EE-111: Linear Circuit Analysis

Basic Concepts

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 Signal Notations
• Instantaneous value
– Lowercase letters, uppercase subscripts (vAB, iAB)
• DC Signal
– Uppercase letters, uppercase subscripts (VAB, IAB)
• AC signal
– Lowercase letters, lowercase subscripts (vab, iab)
• Special signal values like peak, average,
maximum, rms etc
– Uppercase letters, lowercase subscripts (Vab, Iab)

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 Electrical Signals
• Voltage and current serve as a vehicle for
conversion, transmission and utilization of energy
• Electrical quantities (signals) are used as vehicles
to represent, transmit and store information

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 Electrical Signals
• DC signals
■ xs = X S
• Time varying signals
■ Step function
⬥ xs = 0 for t < 0
⬥ xs = Xm for t > 0
■ Pulse
⬥ d = TH / (TL + TH)

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 Periodic Signals
• Signal that repeats itself every T seconds
• Xs (t ± nT) = xs(t)
• f= 1/T

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.

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AC Signals

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 Electric Circuits
• Collection of circuit elements connected for a
specific goal
• Circuit elements have prescribed relationship
between current and voltage at its terminals
• Interconnection through wires
■ All points on the wire are at the same potential
■ All current entering one end of the wire exits at the
other end

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 Circuit Analysis & Synthesis
• Analysis is finding specific voltages and currents in
a circuit once individual elements and their
interconnections are known
• Synthesis is to choose a set of elements and devise
their interconnections to achieve specific voltages
and currents

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 Basic Laws
• Element laws relate terminal voltages and currents
of individual elements regardless of their
interconnections
• Connection laws (Kirchhoff's laws) relate voltages
and currents shared at the interconnections
regardless of type of elements

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 Branches
• Circuit is a network with each element as a branch
• Each branch has its branch current & branch
voltage
• Label voltages and currents with correct polarities
and directions

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Branches

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 Nodes
• Leads of two or more elements join together to
form a node
• All leads converging on a node have same potential

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Nodes

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 Series / Parallel Connectivity
• Two or more elements are in series if they are
cascaded or connected sequentially and
consequently carry the same current
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.

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• How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

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• How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

Five branches and three nodes. The 1Ω and 2Ω resistors are in

parallel. The 4 Ω resistor and 10V source are also in parallel
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• How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

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• How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

Four branches and three nodes. 5 Ω resistor is in series with

the 10V voltage source. The 6- resistor is in parallel with the
2A current source

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 Reference Node
• Potential difference only has significance in a circuit
• Refer potential of all nodes to a common node
called reference or datum
• Bottom node is the most likely choice
• It is most convenient to designate the node having
largest number of connections

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Branch voltages vs Node voltages

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Reference Node

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Reference Node

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Reference Node

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 Loops and Meshes
• Loop is a closed path such that no node is
traversed more than once
• Mesh is a loop that contains no other loop

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Loops

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 Overview of Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Establish relationship between branch currents
associated with a node and branch voltages
associated with a loop
• These laws stem from charge conservation and
energy conservation principles respectively

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KCL

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Boundaries

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KCL - Example

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KVL

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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

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KVL - Example

17

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Example – Applying the Basic Laws

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Example – Applying the Basic Laws

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Example – Applying the Basic Laws

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Power Conservation

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Circuit Elements

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Circuit Elements

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Straight Line Characteristics

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 Sources
• Voltage sources maintains a prescribed voltage
across its terminals regardless of the current
through it v = vs

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 Sources
• Current sources maintains a prescribed current
regardless of voltage across its terminals i = is

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 Sources
• Dependent sources have its value controlled by
voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit

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Dependent
Sources

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 Interconnection of Sources
• Voltage sources are connected in series
■ vs = vs1 + vs2
■ Never in parallel, violates KVL
• Current sources are connected in parallel
■ is = is1 + is2
■ Never in series, violates KCL

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Ideal Current Sources: Series

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