Scribd
Upload
9 views

Lecture 025 geotechnical

Geotechnical-1 lecture

Uploaded by

M Bilal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

Lecture 025 geotechnical

Geotechnical-1 lecture

Uploaded by

M Bilal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Geotechnical Engineering–I

BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester

Lecture # 23

1
WATER FLOW THROUGH SOILS
h
q  k i  A  k  A
L
To determine the quantity of flow, two parameters are needed
* k = hydraulic conductivity (how permeable is the soil medium)
* i = hydraulic gradient (how large is the driving head)
Determination of ‘k’
1- Laboratory Testing  [constant head test & falling head test] Today’s
discussion
2- Field Testing  [pumping from wells]
3- Empirical Equations
Determination of ‘i’
1- from the head loss and geometry
2- flow nets 2
CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
(ASTM D2434)

• Primarily used for coarse-grained soils.


• A constant head of water is applied to each end of soil in a
“permeameter”.
• After a constant flow rate is established, water is collected in a
graduated flask for a known duration.

3
CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
(ASTM D2434)

• The total volume of collected water may be


expressed as;
Q  Avt  A ki  t
h  h
i Q  A k t
L  L

QL
k
Aht
Q = volume of water collected
A = x-sec area of soil specimen
t = duration of water collection
4
CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
(ASTM D2434)

QL
k
Aht

5
FALLING/VARIABLE HEAD
PERMEABILITY TEST (ASTM D5084)

• Mainly used for fine-grained soils but can


also be used for coarse-grained soils.
• Procedure is same as constant head test
except:
• Record initial head difference, h1 at
t=0.
• Allow water to flow through the soil
specimen.
• Record the final head difference, h2
at t=t2.
• Record the volume of water, Q (in
ml), collected at the outlet during
this time.

6
FALLING/VARIABLE HEAD
PERMEABILITY TEST (ASTM D5084)

• Rate of flow of water through the specimen at


any time ‘t’ can be given by;

aL h
k  2.303 log 1
At h2
h1 = head at the start of test
h2 = head at the end of test 7
Practice Problem #1
A constant head permeability test on a medium sand sample
having a x-sectional area of 7585mm2 yielded the following data.

Distance between stand pipes = 100 mm


Constant head difference = 70.4 mm
Quantity of water collected = 500 x 103 mm3
Time of collection = 132 sec

Determine the coefficient of permeability of sand specimen.

8
Practice Problem #2
In a falling head permeability test, a soil sample of 7585mm2
cross-section and 210.2mm length was subjected to a flow of
water from a stand-pipe having cross-sectional area of
730mm2. The stand-pipe level changed from 1650mm to
550mm above reservoir datum during a time interval of
182sec. Determine the coefficient of permeability of soil.

9
Practice Problem #3
A constant head permeameter, 85 mm in diameter containing a
fine sand sample 450mm long, allowed water to flow at a rate
of 184ml/min under steady-flow conditions. Given the
difference in head between two points 240mm apart was
375mm, determine the coefficient of permeability in mm/sec.
When the same size sample is tested in a falling head apparatus
using a stand-pipe of 32.5mm diameter. Calculate the time
required for the water in the stand-pipe to drop from 1750mm
to 1000mm above outflow level to the nearest five seconds.

10
DETERMINATION OF ‘k’ –
EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS
Allen Hazen’s Method
Permeability of filter sands
k = C . (D10)2
k = coefficient of permeability (cm/sec)
C = empirical coefficient varying from 90 to 120; typically assumed as 100
D10 = effective size in cm

Applicability → k > 10-3 cm/sec


D10 ranging from 0.1 mm – 3 mm
Cu < 5

Permeability from Consolidation Test


k = CV . mV . γw
Applicability → Clays with k ≤ 10-7 cm/sec

11
DEPENDENCE OF HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY (k)
1- Effect of Shape and Size of Particles
k = C . (D10)2 Allen Hazen’s equation
i.e., coarser the soil, larger would be permeability

2- Effect of Void Ratio


For sands, the following two equations hold good.

1 e
3
k1 e12 k1 e
 2 OR  1  32
k 2 e2 k 2 1  e1 e2

i.e., larger the void ratio, greater would be permeability

12
DEPENDENCE OF HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY (k)
3- Effect of Stratification
Permeability parallel to the strata > permeability perpendicular to the strata

4- Effect of Degree of Saturation


Sample for permeability test → fully saturated.
Low degree of saturation → low permeability; because entrapped air
blocks water flow

5- Effect of Temperature
Temperature affects viscosity and density of pore fluid
Higher the temperature, higher will be permeability.
Lab tests are standardized at 20°C

13
CONCLUDED

14

You might also like