the estate

Villa -ninuno ng villages

ROMAN HOUSES - INSULAE (APARTMENT BUILDING)

• Ground-level floor was used for shops and businesses

• Living space upstairs
• Running water and sanitation
• Built in timber, mudbrick and later concrete
• Prone to fire and collapse
• Living quarters are smallest in the building’s uppermost
floors.

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• Used old columns brought to a uniform height
• Long perspective of columns combined with a low height
of interior to make it appear longer

FOUNTAINS Arch of Triumph

LOCUS
• Sanctuary with high altar in the center standing free under
its Baldacchino upheld by marble columns
• Large basin of water

SALIENTES

• Sprouting jets

Constantine • Use of colored glass mosaics

Architecture is validation of beauty, religion, and everything PLAN AND DESIGN

ROMAN - Most powerful empire and is the great downfull • Basilican church developed from the Roman secular
basilica, and centralized type from Roman tombs
• Different variants in East and West
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Isolated circular baptistery was generally attached to the
Early Christian Architecture (300-500ad) chief basilican church or cathedral of a city

GEOGRAPHY

• Started in Rome and influenced by Roman Art

GEOLOGY

• Plundered from disused Classical temples

RELIGION

• Emperor brought Christianity from East to West

• The purpose of the Christian church was to shelter
worshippers unlike Greek and Roman temples were built
to shelter the statues of the gods

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

• Churches modeled on Roman basilicas

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COLUMNS

• From old Roman buildings

MOULDINGS

• Roman types of mouldings, carvings were crude

➢ Acanthus was the chief popular ornament
• Color was used
➢ Mosaic was the principal ornament

Baptisteries

• Separate centrally - planned structure for baptism

• Baptism performed only on Easter, Pentecost, and
Epiphany Commonly octagonal in plan
• Roofed with a dome

WALLS

• Followed the Roman method of construction

• Apply the use of rubble or concrete, faced with plaster,
brick, or stone from the Romans.
• Added the use of mosaics.

ROOFING

• Nave was covered with timber roofs with king post

trusses Baptistery Of Constantine, Rome
• Side aisles were vaulted
• Apse is usually with dome

OPENINGS

• Arcades, doors, and windows were either spanned by

a semicircular arch which, in nave arcades, often rested
directly on the capitals without any entablatures, or were
spanned by a lintel.
• Window openings, filled in with pierced slabs of marble,
were small

Orthodox Baptistery, Ravenna

• Baptismal font - usually octagonal

• Domical ciborium or canopy
• Encircled by columns, with an ambulatory
• Commonly adjoined the atrium, or forecourt

Santa Maria Maggiore, Nocera

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Basilican Churches NARTHEX

• Basilicas or Roman halls of justice probably served the • Entrance hall or porch
Early Christians as models for their church, which thus
form a connecting link between buildings of pagan NAVE
Classic times and those of the Romanesque period which
• Great central space in a church
followed.
• “Basilica” (Gk. Basilikos = kingly) was a peculiarly SIDE AISLE
appropriate designation for buildings dedicated to the
service of the King of Kings. • Corridors parallel to nave separated by an arcade
• It was believed that Early Christian churches have
CROSSING
evolved Roman dwelling-houses, where the community
had been in the habit of assembling, or from the “scholar” • transept and nave intersect
or lecture-rooms of the philosophers.
• A basilican church was usually erected over the burial- TRANSEPT (BEMA)
place of the saint to whom the church was deidicated, and
immediately over this burial-place, crypt, or “confession” • the whole arm set at right angles to the nave
was the High Altar covered by a ciborium, also known as
APSE
a Tabernacle or Blasdachino.
• Semicircular recess in the wall at the end of a church
Early Christian Basilica CATHEDRA

• throne of the bishop

ALTAR

• altar is a structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices

are made for religious purposes. Altars are found at
shrines, temples, churches and other places of worship

CLERESTORY

• a row of windows in the upper part of a wall

PROPYLAEUM

• Entrance building of a sacred precinct

ATRIUM Golden Ratio

• Forecourt of a church with colonnaded porticoes
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Parts of Early Christian Church CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER, JERUSALEM

• Erected by Constantine over the reputed tomb of

Christ, defaced and damaged by the Persians

Architectural Character

Catacombs

EARLY CHRISTIAN CATACOMBS ON MILOS

CATACOMB OF COMMODILLA

Basilica Di Siponto, Edoardo Tresoldi

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Rock Cave Churches

EARLY CHRISTIAN ROCK CAVE CHURCHES AT

GOREME PARK, CAPPADOCIA, TURKEY

BATTLE OF ADRIANOPLE

• battle between Constantine I (Western empire) and

Licinius (Eastern empire) on July 324 AD.
➢ Adrianople (Hadrianopolis) - major city of the
inland Thrace.
• The conflict started on their previous battle (Battle of
Cibalae) which made Constantine I conquered the Balkan
Peninsula, excepting Thrace.
• Licinius retreated to Byzantium.

BATTLE OF CHRYSOPOLIS

• the final encounter between Constantine I and Licinius

on September 324 AD.
• Chrysopolis near Chalcedon, across the river Bosporus
(Bosphoros)
• Constantine fought with his Latin Cross while Licinius
with the images of the Roman pagan Gods.

INTRODUCTION TO BYZANTINE
Battles of Constantine I

BATTLE OF THE MILVIAN BRIDGE

• battle between Constantine I and Maxentius (Western

Empire) on 312 AD.
• Milvian bridge near the Tiber river (Western Rome)
• Constantine’s vision about the Latin Cross/Labarum
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Byzantine Architecture (527 - 565 Ad)

• Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to

Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD

GEOGRAPHY

• Surrounded the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea

GEOLOGY

• Local clay and imported marble

RELIGION

• Christianity to Islam

SOCIO-POLITICAL

• Roman engineering
• Pendentive domes

Pendentives

• Pendentive, in architecture, a triangular segment of a

spherical surface, filling in the upper corners of a room, in
order to form, at the top, a circular support for a dome.
• The challenge of supporting a dome over an enclosed
square or polygonal space assumed growing importance
to the Roman builders of the late empire. It remained for • Dome on a square base
Byzantine architects, however, to recognize the • Squinch
possibilities of the pendentive and fully develop it. • Pendentive
• Featured soaring spaces
Architectural Characteristics
• Mosaics on the vaults
• Greek -cross plan church • Gold coffered ceilings
• Square central mass
• Four arms of equal length
• Marble columns and inlay
• Inlaid-stone pavements

Mystra

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• Arcades of semicircular arches on monolithic columns
with convex capitals were largely employed in churches,
especially to support the galleries.
• Doors are usually spanned by semi-circular arches , but
flat, segmental, and horse-shoe arches were also
used.
• Windows, similarly spanned, are small and grouped
together, while sometimes they are arranged in tiers
within the semicircular arch beneath the dome

ROOFS

• Method of roofing was by domes of brick, stone, or

concrete.
• The Byzantines practiced the system of placing the dome
San Vitale, Ravenna over a square or octagon by means of pendentive

COLUMNS

• Columns were used constructively, but were always

subordinate features and generally introduced to support
galleries, as massive piers and walls supported the
superstructure.
➢ In the first instance, columns were taken from
ancient buildings, but these were not so numerous in
the East as in the neighborhood of Rome, and
therefore the supply was sooner exhausted. This
provided an opportunity for designing monolithic
shafts.
• For capitals, the Roman Ionic and Corinthian and
Composite types were sometimes used, but from these
were derived a new cubiform type with convex sides,
suited to carry a rising arch, which took the place of the
PLANS
horizontal entablature, and this resulted in the gradual
• covered with a dome on pendentives. disuse of the Roman " Orders " of architecture.
• Short arms on each side form a Greek cross, and the • Over each type was frequently placed a deep abacus or
filling in of the angles brings the plan nearly to a square. " dosseret-block," which was probably the survival of the
• Opposite the entrance was the apse for the altar in the then obsolete Classic entablature and also performed the
sanctuary, which was screened off by the characteristic " function of enlarging the surface of the capital to support
the voussoirs of the arch.
Iconostasis " with its three doors, and there were also
➢ These capitals were carved with incised foliage of
lateral ritual chapel
sharp outline with drilled eyes between the leaves, all
contained within the general outline of the capital.
➢ An effective type is the bird-and basket capital
from S. Sophia, Constantinople.

ORNAMENT

• The scheme of ornamentation was elaborate in the

extreme, for internal walls were lined with costly marbles
with veining carefully arranged to form patterns, while
vaults and upper walls were sheathed with glass mosaic
pictures of symbolic figures, groups of saints, the peacock
as the emblem of immortal life, the endless knot as the
emblem of eternity, and the sacred monogram of Christ-
all forming a striking contrast to the less permanent
painted frescoes of Romanesque churches.
• Byzantine pavements of many-coloured marbles and
WALLS mosaics were carried out in great variety of patterns, such
as " opus sectile " and " opus Alexandrinum," and
• constructed of brick and internally encrusted with rich ➢ thus the general colour-scheme was carried
coloured marbles and shining throughout the church over floor, walls, arches, and
• glass mosaics. vaults.
➢ Mosaic in small cubes was used broadly as a
OPENINGS complete lining to brick structures, and

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 AR120-1 - HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1
➢ Mouldings were replaced by decorative bands in the • Canopy protecting the altar
mosaic.
APSE
Hagia Sophia
• with the patriarch's or bishop’s throne
AYASOFYA, SANCTA SOPHIA, CHURCH OF THE HOLY
WISDOM, CHURCH OF THE DIVINE WISDOM SYNTHRONON

• Represents the glory of the Byzantine Empire • Rows of seats located at the apse
➢ Architects: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of
DIACONICON AND PROTHESIS
Miletus
• Built at Constantinople (532–537) - Emperor Justinian I • Sacristies or two smaller compartments and apses at the
• Longitudinal basilica and a centralized building, three sides of the bema
aisles with galleries
• Main dome supported on pendentives with two semi- SOLEA
domes
• Great marble piers to support the dome • a raised walkway enclosed by a railing or low wall
• Base of the dome are pierced by windows

Parts of A Byzantine Church

NARTHEX

• Entrance porch

AMBO

• Under the dome where Scriptures were proclaimed

CHOIR

• Beneath the ambo at floor level

ICONOSTASIS

• Screen bearing images

BEMA OR TRANSEPT

• Crossing of the church plan

CIBORIUM

Iconostasis

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BYZANTINE CAPITALS

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 AR120-1 - HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

Table of Contents

Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 History 19

Dwellings 20
HISTORY 1 Fortresses 20
ARCHITECTURE 1 EGYPTIAN COLUMNS 21
HISTORIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE 1 SPHINX 22
HISTORICAL PERIOD 1 TYPES OF SPHINXES 23
SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS 1 D AMS 23
INFLUENCES OF ARCHITECTURE 1 BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH 23
Geographical 1 MASTABA 23
Topographical 1 Parts Of A Mastaba 23
Geological 1 Building Examples 24
Climatic 1 Parts Inside of Mastaba 24
Religious 1 PYRAMIDS 25
Historical 1 Parts Of A Pyramid Complex ----------------------------- 25
Social 1 TYPES OF PYRAMID ----------------------------------------------------------- 25
Political 1 ROCK-CUT OR ROCK-HEWN TOMBS ---------------------------------- 28
Technological 1 Parts Of A Rock-Hewn Tomb -------------------------------- 28
Introduction To Pre-Historic Period-------------------------------- 1 TEMPLES 28
Mortuary Temples 28
CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION DURING THE ANCIENT TIMES -------------- 1 Cult Temples 28
THE BASIC NEEDS OF MAN 2 Parts Of A Temple 29
GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY 2 EGYPTIAN TEMPLES 29
CLIMATE/RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 2 Building Examples 29
SOCIAL-POLITICAL/ HISTORIC EVENTS 2 PYLONS 32
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 2 OBELISKS 32
BUILDING EXAMPLES 2 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENTS 32
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS 5
DWELLING AND SETTLEMENT 5 Ancient Greece (850 Bc-476 Ad ------------------------------------ 32
Introduction To Western-Asia (Ancient Near East) ---------- 8 GEOGRAPHY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
Geology 32
MESOPOTAMIA (SUMER – ASSYRIA – BABYLON) --------------------- 8 Religion 33
Geography 8 Socio-Political 33
Geology 8 Historical 33
Climatic And Geographical Condition 8 GREEK CLASSICAL ORDERS 34
Religious Belief 8 PEDIMENT 34
Social-Political 8 ENTABLATURE 34
History 9 COLUMN 35
Fertile Crescent 9 CREPIDOMA 35
Materials 9 CLASSICAL ORDERS 35
BUILDING EXAMPLES 9 TEMPLE PLAN 36
Palaces --------------------------------------------------------------- 9 TEMPLE COLUMN LAYOUT 37
Parts Of Palaces ------------------------------------------------- 10 COLUMN PROPORTION OF A TEMPLE 39
Ornaments 10 ENTASIS 39
EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE (5TH TO 2ND BC) 10 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES AND EXAMPLES 40
ARCHITECTURE OF MESOPOTAMIA 11 Temples 40
ZIGGURATS 11 Stoa 40
Building Examples 11 Propylaea 40
WALL 12 Odeion 40
SUMERIANS 12 THEATERS 41
SUMERIAN ARCHITECTURE 12 Parts Of A Theater: 41
SUMERIANS DEVELOP RIVERS ALONG THE CITY 13 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES AND EXAMPLES 41
ASSYRIAN 13 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION: 43
City Of Ashur 13
ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE 13 Introduction To Roman ----------------------------------------------- 43
NEO-BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE 15 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ------------------------------------------------------------- 43
BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE 15
Geography 43
Building Examples 15 Religion 43
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF ANCIENT WORLD 16 Climate 43
ARCHITECTURE OF PERSIA 17 Socio-Political 43
Introduction To Egyptian --------------------------------------------- 18 Geology 43
ESTRUSCAN ARCHITETCURE (B.C. 750 - B.C. 100) 44
ANCIENT EGYPT 18 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 44
Egyptian 18 Arch 44
Architectural Character 18 Piers 44
Geography 18 Impost 44
Geology 19 Voussoirs 44
Climate 19 Vault 45
Religion 19 Concrete 45
Social-Political 19 Roman Wall Surfaces 45
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Roman Classical Order 45

BUILDING TYPES 46
Amphitheater 46
Circus 47
Theater 47
Basilica 47
Forum 48
Aqueduct 48
Pons 48
Triumphal Arches 48
Rostral Column 49
Pillars Of Victory 49
Temple 49
Parts Of Thermae Or Baths 50
Thermae Or Baths 51
Roman Houses - Domus 51
Posticum 52
Roman Houses - Insulae (Apartment Building) 52
Villa & Two Kinds Of Villas --------------------------------------- 52
Fountains 53
Early Christian ----------------------------------------------------------- 53
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300-500AD)-------------------- 53
Geography 53
Geology 53
Religion 53
Architectural Character 53
BAPTISTERIES 54
BASILICAN CHURCHES 55
EARLY CHRISTIAN BASILICA 55
PARTS OF EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH 56
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 56
CATACOMBS 56
ROCK CAVE CHURCHES 57
Introduction To Byzantine-------------------------------------------- 57
BATTLES OF CONSTANTINE I 57
Battle Of The Milvian Bridge ------------------------------------- 57
Battle Of Adrianople 57
Battle Of Chrysopolis 57
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE (527 - 565 AD) 58
Geography 58
Geology 58
Religion 58
Socio-Political 58
PENDENTIVES 58
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 58
MYSTRA 58
SAN VITALE, RAVENNA 59
Plans 59
Walls 59
Openings 59
Roofs 59
Columns 59
Ornament 59
HAGIA SOPHIA 60
PARTS OF A BYZANTINE CHURCH 60
BYZANTINE CAPITALS 61

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 AR120-1 - HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE 1
REVIEWER

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