1.What is Survey? (iv) Not applying temperature correction.

When temperature will churning

Surveying can be defined as an art to determine the relative position of points on measurement is different from temperature during calends.
above are beneath the surface of the earth with respect to each other by (v) bad range, bad starting and wrong lining.
measurement of horizontal and vertical distances, angles and directions.
2.State the principles of Surveying
Surveying is Location of a point by measurement from other points of reference and
Working from whole to part. 12. Compensative Error
3.What is Engineer’s scale? These are errors, which are liable to occur in both the direction and tend to
If one cm on the plan represents some whole number of meters on the ground, such compensate. Compensating errors are proportional to the square route of length of
as 1cm = 10m. This type of scale is called Engineer’s scale. the line.
4.What is Representative Fraction (R.F). These error may be caused due to,
If, one unit of length on the plan represents some number of same units of length on (i)incorrect holding & marking of the arrows
the ground, such as 1/1000, etc. This ratio of map distance to the corresponding (ii) incorrect plumbing while chaining on slopes.
ground distance is independent of units of measurement and is called Representative 13. Chain Surveying
Fraction. It is the branch of surveying in which the distances are measured with a chain and
5. What is Ranging? tape and the operation is called chaining.
The process if marking some intermediate points an a survey line join in two station 14. Main station:
in the field, So that the line between the two station is a straight line and the length Main station is a point in chain survey where the two sides of a traverse are meet.
between the station can be measured correctly, is called Ranging These stations command the boundaries of the survey and are designated by capital
6. What is In direct ranging? letters.
Direct Ranging When intermediate ranging rods are fixed along by direct observation 15. Tie Station (or) Sub Station:-
from either end stations. The process is known as direct ranging. It is a station on a survey line jointing two main stations. These are helpful for
7. Differentiate Accuracy and Precision. locating interior details of the area to be surveyed and are designated by small
Precision is the degree of perfection used in the instruments, the methods and letters.
observations. Accuracy is the degree of perfection obtained. 16. Main survey line :
8. Instrumental Error The chain line joining two main survey stations is called main survey line tie line or
The Error due to, Imperfection in construction and adjustment of the instrument, The Sub line. A chain line journey two tie station is called sub line. These are provided to
incorrect graduation,. The improper adjustment of the plate level are called locate the interior details.
Instrumental Error. 17. Base line:-
9. Personal Error. It is longest main survey line on a fairly level ground and passing through the centre
The Error due to, Lack of perfection in human sight, Lack of perfection in and setting of the area. It is the most importing line as the direction of all other survey line of
the instruments are called personal Error.. fixed with respect to this line.
10. Natural Error 18. Check line: -
The Error due to Variations in Natural phenomena such as Temperature, humidity, Check line (or) Proof line is a line which is provided to check the accuracy of the field
gravity, refraction and magnetic declination are called Natural Error. work.
11.Cumulative Error:- 19.Off set: -
These are errors, which are liable to occur in the same direction and to accumulate. Offsets are the lateral measurements from the baseline to fix the positions of the
Therefore the actual length can be found by separating the error from measure. different objects of the work with respect to the baseline. These are generally set at
These error may be caused an right angle offsets. It can also be drawn with the help of a tape. There are two kinds
(i) The length of chain is shorted then the std length. of offsets:
(ii) Bending of links, knot’s, links removal of links. During the adjustment of chain etc. 1. Perpendicular offsets
(iii) Not applying slope correction to the length measured in the slopes. 2. Oblique offsets.
19.Chain age: -

It is the distance of a well defined point from the starting point in chain survey it’s 9. Reflecting Mirror: It is used to adjust the level of an object above or below the
normally referred to as it the distance of offset from the starting point on the chain instrument level.
age or chain line. 10. Sunglasses: This is used when some bright objects intersect the view.
20. Traversing
When the linear measurements are done chain and tape an the direction are angle Surveyor Compass
are measured with compass are transit this survey is called traversing. • when the dial is attached to the box, The magnetic needle would be free.
21. closed traverse and open traverse • The graduations are divided into 4 parts. Each quadrant marked by 0 to 90-
When the survey lines form a circuit which ends at the starting point, is called Closed degree graduations.
Traverse. • The dial takes Reading directly through the north end of the needle.
If the circuit ends elsewhere, it is called open traverse. Open Traverse. • The reading starts from the north end of the instrument.
22. Geodetic survey : • This is in the position of east & west interchanged.
Survey is which the shape (curvature) of the earth surface is taken in the account a • The tripod is required to place the instrument.
higher degree of precision is exercised in linear and angular measurement is tanned • You can get reduced bearing.
as Geodetic Survey. A line connecting two points is regarded as an arc. Such surveys This type of compass has many parts.
extend over large areas. 1. Eye Vane: It is placed opposite to guide vane with an eye hole.
23. Subsidiary or the tie stations are the points selected on the main survey lines, 2. Guide Vane: It is placed opposite to eye vane.
where it is necessary to locate the interior detail such as fences, hedges, building, etc. 3. Bubble Tube: It is used to place the instrument at a level.
24. A tie line joints two fixed points on the main survey lines. It helps to check the 4. Magnetic needle: this is the core of the instrument. It points towards the
accuracy of surveying and to locate the interior details. The position of each tie line North and South Pole.
should be close to some features, such as paths, buildings, etc. 5. Graduated Circle Ring: Used to measure the angle (0 - 360 degree).
25.Difference between the Prismatic Compass and Surveyor Compass 6. Fixed Graduated Plane
Prismatic Compass 7. Adjustment Screw
• When the prism & box in rotation, the magnetic needle & the graduate 8. Circular Metal (Dia 8 - 10 cm): It is the outer body layer of the instrument.
attached.
• The graduations are provided in the clockwise direction, it is 0 to 360 degree. 26.Advantage of Compass Surveying
• The south end of the compass takes the readings through the eye-piece of the 1. The instrument is very easy to handle.
prism. 2. Electrical power is not required.
• The reading starts from the south end of the instrument. 3. Compass surveying is very much preferable to retrace the old survey.
• This is in the position of East & West constant. 4. Human resource is not required very much.
• The position of east & west is interchanged. The Disadvantage of Compass Surveying
• You can get the whole circle bearing. 1. The accuracy of the reading is not much precise.
This type of compass has many parts. 2. The instrument error happens frequently.
1. Eye Vane: This is placed opposite to guide vane with an eye hole. 3. An error can be happened due to the imperfection of the ranging rods or
2. Object Vane: This is placed opposite to eye vane. It bears a thin black wire to eyesight.
sight.
3. Circular Metal Body (Dia 8 - 12 cm): This is the outer body layer of the
instrument.
4. Magnetic needle: It is the core of the instrument. It can Points towards North
and South Pole.
5. Graduated Circle Ring: It is used to measure the angle (0 - 360 degree).
6. Glass Cover: It covers the instrument from dust and water.
7. Pivot: placed at the centre and supports the magnetic needle to move freely.
8. Lifting Pin: It is placed below the guide vane.