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11 views

MUCLecture_2023_112632762

Uploaded by

Faith Margarett Rizon Diamante
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering and Numerical Analysis

Al-Mustaqbal University College

2.4- Non-Exact First Order Differential Equation

The equation which isn’t exact can be made exact by multiplying it by the Integrating
Factor (I.F).

‫ هو معامل يضرب‬،‫) نستطيع جعلها تامة بواسطة ضربها بمعامل التكامل‬Non-Exact) ‫ان المعادلة الغير تامة‬
.‫به المعادلة الغير تامة فيحولها الى معادلة تامة‬
For Example:

2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 3 , 𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥𝑦 2 , = 6𝑥𝑦 2 } → ∵ = ∴ 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑖𝑓 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ] ÷ 𝑥

2𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑦 2 , = 3𝑦 2 } → ∵ ≠ ∴ 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

‫لو كانت العملية بالعكس فان معامل التكامل هو )𝒙( عند ضرب المعادلة غير التامة يعمل على تحويلها الى‬
.‫معادلة تامة‬
∴ 𝑥 is Integrating Factor

𝑖𝑓 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ] ÷ 𝑦 2

2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥, = 6𝑥} → ∵ ≠ ∴ 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴ 𝑦 2 is integrating factor

18
Engineering and Numerical Analysis …………...…………………………….……. Non-Exact First Order D.E.

How to Find Integrating Factor:

If the integrating factor is a function of (𝑥 ) only (𝑟);

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0} ∗ 𝑟

𝑟 𝑀 (𝑥, 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕(𝑟𝑀) 𝜕(𝑟𝑁)
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑑𝑟
𝑟 =𝑟 +𝑁 → 𝑟𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑑𝑟
𝑟 −𝑟 =𝑁
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑑𝑟
𝑟( − )=𝑁
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑟 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑑𝑟 1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 → ∫ =∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
ln 𝑟 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 ‫نأخذ 𝑒 للطرفين‬
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝟏 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
∫𝑵( 𝝏𝒚 − 𝝏𝒙 )𝒅𝒙
∴ 𝒓𝒙 = 𝒆 integrating factar is a function of (𝑥 )

by the same method get to:

𝟏 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
∫𝑴( 𝝏𝒙 − 𝝏𝒚 )𝒅𝒚
𝒓𝒚 = 𝒆 integrating factar is a function of (𝑦)

Example (1): Find a general solution for 𝒚 ∙ 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚) ∙ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎?


Solve:
𝑀 = 𝑦, 𝑁 = (3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 1, = 3} → ∵ ≠ ∴ 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴ Find integrating factor:

19 Maryam Hameed Nasir


Engineering and Numerical Analysis …………...…………………………….……. Non-Exact First Order D.E.

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 −2 3
∫𝑁( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ∫(3+3𝑥−𝑦)(1−3)𝑑𝑥 ∫(3+3𝑥−𝑦)×3 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑟𝑥 = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒
2 −2⁄3
= 𝑒 −3 ln(3+3𝑥−𝑦) = 𝑒 ln(3+3𝑥−𝑦) = (3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦)−2⁄3
.𝑦 ‫يهمل هذا المعامل ألنه دالة من 𝑥 و‬
1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 2
∫𝑀( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 ∫𝑦(3−1)𝑑𝑦 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑟𝑦 = 𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑦

𝑟𝑦 = 𝑦 2

∴ 𝑦 2 is integrating factor

𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + (3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0} ∗ 𝑦 2

𝑦 3 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀 = 𝑦 3 , 𝑁 = (3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 )

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 3𝑦 2 , = 3𝑦 2 } → ∵ = ∴ 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

To find 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦):


𝑑𝑓
𝑀= = 𝑦 3 → ∫ 𝑑𝑓 = ∫ 𝑦 3 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
= 3𝑥𝑦 2 + … … … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑓
∵𝑁= = 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 … … … … … (2)
𝑑𝑦
Sub eq. (1) and eq. (2) to get:
𝑑𝑔
3𝑥𝑦 2 + = 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 →
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑔
= 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 → ∫ 𝑑𝑔 = ∫(3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦

3
𝑦4
𝑔 (𝑦 ) = 𝑦 − +𝑐
4
3
𝑦4 3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − +𝑐
4
20 Maryam Hameed Nasir
Engineering and Numerical Analysis …………...…………………………….……. Non-Exact First Order D.E.

𝟏
Example (2): Show that is an integrating factor for the equation
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐

(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙) ∙ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 ∙ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ?

Solve:
𝑀 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 ), 𝑁 = −𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦, = 0} → ∵ ≠ ∴ 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0} ∗
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦
(1 − ) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 − ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑀 0 − 𝑥 ∙ 2𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
= (0 − 2 ) =
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
→ ∵ = ∴ 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑁 0 − 𝑦 ∙ 2𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= (− 2 ) =
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 }
1
∴ is integrating factor
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Problems:

H.W- Check the given expression is Exact or Non-Exact differential equation. if


the expression is Non-Exact equation, Find the Integration Factor (I.F) for:

1) (𝑥 − 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Answer: Non-Exact, I.F: 𝑒 𝑥
2) (𝑦 2 − 1) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦 − sin 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Answer: Exact
3) 𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Answer: Non-Exact, I.F: 𝑦 3
4) (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Answer: Exact
5) (2𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 3) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Answer: Non-Exact, I.F: cos 𝑥
21 Maryam Hameed Nasir

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