Scribd
Upload
7 views

CLS224 Lecture 12 Urinary System

Uploaded by

cqgkqcfm9q
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

CLS224 Lecture 12 Urinary System

Uploaded by

cqgkqcfm9q
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

CLS 224

(Basic Anatomy & Physiology)

Lecture 12: The Urinary System

Contents:
1. Kidneys
2. Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and
Urethra
3. Fluid, Electrolyte Balance
The Urinary System

Objectives:
•Describe the location of the kidneys in the body.
•Identify the following regions of a kidney
(longitudinal section): hilum, cortex, medulla,
medullary pyramids, calyces, pelvis, and renal
columns.
•Recognize that the nephron is the structural and
functional unit of the kidney, and describe its
anatomy.
Functions of the Urinary System
 Elimination of waste products
Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs

 Regulate aspects of homeostasis


 Water balance
 Electrolytes
 Acid-base balance in the blood
 Blood pressure
 Red blood cell production
 Activation of vitamin D
Organs of the Urinary system

1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary bladder
4. Urethra

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Location of the Kidneys
 Against the dorsal body
wall
 At the level of T12 to L3
 The right kidney is slightly
lower than the left
 Attached to ureters, renal
blood vessels, and nerves
at renal hilus
 Atop each kidney is an
adrenal gland
Coverings of the Kidneys
 Renal capsule
Surrounds each kidney
 Adipose capsule
Surrounds the kidney
Provides protection to the kidney
Helps keep the kidney in its correct
location
Regions of the Kidney

 Renal cortex –
outer region
 Renal medulla –
inside the cortex
 Renal pelvis –
inner collecting
tube

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Kidney Structures
 Medullary pyramids – triangular regions of tissue in the
medulla
 Renal columns – extensions of cortex-like material
inward
 Calyces – cup-shaped structures that funnel urine
towards the renal pelvis
Blood Flow in the Kidneys

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/671070/view/kidney-illustration

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Nephrons

 The structural and functional units of


the kidneys
 Responsible for forming urine
Main structures of the nephrons:
A. Glomerulus
B. Renal tubule
Glomerulus
 A specialized
capillary bed
 Attached to
arterioles on both
sides (maintains
high pressure)
Large afferent  Capillaries are covered with
arteriole podocytes from the renal
Narrow efferent tubule
arteriole  The glomerulus sits within
a glomerular capsule (the
first part of the renal tubule)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Renal Tubule
1. Glomerular
(Bowman’s)
capsule
2. Proximal
convoluted
tubule
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal
convoluted
tubule

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Types of Nephrons
1. Cortical nephrons
Located entirely in the cortex
Includes most nephrons

2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
 Found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Urine Formation Processes

a. Filtration
b. Reabsorption
c. Secretion
Filtration

 Nonselective passive process


 Water and solutes smaller than proteins
are forced through capillary walls
 Blood cells cannot pass out to the
capillaries
 Filtrate is collected in the glomerular
capsule and leaves via the renal tubule
Reabsorption
 The peritubular capillaries reabsorb several
materials
Some water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
 Some reabsorption is passive, most is
active
 Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal
convoluted tubule
Materials Not Reabsorbed

 Nitrogenous waste products


Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
 Excess water
Secretion – Reabsorption in
Reverse
 Some materials move from the
peritubular capillaries into the renal
tubules
Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine
 Materials left in the renal tubule move
toward the ureter
Formation of Urine

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Ureters

 Slender tubes attaching the kidney to


the bladder
 Continuous with the renal pelvis
 Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
 Runs behind the peritoneum
 Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport
Urinary Bladder
 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
 Temporarily stores urine
 Trigone – three openings
Two from the ureters
One to the urethrea

Urinary Bladder Wall:


 Three layers of smooth muscle
 Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
 Walls are thick and folded in an empty
bladder
 Bladder can expand significantly
without increasing internal pressure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Urethra
 Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to
the outside of the body by peristalsis
 Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
Maintaining Water Balance

 Water intake must equal water output


 Sources for water intake
 Ingested foods and fluids
 Water produced from metabolic processes
 Sources for water output
 Vaporization out of the lungs
 Lost in perspiration
 Leaves the body in the feces
 Urine production
Maintaining Water Balance

 Dilute urine is produced if water intake


is excessive
 Less urine (concentrated) is produced if
large amounts of water are lost
 Proper concentrations of various
electrolytes must be present
Regulation of Water and Electrolyte
Reabsorption
 Regulation is primarily by hormones
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents
excessive water loss in urine
2. Aldosterone regulates sodium ion
content of extracellular fluid
 Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus
are active monitors
References:

You might also like