HAWASS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LAW OF GOVERNANCE

DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH PROPOSAL ASSESSMENT THE IMPACTS OF HORIZONTAL URBAN EXPANSION ON SUB URBAN
AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD :-

The Case of Tula Sub-City, Hawassa city,

Sidama Ethiopia
BY: MELESE SHOFONE ID NO:0013/2015

PHONE: +251910680849

ADVISOR: MULUGETA BANSA (PHD)

December 11, 2024

Hawassa, Ethiopia

Submitted by:

APPROVAL SHEET
Hawassa UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
COLLAGE of Law and Governance
DEPARTMENT OF Development management
As member of the Board of Examiners of the M.Sc. Research proposal Open Defense Examination, we
certify that we have read, and evaluated the Research proposal prepared by Mr. Melese Shofone Adela.
Entitled of: “Impact of Horizontal Urban Expansion on Sub-Urban Agricultural CommunityLivelihood.
Case Study Tula city, Hawassa city, Ethiopia.” And we recommended that the thesis be accepted as
fulfilling the thesis requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in
Development management .
Approved by Board of Examiners
Full Name--------------------------------Signature-----------------------------Date-----------------------
proved by:
Name of Advisor--------------------------------Signature-----------------------Date-----------------
Name of Internal Examiner--------------------------Signature------------------------ Date-------------
Name of External Examiner---------------------------Signature---------------------- Date--------------
-Name of Head of Department----------------------Signature------------------------Date--------------

SRS sidama’ regional State

SPSS Statistical data Package for Social Science Students
USA United States of America
NGO Non- Governmental Organization
CSA Central Statistical Agency
DFID Department for International Development
SLS Sustainable Livelihood Strategy
UN United Nations
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
ICESCR International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
CRC Convention on Right of Children
FGD Focus Group Discussion
ETB Ethiopian Birr

Abstract

This study was on Impact of Horizontal Urban Expansion on Perception of Sub-Urban Agricultural
Community Livelihood. Case Study, Tula city,Hawassa city , Ethiopia.

urbanization has as equal age as the ancient civilization of Babylonians. As it is concomitant with socio-
economic development, urbanization has a higher level of development in developed nations than
under developed ones.In Ethiopia, although its level is the lowest even among other under developed
nations, its rate, however, is the highest and made a country one of twenty-three countries experiencing
fast urbanization in the World. As a matter of this fact, Hawassa city is among the Ethiopian urban
settings experiencing unprecedented rate of urbanization through expansion.
The specific objectives to assess the level of urban adjoining farmers’ participation, as the stakeholders,
in urban development programs, to evaluate impacts of urbanization led displacement and land
dispossession on the livelihood of local communities, to inspect coping mechanisms the affected
households developed as a new means of a livelihood. And indicate the intervention mechanism to
ameliorate the adverse impacts of urban sprawl.
Based on the descriptive research design, the study will be applied the mix methods of both qualitative
and quantitative approaches. A house hold survey will be conducted on household sample through
systematic sampling and non- random sampling techniques. Primary data will be collected through semi-
structured questionnaire, semi-closed interview, participant observation and focus group discussion
while the secondary one will from different written documented sources.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement.................................................................................... I
Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................II
Abstract ..............................................................................................III
List of tables .........................................................................................VI
CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1
1.1. Back Ground of The Study...................................................................1
1.2. Statement of The Research Proposal Problem .............................................2
1.3. Objectives of TheResearch Proposal .......................................................2
1.3.1. General Objective .......................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific Objectives.......................................................................2
1.4. Research Proposal Questions.................................................................3
1.5. Significant of the study........................................................................3
1.6. Limitation of the study ........................................................................3
1.7. Scope the study................................................................................4

Organization of the Paper.

This study organized into five chapters. The first chapter has background of the study, statement

of the problem, aim, research questions, Research hypothesis, significance, scope and limitation

of the thesis, organization of the paper by itself and working definition of related words and

concepts. The second chapter devoted to check of related literature. The third chapter deals with

description of the study area and method of the study, and the fourth chapter deals with the

results and discussion parts of the thesis. Finally, the last chapter presents the conclusion and

recommendations of the study

CHAPTER TWO .....................................................................................5

LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................9
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY ......................................................................9
3.1. Research Design...............................................................................9
3.1.1.Data source and Type ....................................................................9
3.1.2.Sampling Methods and Frames ..........................................................9
3.1.2.1.Sampling methods .....................................................................9

3.1.2.2.Sampling Frame........................................................................9
3.1.2.3.Sample Size .......................................................................... 10
3.1.2.4.Data Collecting Tools................................................................ 10
3.1.2.5. Data Analysis ........................................................................ 10
3.2. Ethical Issues................................................................................ 11
3.3. Plan ofActivities ............................................................................ 11
3.4. Budget BreakDown ......................................................................... 11
REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 12
APPENDIX ........................................................................................ 15

List of tables
Table 1: Plan of activity ........................................................................... 11
Table 2: Stationary and materialscost............................................................... 11

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back Ground of The Study
The process of urban expansion is a worldwide phenomenon, recorded in the history of all urban
centers. It started with the earliest human civilization of Babylonians’ (Cemea, 1997).
Urbanization, the process of urban expansion, may involve both horizontal and vertical expansion of the
physical structure of urban areas. And it can result in loss of agricultural land, natural beauties,range
lands, parks and sceneries(Minwuyelet, 2004).For case in point, urban centers of countries like England
and USA expanded horizontally with loss of agricultural land. Impacts of horizontal urban expansion
include not only the loss of agricultural land but also displacement of peasants and change of their
livelihood to this effect, 10 millionpeoples were displaced globally because of developmental activities
per year. And among those displaced, 6 million are attributed to urban expansion, (Cemea, 1997).

Although multifaceted, the main cause of urban expansion is population pressure.The increase in African
population is surprising. However, more surprisingly, their urban growth rate is higher than the growth
rate of national population in almost all countries of the continent. Among other factors, the population
pressure, as Berhanu (2005) argues, caused horizontal expansion of African cities. The horizontal
expansion of cities is, however, at the expense of prime agricultural lands and agricultural productivity
which of both are the main livelihoods of Community

In Africa only, the urban population expected to triple from 414 million in 2011 to 1.2 billion in 2050
(Barros, 2004). Although, the level of urbanization in developing countries is low, its rate of urbanization
is one of the fastest in the world. Approximately 25% of Africa's population lived in towns and Cities in
1975. But, in 2000, 38% of the continent's population lived in urban areas and the proportion expected
to increase to 47% by 2015 and will be double by 2050 (Thao, 2010).

The history of urbanization in Ethiopia goes back to the Axumite period. During this time, there were
many towns where commerce had flourished with buildings and constructions of high standard.
Centuries later, these urban centers began to shift to Labella and Gondar. Much of the urban history to
Ethiopia following the Axumite period characterized by absence fixed urban centers. This trend
continues up to the end of the 19th c. In fact, it continues until Addis Ababa selected as a fixed political
and commercial center by Minelik II (Kebede 2002). Like most African countries in Ethiopia, large-scale
urbanization is a recent phenomenon. But, due to Ethiopia is the second-largest population country of
the African continent next to Nigeria and is

one of the least urbanized countries in the world the rate of urbanization too fastest (Adam, 2014,
2016).Ethiopia stands out as a country that is both rapidly urbanizing, high population growth rate and
particularly poor. The share of the population living in cities has increased from an estimated 7.1% in
1994 (Schmidt & Kedir, 2009) to 16% in 2008 (Abebe, 2006). And it is expected to reach 60% by 2040 at
the current annual growth rate of 3.5% (Desa, 2014).
Therefore, the next three decades are the ones in which Ethiopia will be building its cities with which it
may then have to live for many generations. However, given the 2.73% total annual population growth
rate, high rate of inner migration to towns, and increase in the number of urban centers, the rate of
urbanization is increasing at a rate of 4.4% (Tadesse & Headey, 2010).
Furthermore, the country is urban population are expected to grow on average by 3.98%, and by 2050,
about 42.1% of the total population are inhabited in urban centers (Tessema,2017;Unhabitat,2010)

Ethiopia, like other developing nations, is also characterized by a high rate ofurbanization. However, this
rapid process of urbanization has been associated withnumerous problems such as unemployment,
inadequate social services and thedevelopment of urban slum. Ethiopia, though one of the least
urbanized countries in the world,has a high rate of urban population growth. Here, the rate of
population growth in urban areasis much higher than in rural areas .Urban expansion in Ethiopia lead to
several of socioeconomic impacts and the basic problem is that urban growth causes displacement and
loss of agricultural farmlands of farm households and causes loses of livelihoods in peri-urban territories.
(Eyasu, 2007).

Federal constitution of Ethiopia, in proclamation number 455/2005 states that the farmers who hold
farmland have the right not to be expropriated without just compensation for their farmlands. Many
farmers at the peri-urban area were displaced from their farmlands without enough compensation and
which leads to problem of socio-economic conditions.

Firew (2010:1-2) has tried to point out that horizontal urban expansion or urban sprawl inevitably
results the displacements pre-urban farmers. The displacement schemes always followed with
compensation. However, in developing countries like Ethiopia where land ownership belongs to the
public, the amount of compensation paid to displaced peasants depends on government‟s good will. If
the payment is insignificant, it directly leads to insecurity of life expelled communities. For example, the
studies conducted in the sub-urban community of the Hawasa city show that the surrounding pre-urban
community is lying to the horizontal expansion of the city and faced livelihood adjustment problem
beyond the compensation. Therefore, it is important to find the specific influence the horizontal urban
expansion has on the livelihood of the pre-urban community after their move. But the urban land lease
policy is not very pleasant to rural households in general and the poor land holders in particular.
Because, the policy criticized as it has not taken into account the lives of rural households living in towns
and cities. As a result, implementation of the policy has marginalized the rural settled farming
communities. The rural farming community has little knowledge and know-how to adapt to situation of
urban life as most of them unskilled to compete for urban job opportunity. Perception plays just as
important a role as other economic issues like interest rates, employment figures, inflation, government
spending, tax cuts, and the like. The perception that consumers, investors, entrepreneurs, government
officials, and the media have about the economy can have a tremendous influence upon a national
economy (Tegegne (2000); Yeraswork and Fantu (2003)).
This study gives feed backs to concerned development actors of the city to evaluate past development
actions of urbanization and identify further intervention areas. It also helps policy makers to draw
lessons to sustainable urban, Subi-urban, and rural development policy formulation. The paper also
helps researchers to strengthen the application of environmental and livelihoods integrated evaluation
approaches. Furthermore, it can be used as complementary reference to the hardly existing
urbanization evaluation liter

1.2. Statement of The Research Proposal Problem

According to Eyasu (2007), the Ethiopian urban centers are expanding in unexpected rate resulting to
peasant displacement with concomitant loss of agricultural land, loss of agricultural production and
change of their livelihood. Comparatively, displacement attributed to urban sprawls is more significant
in developing countries than developed ones. The underlying reason for this is that majorityofthe people
in developing countries are highly concentrated in Sub-urban areas. They base their livelihood on Sub-
urban agriculture with fragmented land holdings. Therefore, horizontal urban expansion inevitably
results to displacement of Sub-urban peasants with small scale economy then by necessitating
compensation.

The impact of urban expansion on Sub-urban environment and livelihoods show mixed results: positive
and negative aspects. Also, perception have positive and negative impacts on farmer‟s readiness for
displaced from their original farm land for public purpose. Therefore, perception in this situation is
similar to expectations and or attitude. The negative aspects shown that some dislocated households
are working on agriculture with limited access to land, few works as daily laborer and others are in
worsening situation because of the change in the mode of life. Urbanization has exposed the displaced
farmers and their families without jobs, make them to stay on low-income level and standard of living.
The prices of land and house rent increases; food becomes expensive; and the occupations of
households have tended to shift from farming activities to non-farm sectors like trade, employed in
other different sectors as daily laborer;

(Leulsegged,2015)Urbanization in most countries has historically pushed all forms of agriculture out of
the city and into rural areas, considering it too dirty for the glory of the city. Land use regulations today
still follow that same path, despite prevailing evidence that producing food within cities today would
solve many threatening problems. Governments today tends to systematically seek firms, residences, or
commercial centers that will bring them the monetary return, using the rationale that the income
generated for city from this sort of land use will offer the money for the social services the government
provides. This system, however, fails to take into account

Also, in some regions in Ethiopia, the situation worse by the absence of land expropriation and
compensation directives. This kind of situation happened in Hawassa sub-urban area. Although
Proclamation No-455 (2005) on land expropriation and compensation to its effect provides direction on
how the private holdings are was expropriated and what and how the compensation was executed at
the Federal level, in the Hawassa City, however, there is no such directives and legal provisions in this
regard. Because of that, the Sub-urban agricultural community had affected adversely by the decisions
of municipality in (Firew, 2010)
Generally, urban expansion is spontaneous phenomenon that leads to spontaneous growth by
displacing rural farming community. Even planned displacement hasits own negative effect on the
livelihood and the post displacement life of the affected community. This is also what should be
identified and recognized to pursue the sustainable and comprehensive urban development
(Tegegne,1999,66)

According to the UN-HABITAT (1996:26), the strategic planning is said to be the key instrument to
safeguard the adversary effects of urbanization and to gain most out of it. And this, the strategic plan,
needs to be participatory in such a way to integrate urban development to achieve growth management
and responsive remedial actions at both the city and Sub-urb level. The output of the process is not just
a physical development planning for the city, but a set of inter-related strategies for the city
development. The key characteristics of strategic planning include, but not limited to;
ÿ Cross sectors’ co-ordination and integration
ÿ Agreement on common comprehensive advantages of public and private sectors in urban
development and management
ÿ Bargain based resolution of interest conflict among stakeholders
ÿ Regular monitoring and evaluation of urban development impact to each of community members
affected by changes related with urban development programs.
Given at least the above guidelines as the screen in relation to the development of the Hawassa city and
the resulting impacts on the peri-urban community, not even a single action has been taken so far by
the city’s administration. As result of this, the livelihood of such groups is endangered .

This study differs from earlier studies about to scope and method of the study. Therefore, these
conditions forced the researcher to do the research on the “Impact of Horizontal Urban Expansion on
Sub-Urban Agricultural CommunityLivelihood. Case Study Tula city, Hawassa city Ethiopia.” This is not to
denounce construction of the large-scale development.

1.3. Objectives of The Research Proposal

1.3.1. General Objective
The research will be proposed to assess the impacts of horizontal urban expansion on the livelihood
Community of Tula city,Hawassa city.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives

➢ To assess the level of urban adjoining farmers’ participation, as the stakeholders, in urban
development programs.
➢ To evaluate impacts of urbanization led displacement and land dispossession on the livelihood of local
communities.
➢ To inspect coping mechanisms the affected households developed as a new means of a livelihood.
➢ To examine the role and responses of the private sector, the government, the NGOs and other
stakeholders in dealing with the rehabilitations of community subject to land expropriation and
displacement.
➢ To indicate the intervention mechanism to ameliorate the adverse impacts of urban sprawl.

.1.4. Research Proposal Questions

At its end, the research will be proposed to answer the following questions:
➢ To what extent was the peri-urban community participation, if any, in the urban development plans
by city administration and peri-urban agricultural community well comers to urban expansion?
➢ What impacts had the urban expansion brought about the peri-urban farmers’ livelihood?
➢ What institutional interventions and follow-up had beenmade so far to sustain the livelihood of the
displaced or/ and land dispossessed community?
➢ What should be done so as to reduce the spillover impacts of urban expansion on peri- urban
farmers’ livelihood?
1.5. Significant of the study
In the developing countries like Ethiopia, urbanization is one of the development issues to be
addressed. That is why currently scholars, NGOs, governments, partners, and other stakeholders have
given a due attention on the theme.

Tula city, Hawassa city is under fast development and horizontal sprawl at these days. This has been
studied significantly by various studies. However, there is very limited studies carried so far concerned
the effects of this expansion on the livelihood of the peri-urban agricultural community.

Analyzing the effects of urban expansion on agricultural land provides greater importance to the town
urban planner, urban agriculture and the urban municipality, researchers, as well as decision-making
groups in terms of understanding the effects of urban expansion on agricultural land uses of rural Keble
surrounding Jimma town. The finding of this study is significant in providing realistic information and
first advice for urban planning experts, decision makers, urban managers, researchers policymakers,
governmental and non-governmental organizations and academicians. Furthermore, it will also serve as
a basis for researchers who have interest to conduct further studies on the issue.
This study will attempt to fill this gap by identifying the negative and positive externalities as well as
opportunities that come following horizontal expansion of this city on the livelihood of affected
communities generally.

1.6 Delimitation of the Study

Hawassa city is currently expanding only towards south and east manly because of its geographical
setting. No expansion is possible to the west and north directions because the city is bounded by Lake
Hawassa in east while the Oromya regional state is in its north. Hence, this fact of natural and artificial
barriers has directed the city to grow only towards south and east.
Therefore, the study dealt with the expansion of these directions, with the particular focus to, the Tula
city,and hawassa city expansion which took place in expense of pre-existing farm lands. This sub-city
itself has the highest population of the whole city amounting 44,456 with the households of 4,231by the
estimation of the 2010 projection by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia.
1.7 Limitation of the study
Following the urban expansion, then, there will be happen to changes both topography and settlement
pattern of the pre-urban areas. This research will focus mainly on the household whose lands were
expropriated and those who had been dispossessed. Dislocated and hence whose livelihood get changed
both by form and content. As a mater of this fact. The selected sample household members may not
absolutely represent the characteristic of all farmers affected by urban horizontal expansion. Moreover.
There are appeared a problem up to date address information of the respondents. In same taken, in
access data, response refusal, omission of responses, non-return or late return questionnaire, and
misses are what technically limited the processes, accuracy and validities of the research.

In addition, as expansion is a process taking place throughout a series of time, there is a need to get
each phase’s information about the expansion. To get all required information, fixing the appointment
and meeting the ousted municipality staff or officials from previous position has contributed to the
limitation of the research.Furthermore, since every research methodology and designs along with the
specific techniques have each of respective “pros and cons”. As a matter of this fact. The methodology
employed, research design, techniques selected as well as tools used to collect data have their own
limiting effect on validities and other qualities of the research.

1.8 Organization of the Paper.

This study organized into five chapters. The first chapter has background of the study, statement of the
problem, aim, research questions, Research hypothesis, significance, scope and limitation of the thesis,
organization of the paper by itself and working definition of related words and concepts. The second
chapter devoted to check of related literature. The third chapter deals with description of the study area
and method of the study, and the fourth chapter deals with the results and discussion parts of the
thesis. Finally, the last chapter presents the conclusion and recommendations of the study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter is all about different literatures pertained to the study. Hence, the key word’s and concepts’
definitions, theories of urban expansion and growth, causes of urban expansion, trends of urban
expansion, impacts of urban expansion on the livelihood strategies of urban peripheries, legal and
constitutional provisions on effects and compensation packages to expropriation and theoretical
frameworks all have been intensively discussed turn by turn.
2.1 Key Words and Concepts in the Study Domain
2.1.1 Urban
2.1.2 Peri-urban
2.1.3 Horizontal urban expansion
2.1.4 Agricultural community
2.1.5 Livelihood
2.1.6 Expropriation
2.1.7 Compensation
2.1.1 Urban: in this study context, urban (as opposite to rural) refers to areas characterized by denser
population settlement per-unit of land, higher heterogeneity of in habitants (in terms of ethnic
background, religious adhere-ship, livelihood strategies and sources, educational levels etc…), greater
organizational complexities as well as higher formal social control.

Urbanization

The concept of urbanization is defined in processes by which rural and areas are transformed in to town
areas and which included the growth of city population and natural increases of population (Wough,
1990).Urbanization is defined as an increasing share of nations of population living in urban areas and
those declining share living in rural areas. Most urbanization is the result of net rural to urban migration.
Perhaps the most significant features of world urbanization are recently of its dominance. It has been
estimated that before the start of the 19th C only 3% of the world’s population lived in towns of over
500. At the present time the figure is probably about 40%. Urban center have existed and have been
evolving for many centuries across the world.

However, the accelerated growth of urbanization is relatively a recent phenomenon (Hall,1973).The

history of urbanization in Ethiopia goes to back the Axumite civilization. During thistime there were a
number of towns, commerce had flourished countries. Later, this urban culturebegan to shift to Lalibela
and Gondar, However, the development was also facing the some rateof urbanization of expand (UN,
1969).The term “urbanization” is used here to refer specificallyto an increase in the proportion of a
country or regions population residing in urban settlements,while „urban growth‟ refers to an increase
in the absolute size of a country or regions urbanpopulation. Urbanization is often used more loosely,
however, to refer to a broad-based rural-tourban transition involving population, land use, economic
activity and culture, or indeed any oneof these. (Bloch and Monroy, 2015)

Urbanization in Africa

Urbanization is increasing in both developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization,
particularly the growth cities, and the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate
health, poor sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in
many developing countries. Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic
growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities, principally
on human health, livelihoods and the environment (UN CED,1992). Natural population increase (high
births than death) and migration are significant factors in the growth of cities in the developing
countries. The natural increase fueled by improved medical care, better sanitation and improved food
supplies, which cut death rates and cause populations to grow. In many developing countries, it is rural
poverty that drives people from the rural areas into the city in search of employment, food, shelter and
education.

In Africa, most people move into the urban areas because they are pushed out by factors such as
poverty, environmental degradation, religious strife, political persecution, food insecurity and lack of
basic infrastructure and services in the rural areas or because they pulled into the urban areas by the
advantages and opportunities of the city including education, electricity, water etc.

Even though in many African countries the urban areas offer few jobs for the youth, they are often
attracted there by the amenities of urban life (Tarver, 1996)

The base of urbanization in sub Saharan Africa is significantly colonization. Before colonial period, sub
Saharan Africa has no urbanization what so ever population density is low to supply community with
resource. However during the colonial period, urban centers set up for strategic purpose which means
there is a little role of industrialization for the urbanization of sub- Saharan Africa. Hence unlike of many
African countries, sub Saharan Africa urbanized due to the external action rather than internal dynamics.
Sub- Saharan Africa is region with lowest proportion of urban population though recently the rate of
urbanization and slum dwellers is highest. For this situation rural to urban migrationand natural
population growth rate are the major cause of rapid rate of urbanization and slum proliferation in Africa.
The main engine of population growth in Sub- Saharan Africa is rural –urban migration which is for
economic motivation since 1980s. As cities are focal point for economic growth,innovation and
employment, many cities grew historically out of some advantageous location,transportation and raw
material supply (Bacquicer, 2004).

Urbanization in Ethiopia

The urban population in Ethiopia is increasing rapidly. Estimated at only 17.3 percent in 2012, Ethiopia‟s
urban population share is one of the lowest in the world, well below the Sub-Saharan Africa average of
37 percent. But this set to change dramatically. According to official figures from the Ethiopian Central
Statistics Agency, the urban population projected to nearly triple from 15.2 million in 2012 to 42.3
million in 2037, growing at 3.8 percent a year. Analysis for this report indicates that the rate of
urbanization would be even faster, at about 5.4 percent a year. That would mean a tripling of the urban
population even earlier by 2034, with 30 percent of the country‟s people in urban areas by 2028 (World
Bank, Ethiopia Economic Update II (2013).

And also Ethiopia was under-urbanized, even by African standards. Ethiopia's relative lack of
urbanization is the result of the country's history of agricultural self-sufficiency, which has

reinforced rural peasant life. This slow growth is explained by several factors. Rural-to-urban migration
had been largely responsible for the rapid expansion during the 1967-75 periods, whereas natural
population growth may have been mostly responsible for urban expansion during the 1975-84 periods.
The 1975 land reform program provided incentives and opportunities for peasants and other potential
migrants to stay in rural areas. Restrictions on travel, lack of employment, housing shortages, and social
unrest in some towns during the 1975-80 periods also contributed to a decline in rural-to-urban
migration (Zenebe, 2010).Ethiopia is currently of the least urbanized countries in the world even in
Africa. Less than oneperson in five is city or town dweller. However, the rate of at which the countries
urban areas the growing are among the highest in Africa. Many social, economic and environment
problemshave accomplice urbanization in Ethiopia and have been ignored for too long. Urbanization
isoccurring rapidly throughout Ethiopia, as populations are increasingly migrating from rural areas to
major cities(Zenebe, 2010).
Urbanization in Hawassa city

Hawassa is one of the rapidly expanding city in the Ethiopia . The reason is that, the area is suitable for
settlement and other infrastructure purposes. Because of this reason, the expansion is increasing at an
alarming rate.
peri-urban areas:

The term per urban used often in the literature and in policy discussions, yet definitions are largely
conditional and case specific. The word basis of "urban" and "rural" definitions arguingthat many of the
characteristics that define rural areas exist along a continuum within which people, households,
communities and institutions distribute themselve.

peri-urban area is very important in providing linkages between urban and rural areas, there is an urgent
need to strategically plan and manage the spread of urban spatial growth. Likewise, uncontrolled
economic growth and urbanization can cause adverse environmental impacts and pressurize the
likelihood of the local communities.Therefore, proper planning control and management should be in
place in order to ensure the local communities are benefited from urban development. However, lack of
rigorous policy on managing and planning of urban expansion aggravates the negative impact of
urbanization in many developing countries. (ibid; p 4)

During the last three decades, many cities in the developing nations have shifted from a mainly
agriculture-based economy to one of industrialization in order to foster economic growth. This shift
induces large group of the rural people, who lose their major source of livelihood, land, to flee to the
urban centers. Even if urbanization creates various opportunities for people living within the peri-urban
area, a few negative consequences accompany the development. It leads to significant reduction of
agricultural land and green space and becomes potential threat of

resource depletion due to rivers contamination from industrial discharge. During the last half of the 20th
century in Western Europe, relatively steady economic and population growth and stable patterns of
governance have led to outward urban growth, creating what has been referred to as dynamic and/or
multiple use of landscapes in these areas. Urbanization in Africa, on the other hand, has generally been
more rapid and chaotic than in Europe with deficiencies .

in regulation and infrastructural development. The rapid urban growth is often in conjunction with
inadequate governance systems, infrastructural development and land administration and most often,
lack of industrial and economic growth has led to what is often called the African urban crisis. (ibid; p.5-
6).
Urban population growth results to increased population densities within established urban areas as
well as in the outward thrust of urban agglomerations (that is peri-urban regions). It is therefore
anticipated that this enormous urban growth will result in outward population thrust of the urban
agglomerations. Following the outward urban population drive, many recent rural areas around the
cities have been converted to periurban status. The rural-urban migration is considered as one of the
major driving forces behind the rapid urban growth. This massive migration has placed high pressure on
the existing social services, pollution increase social problems: it has become a challenge for the state to
meet the demand of continuous growing urban population. (ibid; p.6).

Horizontal urban expansion:

it is synonymous with urban sprawl, the expansion of the attentiveness of people or urban settlement to
bordering and surrounding areas whose functions and settlements were not similar with urban ones.

Urbanization refers to a process where an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities
and the suburbs of cities. It movements population from rural to urban areas and the resulting in
increasing proportion of a population that resides in urban than rural places.
Urbanization is a form of metropolitan growth that is a response to often bewildering sets of economic,
social, and political forces and to the physical geography of an area. Population increase as well as
immigration from rural area towards larger cities, particularly in developing countries, results in
considerable increase in urban areas. Sprawl is a pattern and pace of land development in which the
rate of land consumed for urban purposes exceeds the rate of population growth, which results in an
inefficient and consumptive use of land and its associated resources (Melese and sprawl is a pattern and
pace of land development in which the rate of land consumed for urban purposes exceeds the rate of
population growth which results in an inefficient and consumptive use of land and its associated
resources (Melese and Vanum, 2012.

Agricultural community:

refers to that community whose economic base and livelihood sources are directly based on farming
or /and raring of animals under traditional production, distribution and consumption patterns.

Livelihood:

The definition of ‘livelihood’ has been extensively discussed among academics and development
practitioners including; Chambers and Conway, 1992; Bernstein, 1992; Ellis, 1998; Carney, 1998; Francis,
2000; Batterbury, 2001; Radoki, 2002; Latz, 2003).

The most habitually employed definition of livelihood which the researcher agrees, i.e. livelihood
comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required
for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and
shocks and keep up or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not
undermining the natural resource base (Chambers and Conway, 1992).
Livelihood assets can have understood by notion of five main capitals: human capital, social capital,
physical capital, natural capital, and financial capital (Ellis, 2000).

Natural capital: consists of land, water and biological resources such as trees, pasture and biodiversity.
Financial capital: Consists of stocks of money or other savings in liquid form. In this study context, it
includes not only financial assets but also it does easily disposable assets such as livestock, which in
other senses may be considered as natural capital. It includes income levels, variability over time, and
distribution within society of financial savings, access to credit, and debt levels

Physical capital: Is that created by economic production. It includes infrastructure such as roads,
irrigation works, electricity, reticulated equipment and housing.
Human capital: is constituted by the quantity and quality of labor available. At household level,
therefore, it is determined by household size, but also by education, nutrition, skills, capacity and health
of household members.

Social capital: Any assets such as rights or claims that are derived from membership of a group. This
includes the ability to call on friends or kin for help in times of need, support from trade or professional
associations (e.g. framers’ associations) and political claims on chiefs or politicians to provide assistance.
In one way or in another the social capital is a function of power a given individual or group assumes and
a kind and a level of the relationship that exists in a given societal structure.
The productivity and sustainability of these capitals may be degraded or improved by human
management which is determined by favorability or non-favorability of the existed structures,
institutions and processes as transforming factors in one hand and trend, shocks as well as seasonality
as vulnerability contexts in another hand.In the folder of this study, the livelihood- the agriculture- of
the peri-urban community within the study area is overtaken by urbanization which in turn is the
function of global contexts such as globalization (global economic and market conditions, global human
migration and global technological conditions) and trends and shocks which are determined by the
structures (different levels of governmental, non-governmental as well communal institutions) and
process( policies, laws, rules, directives, common values and norms of these institutions).

Livelihood Strategies:

-Copying mechanism, as also known as, Comprise the range and combination of activities and choices
that people undertake in order to achieve their livelihood goals. They have to be understood as a
dynamic process in which people combine activities to meet their various needs at different times and
on different geographical or economical levels, whereas they may even differ within a household. Their
direct dependence on asset status and transforming structures and processes becomes clear through
the position they occupy within the framework. A changing asset status may further or hinder other
strategies depending on the policies and institutions at work.

When considering livelihood strategies and issues connected to the SLS in general, it is important to
recognize that people compete (for jobs, markets, natural resources, etc.), which makes it difficult for
everyone to achieve simultaneous improvements in their livelihoods. The households affected by urban
sprawl then become heterogeneous by representing partly the urban ways of lives, placing different
priorities in a finite and therefore, in highly disputed environment. Compromises are often
indispensable. An application of the SLS offers the advantage to be sensitive for such issues in a
differentiated manner.

Livelihood Outcomes: -

are the achievements of livelihood strategies, such as more income (e.g. cash), increased well-being (e.g.
non material goods, like self-esteem, health status, access to services, sense of inclusion), reduced
vulnerability (e.g. better resilience through increase in asset status), improved food security (e.g.
increase in financial capital derived from the combination of one or more livelihood capitals in order to
buy or produce foods). Outcomes help us to understand the 'output' of the current configuration of
factors within the livelihood frame work;they demonstrate what motivates stakeholders to act as they
do and what their priorities are.
They might give us an idea of how people are likely to respond to new opportunities and which
performance indicators should be used to assess support activity. Livelihood Outcomes directly
influence the assets and change dynamically their level - the form of the pentagon -, offering a new
starting point for other strategies and outcomes.

Expropriation:-

Development requires governments to offer public facilities and infrastructure that make sure safety
and security, health and welfare, social and economic enhancement, and protection and restoration of
the natural environment Theories of land expropriation contain three requirements: public purpose,
adequate compensation paid in advance and a fair process of land taking. Public purpose is the use land
defined as such by decision the right body conformity urban structure plan or development plan to
make sure the interest of the people's to acquire direct or indirect benefits from the land and to merge
sustainable socio-economic development.

Theories of expropriation contain three requirements: public purpose, adequate compensation paid in
advance and a fair process of land taking. Public purpose is the use of land defined as such by the
decision of the appropriate body inconformity with urban structure plan or development plan in order
to ensure the interest of the peoples to acquire direct or indirect benefits from the use of the land and
to consolidate sustainable socio-economic development. Besides, it is a service given to the public
directly or indirectly assumed important to the development of people by theGovernment and to be
implemented on the rural land. (Johan, et.al; n.d: p5, 46 & 84).
Adequate compensation is described as just compensation which would be calculated so the
expropriated person can put himself into the same situation as before. (ibid: p 44).
Expropriation represents both the most serious infringement of private property rights and the manifest
exercise of state sovereignty. It is a formal withdrawal of propert Expropriation will assume different
names in different countries such as, compulsory purchase in the United Kingdom (UK), expropriation in
Europe, and eminent domain in the United States (US). However it differs in naming, expropriation can
be defined as a forced taking of land by the state for public purpose activities and upon advance
payment of compensation. It is an inherent power of the state that stems from the very existence of the
state, and hence it is argued that the constitutions do give only recognition to it instead of authorization.
Ethiopia, being a follower of the Civil Law legal system, uses the terminology expropriation. The concept
of land expropriation is the right of the nation or state, or of those to whom the power has been lawfully
delegated, to condemn private property for public use, and to appropriate the ownership and
possession of such property without the owner’s consent on paying the owner a due compensation to
be ascertained according to law. The governments, therefore, have the right of compulsory land
acquisition, with compensation, for the broader public service.
The main idea, here, is that the state must ensure due process of law before appropriating the property.
(Daniel; 2014: p. 3-4).

Compensation :

-Compensation, in case of land expropriation, deals with a mode of compensation not only in cash, i.e.,
money but also of direct something in return (something given/ received for something else)
relationship between the owner and the government. In other words, the government must pay
compensation to the owner for what it has taken away from the personal, which seems that payment
compensation should the real value of the property taken.

There are four kinds of compensations identified by different scholars: Land Taken, Disturbance,
Severance and Injurious Affection. Most countries in the world distinguish four different kinds of
compensation, which is to assessed as part of the expropriation process .These are compensation for
land taken, disturbance, severance and Injurious affection. Land taken assed as the purchase price
usually based on „market value‟ or reinstatement value for the landholdings, buildings, structures and
standing crops taken by the authority. The second type of compensation internationally agreed on is
payments effected for disturbance during displacement or undertaking resettlement. This may
necessarily have associated with land values, but a payment made to compensate for costs incurred as a
result of having to vacate the premises. The third class, severance, which is the compensation paid for
the depreciation in the value of the land retained after the land taken. The last kind of compensation is
injurious affection, which is the diminution in the value of land held by the claimant that would be
arising from various construction activities.Compensation, in case of land expropriation, deals with a
mode of compensation not only in cash, i.e., money but also of direct something in return (something
given/ received for something else) relationship between the owner and the government. In other
words, the government must Compensation has largely been understood to refer to specific measures
intended to make good the losses suffered by people displaced. It usually takes the form of payment,
either in cash or in kind, and is principally about awards to negatively affected persons. The manners of
determining compensation are a debatable issue, since the terms used in legislations often create
confusion among evaluators.In this discussion, we can recognize two major controversial theories: the
principle of indemnity (Owner‟s Loss) theory and the “Taker‟s Gain” theory, which will be discussed
below. ((Girma; 2011)
A) Owner’s Loss Theory.
The central idea of the „‟Owner‟s Loss Theory‟‟ is that the owner whose property expropriated should
be entitled to be put in as good a pecuniary position as he would have been if his property had not been
taken. Thus, its targeted message resettlements the owner to the original position he would have had
his property had not been taken.So that the dispossessed owner would go out into the market and
purchase with his compensation money a property roughly like that, which had acquired, any incidental
loss or expense being met from the proceeds of the disturbance claims. In general, the laws of the
countries which follow the indemnity principle/ owner‟s loss theory/, takes the loss of the property
owner into consideration in the course of valuation of compensation, irrespective of the benefit of the
expropriating organ. The main purpose of compensation is to reinstate the owner of the expropriated
property in the same economic place at the time when the property taken. The principle of indemnity
suggested that any claim for increased compensation do to the value of expropriated property should
not allow. This implies that the possessor is to compensated for the increased value of expropriated
property. There could also equivalent to compensating the landowner for the loss he/she has not
suffered (Girma; 2011)
B) The Taker’s Gain Theory.
The Taker‟s Gain Theory elucidate that the government required to pay only for what it gets.
This argument emanates from the discrepancy between the value of the property taken away by the
government and the amount of loss the owner suffered from. The variation may cause due to
disturbance of the life of the property-owner or other similar remote damages, which would drain the
purse of the government. These two contradictory speculations have tried to reply how to check the
compensation to paid to the possessor of the landholder in case of expropriation. Regardless of their
operation in countries accepting them with few important qualifications, the principle of the owner‟s
loss theory has received predominance recognition over the taker‟s gain theory. (ibid; p 76). Principles
of indemnity have also been stated under the Ethiopian Civil Code, Art 1470 to 1477 which elucidate
about compensation. These provisions apply in regards to compensation due to persons whose rights
taken away or restricted from make use of it.It again dictates about the amounts of compensation by
stressing that the amount of compensation or the value of the land that may give to replace the
expropriated land shall be equal to the amount of the real damage caused by expropriation. The amount
of damage stated under Art 1474 (2) is to mean the payment assessed by the committee on the day
when it makes its decision.

Consequences of Urban Expansion

Rapid urban expansion in developing countries is usually associated with unplanned development in the
periphery that requires high cost of infrastructure. It is also clear that even in planned activity, the
development of infrastructure usually does not correspond to the large tract of land that develops in a
low-density pattern. Thus, urban expansion consequently results in social, environmental and economic
problems to the society (Bhatta, 2010).
Positive Impacts of Urban Expansion
Urban centers have positive impact on the development of their surrounding per- urban areas through
different ways. According to (Satterthwaite and Tacoli, 2004), the surrounding area of urban centers are
mostly engaged in agricultural production either for local consumers or as links to national and export
markets, urban centers act as access to market which is the prerequisite to increasing rural agricultural
incomes.

Proximity also contributes to decrease the risks of perishable products to produce timely to market
areas and to get affordable transportation. According to (G/Egziabher,1998) and other, the practical
activities approved that people who live in the surrounding urban centers can have possible access to
both private and public services such as health, education, banking, postal & telephone and services of
different professionals (lawyers) and private services like wholesale and retail, sales of manufactured
goods.As to the view of (Kamete and Tvedten, 2006) in order to assure that people who live around
urban centers, because of their proximity, have a better access to employment and modern way of living
than those who far rural dwellers. Besides, urban centers create employment opportunities through
development of small and micro enterprises and cooperatives.Fekadu (2015), in his study on urban
expansion and its effect on peripheral farming community in Hosanna town pointed out that, physical
capital i.e. Number of houserooms- buildings increased in percentage.
Negative Impacts of Urban Expansion
Urbanization has also some negative effects to its nearby pre-urban areas in different aspects especially,
to dislocation of farmers from their farmland and to degradation of valuable agricultural land. This is
because as the nation‟s population increase, cities must grow spatially to their pre-urban areas to
accommodate more people and to serve different services for them. In Ethiopia, the urbanization was
increased from 5% in 1950 to 16% in 2000, on average 4.3% per year. Furthermore, it is estimated that
by 2025 the World‟s, African‟s and Ethiopian‟s population rate will reach 58%, 52%, and 32%
respectively (Webster, 2005 as cited in Mahari, 2011). The reason for an optimistic prediction towards
the urbanization growth is that, it will have the following negative effects of urban expanding on their
pre-urban areas.As pointed out by

(Dayong, 2004) uneven urban expansion will occupy much valuable farmland around urban centers,
which causes to sensitive contradiction and conflicts with the farmers displaced who displaced from
their farm land. Urbanization negatively affects the pre-urban areas in different ways. As urban centers,
expand by occupying fertile farm land and displacing farmers cause to cut the amount of production and
number of family farmers and move to the nearby urban centers. As a result, the farmers with their
large family size will be exposed to unemployment and poverty (food insecure) for the reason that they
are not well-educated and skilled rather depending on their agricultural production. It is understood
that, people without basic qualification or literally skilled are unable to compete and get job in the labor
market (G/Egziabher and Solomon, 1997).
Theories of Urban Expansion and Growth

In urban area, as of economic benefits primacy theory, there are the agglomeration of different
economic activities and economies of scale resulting from it. Hence, to improve economic benefits of
production, people move to urban area from rural areas and/or even one urban areas to another, rural-
urban migration and urban-urban migration. This increment on urban population stimulates urban
latexes to grow towards peripheral areas.
)
Causes of Urban Expansion

Causes of urban growth are quite similar with those of urban sprawl. In most cases,they cannot be
discriminated since both growths are more interlinked though urbangrowth or expansion can be
observed without sprawl if there is planned growth. Whether thatgrowth is bad and good depends on
its pattern and process, there are some causes of urban expansion.
Urbanization is closely linked with modernization, industrialization, and sociological process of decision
making. Most of the rapid urban sprawl in developing nations is due to rural-urban migration (Free
encyclopedia-2010).

Urbanization in worldwide has resulted in cities that are rapidly growing and expanding to be able to
host their increasing population, and this expansion termed as urban sprawl. expansion urban to the
neighboring rural environment caused by two major factors, namely spatial urban growth and increase
in urban population due to high birth rate and in-migration (both rural to urban and urban to urban)
migration. The first source of urban expansion-urban development induced economic advancement,
urban clearance and/ or industrialization (Kedir, 2010).Hence, places or sites that are next to urban
areas might be needed for social, economic, industrial and communication, road construction and for
other infrastructure and investment that may in turn need resettlement and displacement of the
neighboring rural farming community (Cernea, 2000).

Some of causes for urban expansion or compactness are population growth, economic growth,
industrialization and demand for more living space. From those causes and catalyst ofurban expansion,
urban population growth is the first and peculiar role player. Rapid urbangrowth is an outcome of the
following two factors of population growth namely; natural population increase and migration to urban
centers.
In addition to this, movement of people from rural to urban areas in domestic countrybecomes a
significant factor of urban expansion even though movement at international leveldoes not have such
great influence to expansion. Both of them contribute to make urban areasexpand via additional area
for inhabiting. The role of internal migration to expansion isexpressed through pulling and pushing
factors those behaved from place of destination ornew place of movement and place of origin
respectively (Bhatta, 2010).According to UN report (2007), major contributing factor of urban expansion
is “rural flight“where improving living standard above hand to mouth on limited farm land particularly in
caseof developing world where population growth rate exceeds resource production rate.
Since community couldn’t forecast the condition they meet in future, they decide to migrate towards to
urban areas “rural flight”.
According to Tegegne (2001), nationally the most role player leading urban centers toexpanding are in
migrants (i.e. rural to rural migration and urban to urban migration)and natural population increase.
Additionally, industrialization which demands housing facilitiesfor its workers even for commerce is
another factor leading to town expanding.. Such gradualtransition process from agricultural to industrial
employment demands more urban housing.Economic growth and demand of more living space for
housing are also other causes of urban expansion.
Trends of Urban Expansion
According to the UN state of the world population report (2007), sometime in the middle of 2007, the
majority of people worldwide will be living in towns or cities for the first time in history. This is referred
to as the “arrival of urban millennium” or the “tripping point” as depicted here below.

. Impacts of Urban Expansion

Urban expansion may involve both horizontal and vertical types of the expansion. The former refers to
the extension of the Physical structure of the urban areas. Such process of urban expansion is a
worldwide phenomenon which can be seen in the history of all urban centers as toresults in the loss of
range posture and agricultural lands and natural beauties (Minwuyelet, 2004)

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLGY

3.1 Description of the Study Area

Hawassa is a city located on the shores of Lake Hawassa (from which the name of the city was driven) in
the fringes of the Great Rift Valley.Latitudinaly, it is located between 703’N 38028’ E, and posses an
elevation of 1,708 meters above the sea level. The city is capital of and is located in the sidama
region .As well, it is the administrative center of Sidama regional state. It is 270 km south of Addis Ababa
via Bushooftu on the main

The city has eight suburbs, namely, Addis Ketema sub-city, Hayik-dar sub-city, Mehal Ketema sub-city,
Bahl-Adarash sub-city, Misrak sub-city, Menharya sub-city, Tabor sub-city and Tula Sub- City. Each of
them has varied number of administrative units known as “Kebele” which collectively adding to 32.

3.1. Research Design

Research design is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived to get answers to research
questions. As stated above, this study aims to look at, the Impact of Horizontal Urban Expansion of Sub-
Urban Agricultural Community livelihood. In order to analyze these impacts, a survey using
questionnaires and group focus discussion. The cause and effects (causal) relationship between
perception of urban expansion variables going assessed throughout the study.Descriptive statistic is one
of the techniques used to summarize information (data) collected from an interview and others
documents and analyzing the financial impacts of displaced farmers also legal issue of compensation
payment described. By applying descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency of appearance,
percentage, greatest and minimum value etc. One can compare different categorie of sample units with
respect to the desired characters to draw some important understanding. Explanatory analysis using
econometrics regression model employed to analyze cause-effect relation between perception of Sub-
urban farmers in the town and what it affects their perception on their livelihood.
In this research, the descriptive research design will be use to make intensive investigation of the impact
of the horizontal urban expansion on the livelihood of Subi-urban agricultural community livelihood .
Hence, to maintain triangulation in its finding, the design will manifest the basic feature of both the
qualitative and quantitative research.

The quantitative approach involves the use of questionnaires, The qualitative aspects of this study
consisted observation of the researcher and interviews with local Kebele leaders, and town
administrators. As a result, it is difficult to use strictly qualitative or quantitative approach solely to make
a research analysis for a given problem. Therefore, it is critical in this kind of research, to integrate both
aspects of qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques in order to reasonably describe and
understand whether and to what extent urban expansion impacts and its results exist in the study area.
3.1.1. Data source and Type

In order to attain the main goal of the research, both primary and secondary sources of data will be
collected and used. The primary data will be collected from focus group discussions; in-depth interview
of the key informantion, participant observation and questionnaires.

The primary data were collected from principal three sources of data which includes open ended and
close ended questionnaire structured and semi- structured interviews and focus group discussions with
the farmers and municipality administration in-depth to have relevant data for the subjects of the study.

The secondary data were collected from all available written documents & electronic sources such as
Woredas/Gandas/report documents various registers and publications like (books journals research
reports and paper magazines newspapers)internet materials and others like FAOs, WFPs USAIDs UN,
WHBTAT annual reports and land use regulation and policy documents of the EPRDEF EUPI, OUPI Guide
lines and reports were the secondary data sources used in this study.

3.1.2. Sampling Methods and Frames

3.1.2.1. Sampling methods
Both the hybrid of random sampling and non-random sampling method will be employe in such a way to
reduce the sampling error. A systematic random sampling technique will be employe as the random
sampling to assure the representativeness of on-target group- households that were subject to land
expropriation and thus get displaced- to questionnaire-based data source.
3.1.2.2. Sampling Frame
The sampling frame to identify respondents of random and non-random selected households lists who
were dislocated (displaced) farmers from their farming land.
The second unit of the sampling frame was staff members of Tula city, Hawassa city. All staff members
of the Hawassa city from which the key in formant group which will purposely selected. The third
category of sampling unit was the Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Selection of FGD participants will be
based on the mix of purposive and snow ball sampling both from the household level and the city
administration
3.1.2.3. Sample Size
In order to determine an adequate sample size, the standard statistical approach equation will be
employed (Fowler, 2002).
Accordingly, the size of sample (n) was given by;
n=z2 p (1-p)/d2, where,
n=desired sample size when population is greater than 10,000
Z=the standard number variable at a required level of confidence.
q=1-p
d=the standard value of the confidence interval or margins of error

3.1.2.4. Data Collecting Tools

Major data collection instruments will questionnaire, interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD)and
personal observation.

Focus group discussions (FGDs): Focus group discussions is conducts to capture qualitative data and to
fill in the gap of information that not be covered by other methods of data collection and to confirm the
findings. The discussion is conduct by giving special emphasis to the living condition and other
perspective of displaced farmers with Kebeles officials, stakeholders and selecting respondent. A
structured questionnaire designed for this purpose focused household level and used to collect data
from sampled household head. To collect reliable data, right questions formed and pre tested. Data
collected by trained field staff. The collected data enteredin to Stat software version.

Structured questionnaire: To gather information from selected displaced household head, a formal
survey was conducted on the sample population of 300 household heads by using structured
questionnaires with closed-ended questions from each Kebeles. Questionnaires designed both in
Sidaamic and Amharic languages. The purpose of translation from English

to Sidamic and Amharic language was to use and to gather wanted information from. The structured
questionnaires organized into two main sections, the first section personal information of the
respondents which includes gender and age composition, marital status, educational level. The second
section of the questionnaire focused on obtaining the socio-economic condition of the sample
households head impacts of displaced after displacement. The third how implementation compensation
and rule regulation and the last about variable question or perception displaced farmers in the town
While employing the questionnaire as a tool to collect information pertained to a research objective,it
was clear that both structured and unstructured questionnaire have pros and cons.For this reason, so as
to gain more out of both sub-tools, semi-structured questionnaire will be administrated to those
respondents may be selected through systematic sampling from households.
These Researcher will appear a participant observer to documents and phenomena and will pick
different pictures related with the existed livelihood situation and status of the targeted community.
3.1.2.5. Data Analysis
Both qualitative and quantitative (descriptive statistics) methods will be used in hybrid form to analyze
the collected data with the application of SPSS (13) software. Calculation of inference statistics will be
carried out through the application of the Sustainable Livelihood model whose main focus is analyzing
the livelihood dimensions in a given contexts and mediating processes.

3.2. Ethical Issues

Given the nature of this research proposal, there are certain ethical considerations that need to be
taken into consideration. In the first instance, all participants will be treated with respect and courtesy.
A strategy of informed consent will be adopted, with the aim and methods of the research being made
clear to all participants. The confidentiality and anonymity of the individual respondents will be assured,
and consent will be sought for the interviews to be filled.
3.3. Plan of Activities
This research work is to be carried out according to the following tentative action or schedule
is,howeversubject to change in any case problems beyond the scope of the researchers are encountered

Table 1: Plan of activity

No Activities Duration

1 Literature Review Jan 13-16/2025

2 Construction of Questionnaire Jan 17-25/2025

3 Duplication of Questionnaire Jan 26-28/2025

4 Data collection both primary and secondary Feb 28-march 25/2025

5 Data Analysis and interpretation March 26 April 15/2025

6 Printing and Submission first draft May 23 -May 30

3.4. Budget Break Down

An indicative plan forthe budget and/or logistics requirement forth execution of these research work is
summarized and presented below in the form of categorical cost break down

Table 2: Stationary and materials cost

Sr/no Item Unit Quantity Unity price Total price

1 Pen Pcs 10 30 300

2 Red Pen(bic)pcs 4 30 120

3 Photo copy Page 400 1.5 600

4 Writing Page 320 8 2560

 cost

5 Printing Page 425 4 1700

cost

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