Enhances system reliability and performance Users and programmers need not distinguish between

by duplicating data/resources local and remote data.

Details
Users and applications are unaware of replicas or Details
Utilizes multiple resource copies
synchronization. Simplifies application development and user interaction.
for reliability and performance Enables access to local and remote
without user awareness. resources using the same operations

Replicated tables ensure availability Replication Transparency Access Transparency

Distributed Databases Commands for copying or deleting files work
even during node failures. File Operations in NFS
Examples identically for local and remote files.
Improves load times by serving
from the nearest replica Mirrored Web Pages Examples Web Navigation Clicking hyperlinks to local or remote
pages works the same way.
SQL Queries Accessing distributed databases using the same
Involves fault detection, recovery, and commands for local and remote tables.
temporary tolerance of inconsistencies. Conceals faults so users and
applications can continue functioning. Removes the need to track resource locations
Details
Ensures minimum disruption
to user experience. Promotes flexibility in resource placement and management.
Resources can be accessed without
Failure Transparency Details
knowledge of their physical location.
Local replicas ensure availability Distributed Databases
during remote failures. Users and programmers interact Location Transparency Access files by name, without worrying about their
Examples with the system as if it’s a single
Redundant servers handle traffic File System in NFS physical storage.
Web Servers entity, unaware of its distributed
during primary server failures. URLs direct users to content without
nature.
Examples Web Browsing revealing its actual location.
Tables can be accessed by their name; location translation
Depends on location transparency for Distributed Databases happens automatically.
seamless user experience. Movement of resources within the system
Details without affecting user operations Transparency in Distributed Systems
Useful for load balancing and optimizing
resource use. Multiple processes operate Ensures consistent and predictable
Migration (Mobility) Transparency concurrently on shared behavior during concurrent access.
resources without interference.
Details
Underlying mechanisms like locking or synchronization ensure data integrity.
File systems move to different disks Concurrency Transparency
NFS
without user awareness.
Examples
Website relocations do not
break user access. Web Pages NFS File System Multiple users read/write to
shared files without conflict.
Enables system growth without Examples
Supports increased user load and ATM Network Transactions proceed seamlessly,
Details altering applications or structure. even with multiple users.
resource expansion seamlessly
Scaling Transparency Databases Techniques like two-phase locking ensure
New websites or servers can be added integrity during concurrent updates.
without affecting existing ones. World Wide Web
Examples
Adding hosts to accommodate new
data without schema changes. Distributed Databases
Reconfiguration and optimization are hidden
from users to improve performance. Involves load balancing and resource
Details allocation to enhance efficiency.
Resources can be moved dynamically to
optimize performance or reliability Details Hides resource movement during use. Performance Transparency
Tasks like compiling are distributed
Relocation Transparency Distributed Make across processors based on load
Moving data between nodes during queries Distributed Databases Examples Examples
Adjusting server configurations
without impacting applications.
Server Tuning for better response times
without user involvement.