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Lecturer 2

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Lecturer 2

Psychology lessons

Uploaded by

halmeshzoey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thabo L Seleke

Health Policy and Systems Research


Thabo Lucas Seleke | LinkedIn
PAD 306: Public Policy Analysis
Concept of Policy and Public Policy
Lecture 2.
Learning Outcomes for this lesson:
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• At the end of this topic you should be able to:
• Explain the Meaning of Policy and Policy analysis
• Discuss the concept of Public Policy.
• Explain the Forms of Public Policy .
• Case study and sample tests and exam questions.
Sample test and Exam questions:
• Explain the concept of Policy Transfer by Dolowitz and Marsh. Is there a similarities and
differences between Policy Transfer and Lesson learning and Policy Convergence?
Illustrate with examples.
• It has been stated that the rational model of public policymaking represents the standard
normative model (what “should be”) for understanding and analyzing public policy.
Identify and define all stages the rational model of policy analysis, illustrating the stages
using any public policy you would like.
• Do you believe this rational model also serves as a descriptive model (what “does
happen”)? Why or why not? Thoroughly explain your answer; you may find it useful to
draw on Thomas Dye ‘s work here.
• Is the Chemachema, Presidential scheme a campaign gimmick or a rational scheme/
initiative to boost and support small to medium enterprise in the country?.
What is Public Policy?

Introduction:
• What is public policy? Why study politics and public policy?
• In this lecture, I set out the aims and structure of Public Policy and Politics
The topic aims to give you the tools to evaluate the actions of government
critically but without cynicism. I explore the interests, ideas, and
institutions that shape public policymaking, using these concepts to explain
damaging policy choices, and to inform discussion of some of the policies
developed by the Masisi Regime
• Essential reading • Kingdon, J. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies
(Pearson, 2010, Second Edition). Introduction
• Kingdon JW , Stano E, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policy.
• Multiple Streams. A Ritter, K Lancaster (2018).
Public Policy is whatever, government
chooses to do or not to do. Thomas Dye.
• The process of formulating policies entails first determining what should be done.
• That involves analyzing the underlying rationale behind policies as well as their
efficacy, followed by figuring out how to carry out the tasks, and finally
evaluating, on an ongoing basis, the degree to which the desired results are being
achieved
• Government policies in today’s world are growing more complicated, ambiguous,
and unpredictable to due to numerous demands.
• Citizens are more knowledgeable, have higher expectations, and are making an
increasing number of demands for services that are tailored to their specific
requirements.
• Because of the nature of key policy concerns, such as social need, low
educational achievement, and poor health systems, these problems cannot be
effectively addressed by state actors alone.
Public Policy Process.
• The process of formulating policies is not an exact science, yet it is
nonetheless quite challenging to execute successfully.
• As is the case with any procedure, there are several instruments and
methods that can make the work that needs to be done more efficient.
• MEANING OF PUBLIC POLICY?
• Policy is as a course or principle of action adopted or suggested by a
government, party, business, or individual.
• The process by which governments translate their political vision into
programs and activities to create "outcomes" intended change in the real
world is referred to as policymaking. This process has been characterized as
the process by which governments make policies.
Definition of Public Policy
• Policy can take a variety of different forms, including non-
intervention; promotional, distributive, re-distributive, and regulatory,
for example by licensing; or the encouragement of voluntary change.
• Public Policy Public Policy has been defined by various scholars in
different ways. James Anderson defined Public Policy as the purposive
course of action followed by an actor or set of actors to execute a
function.
• Public Policy as the management of human and material resources by
policy actors to address a policy problem identified at any point in
time.
Definition of Public Policy Conti…
• Public Policy is governmental action to remedy perceived societal problems. For
example, to allow same sex marriages and decriminalize sex work.
• Public Policy could also be seen as an attempt by a government to address a
public issue by instituting laws, regulations, decisions, or actions pertinent to the
problem at hand.
• Numerous issues can be addressed by Public Policy including crime, education,
foreign policy, health, and social.
• The process to create a new public policy typically follows three steps: agenda-
setting, option formulation, and implementation; the time-line for a new policy to
be put in place can range from weeks to several years, depending on the
situation.
• Geurts (2010) defines public policy as a decision that the government makes in
response to a political issue or a public crisis.
Characteristics of Public Policy

• It is dynamic in nature, which means that it is susceptible to ongoing


changes.
• b. It makes the most of available possibilities and outlines strategies
for overcoming challenges in the pursuit of a goal.
• c. It refers to a pattern of behavior carried out by an individual, a
group, or the government.
• d. It is an activity that involves actors and components from both the
government and non-government organizations, among other things.
Importance of Governmental Regulations.
Forms of Public Policy
• There are many distinct sorts of policies, each of which can be
classified according to a unique set of characteristics; for example,
public policy can pertain to issues of housing, education, health,
transportation, agriculture, industry, IT and AI etc.
• There are three types of policies: distributive, regulatory, and
redistributive.
Distributive, Regulatory, Redistributive &
Substantive Policies
• Distributive Policies: These are the policies which allocate resources
among societal groups, ensuring fair distribution.
• Regulatory Policies: These control or manage behaviors to protect
the public interest.
• Redistributive Policies: These aims to reduce income inequality by
distributing wealth.
• Substantive Policies: These focus on resolving specific challenges
within our society. These are the backbone of public policy initiatives,
designed to tackle specific issues at the core of societal challenges.
Substantive Policies
• Educational: As exemplified by Botswana’s educational system’s
automatic succession and double shift system. Ensuring that
education is of high quality and accessible to everyone.
• Curriculum Enhancement: Revising and updating school curriculum
to align with evolving educational needs.
• Teaching training Program: Developing programs to help teachers
improve their skills and qualifications.
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE: For example, Crime reduction, Prisoner
Rehabilitation etc.
Regulatory, Labour, Health care,Regulation
Policies
• Example: Alcohol Levy, operating hours for bars, drinking and smoking
age.
• Labour Regulations: For example, minimum wage, Safety and Health
(Workplace and safety).
• Health Care Regulations: These are crucial for maintaining the quality
and safety of health care services and products. For example, health
insurance regulations. Health Insurance regulations ensure access to
affordable coverage.
Social Security Programs
• Unemployment benefits: Offering financial support to workers who
lose their jobs temporary.
• Disability Benefits: Provide assistance to individuals with disability to
meet their needs.
• Retirement Benefits: Financial resources for retiees through their
pension programs.
• Educational Funding: Scholarships and grants.
• Early childhood and education: Expanding access to quality pre-school
and early education programs.
Agricultural subsidies
• These policies include subsidies and support programs for farmers to
ensure a stable and sustainable food supply.
Summary
• Concept of Policy and Public Policy.
• This session explained that, Policy is a course or principle of action
adopted or suggested by a government, party, business, or individual.
• The process by which governments translate their political vision into
programs and activities to create "outcomes" - intended change in
the real world - is referred to as policymaking. This process has been
characterized as the process by which governments make policies.
• Forms of policy: Distributive, Regulatory, Redistributive (Alcohol levy),
and substantive.

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