Definitions you must be able to use:

The following contained in the handout “Rings, domains and fields.pdf”

1. Binary Operation on a set.

A binary operation on a set S is a function

◦ : S × S → S,
where S × S = {(s, t) : s, t ∈ S} is the cartesian product of S and S, that is, the
set of all ordered pairs with entries from S. Thus, ◦ is a function that sends
ordered pairs of elements from S to elements of S.

( PÉÍ
operaciones

2. Ring , )
A ring R is a set of elements on which two binary operations, addition (+) and
multiplication (·), are defined that satisfy the following properties: Let a, b, and c
represent any elements in the set R.)
(1). Addition is commutative: a + b = b + a
(2) Associativity of addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(3) Neutral element for addition: There exists an element 0 in R such that a + 0
=a
(4) Opposite element for addition: For each element a in R, there exists an
element x such that a + x = 0
(5)Associativityof product:(a·b)·c=a·(b·c) (6) Distributive properties:
a · (b + c) = a · b + a · c , (b + c) · a = b · a + c · a

3. Commutative ring

If a.b=b.a for all a,b in R, we say that R is a commutative ring. Moreover,

ifthere is an element 1 in R such that 1.a=a.1=a for all a in R, we say that R is a
commutative ring with 1 (conmutative ring with unit or still conmutative ring
with identity)

4. Unit in a ring

5. Direct Product of rings

Let R and S be arbitrary rings, and let R × S be the set of ordered pairs with first entry
from R, and second entry from S. Then if we define addition and multipication point-
wise: For all n,m,r,s,in R define

(n, m) + (r, s) = (n + r, m + s) (n, m) · (r, s) = (nr, ms).

With these operation, RxS is a new ring, called the direct product of the rings R and S.

6. Subring

Definition: A subset S of a ring R is said to be a subring of R if the set S is itself a ring

under the operations inheriteded from R.
 7. Homomorphism of rings, isomorphism

We will introduce a formal definition of ring isomorphisms, but, we mean that two rings
are isomorphic if they are essentially the same.

Let R and S be two rings. We say R and S are isomorphic if there exists a function
φ : R → S which preserves additions, that is, (φ(a+b) = φ(a) +φ(b)) and products, that

is, φ(ab) = φ(a)φ(b) for all a, b ∈ R), and which is bijective (injective and surjective). We
call the function φ a ring isomorphism.

8. Zero divisor

Let R be a commutative ring. An element a≠0 is a zero divisor if there exists an

element b ∈ R such that b≠0 and ab = 0.

(Note that b is a zero divisor as well)

9. Integral domain

Definition: A commutative ring with unity that has no zero divisors is called an integral
domain, or simply a domain.

10. Fields

A commutative ring with unity in which every non-zero element is a unit is called a field.

11. An example of field is C, the complex numbers.

C= {a + bi : a, b ∈ R}, where i is the square root of −1 (that is, i · i = −1).

Here, (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i and (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad
+ bc)i. Show that C is a commutative ring.
Divisores de
b = e Ó a. b =/ c,
be A / a* c,
CA ,
* )
O C, E neutro respecto adición
{
=

c = E neutro respecto producto

TRUE OR FALSE:
,
)
Ej :( Z
-

µ
1 G
a. b =

a + 1 = OG

TA 1. A field has no zero divisors.

T2. 𝑄 (the rational numbers) is a field TQ forman anillos conmutativos .

T3. Risafield the Save Q

as

T 4. Z6 is a field tiene que 2. 3-

producto módulo 6. ya que se
.

suma
y
.

con

5. Z7 is a field
6. Let R be a ring. The product of two units in R is a unit in R.
T 7. Z[x] is a subring of Q[x]. → R
Q
z

COMPLETE THE SENTENCE

1. We consider the ring Z, the integers. The additive invers of 5 is.... (-5)
2. The neutral element for the addition in 𝑀2×2(R) is... (una matriz
compuesta de 0)
Metric Spaces

1. Write down the definition of metric space.

2. Write down the definition of a ball B of radius r around a point x ∈ X in a

metric space.

3. Write down the definition of open set in a metric space.

4. Give an example of open set in R with the usual distance

5. Describe what is B (0, 1) in 𝑅2
6. Give an example of distance on X = {f : [0, 1] → R}.
 7. Write down the definition of convergent sequence in a metric space.
8. Write down the definition of Cauchy sequence in a metric space.

9. Give an example of convergent sequence in R.

Proof: Suppose (an) is a bounded sequence. By the monotone subsequence

theorem proved in exercise 2, it has a monotone subsequence {𝑎𝑛k } ⋅ This
subsequence is bounded and monotone, therefore, it is convergent.

10. Write down the definition of continuous function f : X → Y between

metric spaces (X, d𝑋) and (Y, d𝑌).

11. Give an example of continuous function f : X → Y between metric

spaces (R,d) and (R,d) where R is the real line and d is the usual distance 12.
Write down the definition of complete metric space.
13. Write down the definition of Hilbert space.

el concepto de espacio de Hilbert es una generalización del concepto de espacio

euclídeo.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCE:

1. The standard distance on R is...

2. The standard distance on 𝑅𝑛 is...
3. Let A be a subset of R. Then, A ⊂ R is compact if A is...

TRUE OR FALSE:

1. The intersection of infinitely many open sets in a metric space is always

open.
2. (0,1] is a closed set in R with the usual distance
3. [0,1] is a closed set in R with the usual distance
4. C is a closed set in a metric space (X,d) if and only if it contains all of its

limit points.

5. In R, every Cauchy sequence is a convergent sequence, because R is

complete.