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Parallel operation of transformers PDF

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15 views

Parallel operation of transformers PDF

Uploaded by

Bayaya Reynaldo Jr. Q.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Parallel Operation of Single-

phase Transformers
By : Dr. Atul R. Phadke
Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering
Government College of Engineering, Karad (Maharashtra)
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS:
The transformers are said to be connected in parallel A1 a1
when their primaries are connected to a common supply L
o
and the secondaries are connected to a common load. V1
a
Reasons for operating transformers in parallel: a2 d
A2
1) In case of large loads, it is not practical and
economical if all the load is supplied by a single large
transformer. A1 a1
2) If the load becomes grater than the capacity of
already installed transformer, capacity of the sub-
station can be expanded by connecting a transformer A2 a2
in parallel with the existing transformer.
3) The total load requirement can be supplied by
number of transformers of standard size. This
reduces the spare capacity requirement.
4) There will be no interruption of supply in case of
breakdown in a transformer or when the transformer
is disconnected for maintenance.
2
CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS:
Conditions which must be satisfied for satisfactory parallel a1
A1
operation: L
o
1) Primary windings of transformers must be suitable for V1 a
the supply system voltage and frequency. d
A2 a2
2) The transformers should be properly connected with
regard to polarity. Terminals of similar polarity must be
joined together. A wrong polarity results in dead short
circuit. A1 a1

3) The transformers should have the same turns or


transformation ratio. If transformers have slightly
different transformation ratio, then parallel operation is A2 a2
possible. But due to unequal secondary voltages,
circulating current will flow in transformers even at no
load.
4) The percentage impedance of transformers should be
equal in magnitude and their X/R ratio must be same.
The parallel operation is still possible. But the power
factor at which transformers operate will be different
from the power factor of load. Therefore, transformers
3
will not share the load in proportion to their kVA ratings.
EQUAL VOLTAGE RATIO AND UNEQUAL IMPEDANCES:
𝑍𝐴
𝐼𝐴
𝐼
𝐼𝐵

𝑍𝐵
V1 EA EB = E V2 Load

The voltage ratios of two transformers are same but their impedance triangles
are not identical in size and shape.
Hence, no-load secondary voltage of each transformer = E = EA = EB
Common terminal voltage = V2
Current supplied by transformer A = IA
Current supplied by transformer B = IB
Total current = I which is lagging behind V2 by 
The equivalent impedance of transformer A referred to secondary = ZA
4
The equivalent impedance of transformer B referred to secondary = ZB
EQUAL VOLTAGE RATIO AND UNEQUAL IMPEDANCES:
𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐴
𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐴
𝐼 𝐼
𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝐵

𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐵
V1 EA EB = E V2 Load E = EA = EB V2 Load

𝐼𝐴 𝑍𝐴 = 𝐼𝐵 𝑍𝐵 = 𝐼𝑍𝐴𝐵 , where 𝑍𝐴𝐵 is the combined impedance of parallel


combination of 𝑍𝐴 and 𝑍𝐵 .
𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐵
∴ 𝑍𝐴𝐵 =
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵 IBXB
𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐵 IAXA
𝐼𝐴 𝑍𝐴 = 𝐼𝑍𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼 A V2
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵 B IA IBRB I R
A A
𝑍𝐵 IB
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵 I
𝑍𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼 5
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵
EQUAL VOLTAGE RATIO AND UNEQUAL IMPEDANCES:
𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐴
𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐴
𝐼 𝐼
𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝐵

𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐵
V1 EA EB = E V2 Load E = EA = EB V2 Load

𝑍𝐵
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵
Multiplying both sides by V2,
𝑍𝐵
𝑉2 𝐼𝐴 = 𝑉2 𝐼
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵
Now, 𝑉2 𝐼𝐴 = 𝑆𝐴 = load kVA supplied by transformer A
𝑉2 𝐼 = 𝑆 = total load kVA
𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐴
∴ 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑆 and 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑆𝐵 = 𝑆
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝐵 6
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS:
Conclusion:
If the two transformers have equal impedances (i.e., equal resistance and equal
reactance) -
1) They will share a load equally.
2) If their per unit impedance is same, they will share a load in proportion
to their ratings.
3) Both the transformers will operate at the same power factor.
4) Currents IA and IB will be in phase and the total current I will be the
arithmetic sum of two currents.
If the two transformers have unequal impedances –
1) Transformers will not share the load in proportion to their ratings.
2) Transformers will not operate at the same power factor.
3) Total current I will be the vector or phasor sum of two currents IA and IB .

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