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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
* 1 0 0 1 2 5 0 7 0 5 *

BIOLOGY 9700/51
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation October/November 2010
1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Total

This document consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page.

DC (LEO/CGW) 16048/5
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1 A student noticed that the leaves on a plant growing close to a wall had two sorts of leaves. For
The leaves next to the wall were in the shade and looked different from the leaves on the Examiner’s
side away from the wall that were exposed to the sun. The length of the internodes on the Use

stem also looked different.

The student decided to investigate the differences by measuring some features of 30 leaves
and internodes from each side of the plant.

Fig. 1.1 shows the leaf shape Fig. 1.2 shows an internode

internode

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

Table 1.1 shows the student’s results.

Table 1.1

shaded leaves exposed leaves

mean internode length / mm 23 ± 4 15 ± 3

mean surface area of leaves / mm2 2750 ± 12 1800 ±15

mean mass of leaves / mg 50 ± 8 60 ± 10

mean leaf surface area : leaf mass ratio 55 ± 9 30 ± 6

rate of water loss / mg mm–2 h–1 50 ± 11 65 ± 12

(a) (i) State the independent variable being investigated.

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(ii) Outline the procedures the student could use to obtain these results. For
Examiner’s
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The student carried out t-tests for leaf surface area : leaf mass ratio and for internode length. For
Examiner’s
The leaf surface area : leaf mass ratio gave the value t = 12.6 Use

The formula for t-test is

⏐x1 – x2⏐
t=

冢 s12 s22
n1 + n2 冣
(b) (i) Complete the calculation to find the value of t for the internode length.
Show your working.

t= –

42
+
30

=
0.9

t = ........................................[3]

Table 1.2 shows the critical values at p < 0.05 for the t-test.

Table 1.2

degrees of
18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 ⬁
freedom
critical value 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.96

The number of degrees of freedom is 58.

(ii) State how the number of degrees of freedom was calculated.

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(iii) State and explain the meaning of these results.

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In a further investigation, the student cut sections of the leaves from the shaded side and For
from the exposed side of the plant. The following procedures were carried out: Examiner’s
Use

Transverse sections were made of each leaf and high-power drawings were made from
these sections. The relative thickness of both the leaf and the cuticle were measured using
an eyepiece graticule and the difference in the distribution of chloroplasts was observed.

Fig. 1.3 shows drawings made from transverse sections of these leaves.

leaf from shaded side of plant

leaf from exposed side of plant

Fig. 1.3

(c) (i) Explain how the actual thickness of the leaf could be measured.

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(ii) With reference to the student’s results, state what conclusions can be drawn about
the differences in adaptations shown by shaded leaves and exposed leaves of the
plant.

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[Total: 20]

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2 Fig. 2.1 shows a freshwater crustacean. This animal has a two-chambered heart that can be For
seen through the exoskeleton. Examiner’s
Use

heart

Fig. 2.1

An investigation into the effect of temperature on heart rate was carried out using this
organism to test the hypothesis:

Heart rate doubles for every 10 °C increase in temperature.

Five crustaceans, each measuring 5 mm in length, were placed in water of different

temperatures and left for five minutes. The heart beat was counted for 20 seconds using a
tally counter and stop watch. Table 2.1 shows the results of the investigation.

Table 2.1

heart rate / beats per minute

temperature / °C

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

specimen 1 30 45 63 96 132 165 84

specimen 2 33 51 69 105 150 171 87

specimen 3 33 48 66 93 130 174 69

specimen 4 45 57 87 111 168 183 78

specimen 5 24 36 51 78 120 135 75

(a) (i) Identify two variables that have been controlled during this investigation.

1. ...............................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest one other variable that should be controlled.

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(iii) Suggest one feature of the procedure which may cause the results to be For
inaccurate. Examiner’s
Use
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(iv) Suggest a reason why the student used five specimens at each temperature.

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The student calculated the percentage change in heart rate for each specimen.
Table 2.2 shows these results.

Table 2.2

percentage change in heart rate

temperature / °C

5 –10 10 –15 15 –20 20 –25 25 –30 30 –35

specimen 1 50 40 52 38 25 -49

specimen 2 55 35 52 42 14 -49

specimen 3 45 38 40 39 34 -60

specimen 4 27 52 28 51 9 -57

specimen 5 50 41 53 54 12 -44

(b) (i) Suggest why the student converted the raw data to percentage change.

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(ii) Describe how the percentage change between 25 °C and 30 °C was calculated.

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(iii) Predict the effect on the heart rate of an increase in temperature to 40 °C.

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(c) Assess how far the results of the investigation support the hypothesis.

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[Total: 10]
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© UCLES 2010 9700/51/O/N/10