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GAMMA CAMERA IMAGING

The gamma camera was a major breakthrough in


nuclear medicine because it vastly improved the
capability of imaging gamma-emitting radionuclides,
such as technetium and iodine agents.

Gamma cameras are used to detect gamma rays


emitted by radioisotopes /tracers. There are three
types of gamma camera:

• Single crystal camera


• Multi crystal camera
• Positron camera

COMPONENTS OF A GAMMA CAMERA

• Collimator
• Large area Nal (TI) - Scintillation crystal
• Photon multiplier tubes (pm tubes)
• Light guide
• Computer
• Monitor
WORKING MECHANISM

Gamma camera (Anger camera)

• Detection device capable of capturing and


counting gamma rays

• Sodium iodide crystal (scintillator) + array


of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)

- Thallium-doped sodium iodide crystal


produces light when stimulated by gamma or
x-ray photons

- PMTs gather light and convert it to


electronic signal near location it was detected

Collimator

• the collimator is a crucial component of the


gamma-ray camera. A collimator resembles a
lead (Pb) honeycomb that is placed between the
patient and the gamma-ray detector
Unlike optical photons, gamma rays cannot be
refracted and focused.
• Consequently, the images in a gamma-ray camera
are formed by selective absorption. Radiation
emitted by radiopharmaceuticals within the patient
must pass through the collimator to reach the
detector.

• Gamma rays that hit the collimator walls (called


septa) are generally absorbed. As a result, only
gamma rays traveling in the direction of the hole
axes appear in the images. Although this selective
absorption is necessary for the creation of the
images, it is also very inefficient because most of
the gamma rays are absorbed in the collimator.

• For the collimators used in nuclear medicine, only


about one in ten thousand of the emitted gamma
rays pass through the collimator. Thus, the design
of the collimator has a significant effect on the
overall performance of the gamma camera.

ROLE OF GAMMA CAMERA IMAGING IN


ASSESING HEART’S FUNCTION

• myocardial perfusion imaging:


- Assessment of blood flow to myocardium and
identifying areas of blockage due to CAD
- During stress testing MPI can detect ischemia by
comparing images taken at rest and after exercise
or pharmacological stress

• evaluation of myocardial viability


-Viability imaging determines whether
dysfunctional myocardium is still alive (viable) and
could potentially recover
function after revascularization.

• assessment of ventricular functions

-Ejection fraction using RVG and gated SPECT


Wall motion analysis that indicates regions of
ischemia pr infarction

• assessment of myocardial metabolism


• detection of cardiac infections and inflammatory
diseases
• prognostic information for risk stratification

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