1.

1 Loading Condition and Load Calculation

0.25
Input Parameters
Retaining Height = 6.00 m
Height of Wall = 7.80 m
Height of Stem = 7.20 m
Depth of Footing = 0.60 m
6.00
Width of Footing = 5.60 m 7.20
Top thickness of stem = 0.25 m 7.80
Bottom thickness of stem = 0.70 m
Toe projection = 4.00 m 1.20
Heel projection = 0.90 m
Depth of soil at passive side = 1.20 m ( Upto the top of footing ) 0.60
Depth of soil at active side = 7.20 m ( Upto the top of footing )
Depth of Ground water = 0.00 m ( Not considered )
0.70
Width of Shear key = 0.35 m
Depth of Shear key = 1.20 m

4.00
0.90

5.60

Load 1 : Dead Load (DL)

i) Self weight of the structure

Length, Breadth, Unit weight,

Height, m Weight, kN
m m kN/m 3
Wall Weight (Rectangular part) 0.25 x 1.00 x 7.2 x 24 = 43.20 kN
W1
Wall Weight (Triangular part) 0.45 x 1.00 x 7.2 x 24 = 38.88 kN
Footing Weight W2 5.6 x 1.00 x 0.6 x 24 = 80.64 kN
Soil Weight (Passive side) W3 4 x 1.00 x 1.2 x 18 = 86.40 kN
Soil Weight (Active side) W4 0.9 x 1.00 x 7.20 x 18 = 116.64 kN
Total weight = 375.84 kN

Resisting moment, Mr= V*L

SN Component Vertical Load, V (kN) Lever arm, L (m)
(kNm)
1 W1 (rec) 43.20 4.58 197.64
2 W1 (tri) 38.88 4.30 167.18
3 W2 80.64 2.80 225.79
4 W3 86.40 2.00 172.80
5 W4 116.64 5.15 600.70
∑V=375.84 ∑Mr=1391.33
 Load 2 : Earth pressure at Rest (Ep)

7.80
12

3.00
2.60
1.00

Earth pressure coefficient at active condition, Ka = 0.5

3
Unit weight of dry soil= 18.00 kN/m

i) Earth pressure due to W3 on retaining wall

Height of soil W3 = 3.00 m Shear key Depth: 1.20 m
Earth pressure on retaining wall due to W3 = 213.03 kN/m

ii) Earth pressure due to W4 on retaining wall

Height of soil W4 = 7.80 m
Earth pressure on retaining wall due to W4 = 273.78 kN/m

Net Earth pressure = 60.75 kN

(Area of pressure diagram)

Sliding Horizontal Load Resisting Horizontal Resisting moment, Overturning moment,

SN Component Lever arm,L (m)
(KN) Load (KN) Mr (kNm) Mo (kNm)

1 W3 - 213.03 1.00 213.03 -

2 W4 273.78 - 2.60 - 711.83
∑Hs=273.78 ∑Hr=213.03 ∑Mr=213.03 ∑Mo=711.83

Load 3 : Earth Pressure during Seismic (Es)

7.80

7.80
2.60
3.00
 Horizontal seismic coefficient, Kh = 0.2

Seismic coefficient for active earth pressure, KEa = Ko (1 + Kh) = 0.6 (AIJ Recommendation for Design
of Building Foundations,2019)
Seismic coefficient for passive earth pressure, KEp = 2.63 (Using Mononobe-Okabe Formula)

Sliding Horizontal Load, Resisting Horizontal Resisting moment, Overturning moment,

SN Component Lever arm (m)
Hs (kN) Load, Hr (kN) Mr (kNm) Mo (kNm)

1 W3 - 213.03 1.00 213.03 -

2 W4 328.54 - 2.60 - 854.19
∑Hs=328.54 ∑Hr=213.03 ∑Mr=213.03 ∑Mo=854.19

Load 4 : Surcharge Pressure (Sp)

7.80

7.80
7.80
7.80

Ko = 0.5 (Coefficient of earth pressure at rest)

Surcharge load = 3.00 kN/m 2

Sp = Ko × 3.00
= 0.50 × 3.00 × 1.00 = 1.50 kN/m

Sliding Horizontal Load, Resisting Horizontal Resisting moment, Overturning moment,

SN Component Lever arm (m)
Hs (kN) Load, Hr (kN) Mr (kNm) Mo (kNm)

1 W3 - 4.50 1.50 6.75 -

2 W4 11.70 - 3.90 - 45.63
∑Hs=11.70 ∑Hr=4.50 ∑Mr=6.75 ∑Mo=45.63

Load 5 : Horizontal Inertia Force (HIF)

 Horizontal seismic coefficient, Kh = 0.2

SN Component Horizontal Load, H (kN) Lever arm (m) Overturning moment, Mo (kNm)
1 W1 (rec) 8.64 4.200 36.29
2 W1 (tri) 7.78 3.000 23.33
3 W2 16.13 0.300 4.84
4 W3 23.33 3.600 83.98
∑H=55.87 ∑Mo=148.44
1.2 Stability Check

Primary Loads in Tabular Form:

Primary Loads
Forces Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 Load 4 Load 5
DL Ep Es SP HIF

Sliding Horizontal Force, Hs (kN) 0.00 273.78 328.54 11.70 55.87

Resisting Horizontal Force, Hr (kN) 0.00 213.03 213.03 4.50 0.00

Upward Vertical Force, Vu (kN) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Downward Vertical Force, Vd (kN) 375.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Resisting Moment, Mr (kNm) 1391.33 213.03 213.03 6.75 0.00

Overturning Moment, Mo (kNm) 0.00 711.83 854.19 45.63 148.44

Summary of Forces
Sliding Resisting Downward Resisting Overturning
Upward Vertical Net Vertical
L/C Horizontal Force Horizontal Force Vertical Force Moment Moment (Mo),
Force (Vu), kN Force (V), kN
(Hs), kN (Hr), kN (Vd), kN (Mr), kNm kNm
111 285.48 217.53 0.00 375.84 375.84 1611.11 757.46
112 311.05 163.15 0.00 375.84 375.84 1556.16 823.30

a) Check for Sliding

For a structure to be safe in sliding, the factor of safety for sliding should be greater than 1.5 for long term and 1.3 for short term condition.
Factor of safety for sliding= Resisting Horizontal Force = µ*V+Hr
Sliding Horizontal Force Hs

where, µ = Coeffiecient of friction between soil and concrete, 0.6

V = Net Vertical Force
Hr = Passive Soil Resistance
Hs = Sliding Horizontal Force

Sliding Horizontal Resisting Horizontal

L/C Net Vertical Force (V) kN FOS=(0.6*V+Hr)/Hs Remarks
Force (Hs), kN Force (Hr), kN

111 285.48 217.53 375.84 1.55 >1.5 (OK)

112 311.05 163.15 375.84 1.25 NG

b) Check for Uplift

For a structure to be safe in uplift, the factor of safety for uplift should be greater than 1.50.
Factor of safety for uplift= Downward Vertical Force = Vd
Upward Vertical Force Vu

Downward Vertical Upward Vertical

L/C FOS=Vd/Vu Remarks
Force, Vd (kN) Force, Vu (kN)
111 375.84 0.00 - -
112 375.84 0.00 - -
c) Check for Overturning

For a structure to be safe in overturning, the factor of safety for overturning should be greater than 1.50.
Factor of safety for overturning= Resisting Moment = ∑Mr
Overturning Moment ∑Mo

Resisting Moment, Overturning Moment,

L/C FOS=Mr/Mo Remarks
Mr(kNm) Mo(kNm)
111 1611.11 757.46 2.13 >1.5 (OK)
112 1556.16 823.30 1.89 >1.5 (OK)

d) Check for Soil Bearing Capacity

The maximum soil pressure induced in the soil below foundation should be less than the bearing capacity of the soil.
Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 kN/m2
Maximum pressure induced in the soil (qmax)
= α*∑V
A
where, ∑V = Net Vertical Force
A = Contact area

6ⅇ
1+ for e<B/6
𝐵
α =
2 for e>B/6
3 0 ⋅ 5 − ⅇൗ𝐵
e = (B/2)-x̄
x̄ = ∑(Mr-Mo)
∑V
Mr = Resiting Moment
Mo = Overturning Moment
B/6 = 0.93

Overturning Resisting
Net Vertical e=
L/C Moment, Moment, x̄ = (Mr-Mo)/V αmax αmin qmax=α*(V/A) qmin=α*(V/A) Remarks
Load, V(kN) (B/2)-x̄
Mo(kNm) Mr(kNm)
111 375.84 757.46 1611.11 2.27 0.53 1.57 0.43 105.13 29.10 OK
112 375.84 823.30 1556.16 1.95 0.85 1.91 0.09 128.24 5.99 OK
1.3 Structural Design

1.3.1 Calculation of Design Forces

a) For Retaining Wall

Height of soil W4 from slab top = 7.20 m

Unit weight of water = 10.00 kN/m
3

Unit weight of dry soil = 18.00 kN/m3

Critical section for shear

Critical section for moment

Effective depth (d) Note:

- Shear check is done at a distance "d" (effective depth) from the top
of footing.
- Moment check is done at the top of footing

Primary Loads in Tabular Form:

Primary Loads
Forces at bottom of
Wall Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 Load 4 Load 5
DL Ep Es SP HIF

Shear Force, Vu (kN) 0.00 233.28 279.94 10.80 16.42

Moment, Mu (kNm) 0.00 459.10 550.91 38.88 49.77

Summary of Design Forces for Wall

L/C Design Shear (Vu), kN Design Moment (Mu), kNm

211 390.53 796.76

212 307.15 639.56
Design Force 390.53 796.76

b) For Footing

Critical section for moment Critical section for moment

Critical section for shear

Critical section for shear Effective Width (b) = 1.00 m
Width of Footing = 5.60 m
Toe projection (L1) = 4.00 m
Heel projection (L2) = 0.90 m
Effective Depth (d) = 0.53 m
qheel qtoe

5.99 128.24

Note:
L2 L1 - Shear check is done at a distance "d" (effective depth) from the
0.9m 4.0m face of retaining wall.
- Moment check is done at the face of retaining wall.
d d
0.53m 0.53m
 At Toe side

2
Maximum Footing Pressure qtoe = 84.58 kN/m Note: Uniform distribution of qmax is considered
2
Self Weight = -13.13 kN/m to be in conservative side.
Soil Pressure = -21.60 kN/m2
2
49.85 kN/m

Calculation Load Wu = 1.6 x qmax x b (Factored)

= 79.77 kN/m

Design Force Mu = 1 / 2 · Wu · L12

2
= 1/2 x 79.77 x 4.0
= 638.13 kNm

Vu = Wu . (L1 - d)
= 79.77 x 3.4750
= 277.19 kN
At Heel side

Maximum Footing Pressure qheel = 29.10 kN/m2

Footing Pressure at L2 from heel = 24.56 kN/m2
Footing Pressure at (L2-d) from heel = 27.21 kN/m2

Design Force Mu = 1.6 x ( 52.49 + 5.83 - 11.17 )

(Backfill) (Heel slab) (Contact pressure)
= 1.6 x 47.15 kNm
= 75.44 kNm

Vu = 1.6 x ( 48.60 + 5.40 - 10.56 )

(Backfill) (Heel slab) (Contact pressure)
= 1.6 x 43.44 kN
= 69.51 kN
1.3.2 For Shear Key

The pressures acting on the shear key is equivalent to the area (trapezoid) of the pressure

Depth of Shear key = 3.00 m

h Pressure at base of shear key = ϒ.kp.H

H = 18 x
= 142.02 kN/m2

Pressure at top of shear key = ϒ.kp.h

= 18 x
= 85.21 kN/m2

Total Load on Shear key = 113.62 kN/m

(Area of pressure diagram)

Design Shear (Vu) = 109.07 kN

Design Moment (Mu) = 134.52 kNm

 1.3.3 Strength Design of Retaining Wall Rebar (Vertical)

a. Design forces
Mu = 796.76 kN-m
Vu = 390.53 kN

b. Flexure Design
Section Properties Material Strength
2
b = 1000 mm fc' = 20 N/mm2 fs = 333 N/mm2 (𝑓s = 𝑓𝑦)
3

D = 767 mm fy = 500 N/mm2

Haunch size 200x200
1. Main Reinforcement (ACI 318-08 10.5.1)
a. Inside reinforcement (Towards soil)
Mu = 796.76 kN-m
Vu = 390.53 kN
D d
cc = 60 mm : Concrete cover = (50+0.5d b ) d
d= 707 mm : Effective depth = (D-cc)

ω(1 - 0.59ω) = Mu / (0.90 fc'bd²) = 796.76*1000*1000 / [ 0.90*20*1000*707² ] = 0.08864

2
ω - 0.59ω = 0.08864 , 0.59ω² - ω + 0.08864 = 0
ω = 0.09383
Calculation of ρ,
ρmin = max [1.4/fy, 0.25(fc')0.5/fy] = 0.0028
ρ' = ω fc' / fy = 0.09383*20 / 500 = 0.00375

So, ρ = [max(ρ' , ρmin)] = 0.00375

Asreq'd = ρbd = 0.00375*1000*707 = 2650 mm2

Provide : D20 @ 115 Nominal dia = 20.00 mm
Assup'd = (20² *π/4)*(1000/115) = 2732 mm2 ok
Asreq'd/Assup'd = 0.97

b. Outside reinforcement

Provide : D12 @ 115 Nominal dia = 12.00 mm

Assup'd = (12² *π/4)*(1000/115) = 983 mm2

2. Check for Spacing of rebar (ACI 318-08 10.6.4) c = 50 mm

Smax = min[ 380*(280 / fs) - 2.5 c, 300*(280/fs)]
= 194.2 mm > 115 mm ok

3. Minimum Shrinkage & Temperature Requirement (ACI 318-08 7.12)

Asreq'd = 0.0018bD = 0.0018*1000*767
= 1380 mm2 < 3715 mm2 ok
( 2 layers of rebar, top and bottom)
Asreq'd/Assup'd = 0.37
c. Check for Shear
1. Beam Shear (One way shear) (ACI 318-08 11.2.1.1, 11.4.7.2) D = 767 mm
Vu = 390.53 kN d = 707 mm
øVc = 0.75*0.17*λ*fc0.5 bd
= 0.75*0.17*1*(20)^0.5*1000*707/1000
= 402.94 kN > 390.53 kN ok
Vu/øVc = 0.97
 1.3.4 Strength Design of Footing Rebar (Transverse)

a. Design forces
Mu = 638.13 kN-m
Mu, top = 638.13 kN-m
Vu = 277.19 kN

b. Flexure Design
Section Properties Material Strength
2
b = 1000 mm fc' = 20 N/mm2 fs = 333 N/mm2 (𝑓s = 𝑓𝑦)
3

D = 600 mm fy = 500 N/mm2

1. Main Reinforcement (ACI 318-08 10.5.1)

a. Bottom reinforcement
Mu = 638.13 kN-m
D d
Vu = 277.19 kN d
cc = 75 mm : Concrete cover = (50+0.5d b )
d= 525 mm : Effective depth = (D-cc)

ω(1 - 0.59ω) = Mu / (0.90 fc'bd²) = 638.13*1000*1000 / [ 0.90*20*1000*525² ] = 0.12862

ω - 0.59ω2 = 0.12862 , 0.59ω² - ω + 0.12862 = 0
ω = 0.14022
Calculation of ρ,
0.5
ρmin = max [1.4/fy, 0.25(fc') /fy] = 0.0028
ρ' = ω fc' / fy = 0.14022*20 / 500 = 0.00561

So, ρ = [max(ρ' , ρmin)] = 0.00561

Asreq'd = ρbd = 0.00561*1000*525 = 2945 mm2

Provide : D20 @ 115 Nominal dia = 20.00 mm
2
Assup'd = (20² *π/4)*(1000/115) = 2732 mm NOT OK
Asreq'd/Assup'd = 1.08

b. Top reinforcement
Mu = 63.81 kN-m
Vu = 277.19 kN
cc = 56 mm : Concrete cover = (50+0.5d b )
d= 544 mm : Effective depth = (D-cc)

ω(1 - 0.59ω) = Mu / (0.90 fc'bd²) = 63.81*1000*1000 / [ 0.90*20*1000*544² ] = 0.01198

ω - 0.59ω2 = 0.01198 , 0.59ω² - ω + 0.01198 = 0
ω = 0.01207
Calculation of ρ,
ρmin = max [1.4/fy, 0.25(fc')0.5/fy] = 0.0028
ρ' = ω fc' / fy = 0.01207*20 / 500 = 0.00048 < 0.0028 (ρmin)
Since (ρ' < ρmin), check for 4/3ρ' = 0.00064
So, ρ = [min(4/3ρ' , ρmin)] = 0.00064

Asreq'd = ρbd = 0.00064*1000*544 = 348 mm2

Provide same as bottom reinforcement

Provide : D12 @ 115 Nominal dia = 12.00 mm
Assup'd = (12² *π/4)*(1000/115) = 983 mm2 ok
Asreq'd/Assup'd = 0.35

2. Check for Spacing of rebar (ACI 318-08 10.6.4) c = 50 mm

Smax = min[ 380*(280 / fs) - 2.5 c, 300*(280/fs)]
 = 194.2 mm > 115 mm ok

3. Minimum Shrinkage & Temperature Requirement (ACI 318-08 7.12)

Asreq'd = 0.0018bD = 0.0018*1000*600
= 1080 mm2 < 3715 mm2 ok
( 2 layers of rebar, top and bottom)
Asreq'd/Assup'd = 0.29

c. Check for Shear

1. Beam Shear (One way shear) (ACI 318-08 11.2.1.1, 11.4.7.2)
Vu = 277.19 kN d = 525 mm
øVc = 0.75*0.17*λ*fc0.5 bd
= 0.75*0.17*1*(20)^0.5*1000*525/1000
= 299.35 kN > 277.19 kN ok
Vu/øVc = 0.93
 1.3.5 Strength Design of Shear Key

a. Design forces
Mu = 134.52 kN-m
Vu = 109.07 kN
b. Flexure Design
Section Properties Material Strength
2
b = 1000 mm fc' = 25 N/mm2 fs = 333 N/mm2 (𝑓s = 𝑓𝑦)
3

D = 350 mm fy = 500 N/mm2

1. Main Reinforcement (ACI 318-08 10.5.1)
a. Outside reinforcement (Towards spillway)
Mu = 134.52 kN-m
Vu = 109.07 kN
: Concrete cover = (50+0.5d b ) D d
cc = 58 mm d
d= 292 mm : Effective depth = (D-cc)

ω(1 - 0.59ω) = Mu / (0.90 fc'bd²) = 134.52*1000*1000 / [ 0.90*25*1000*292² ] = 0.07012

ω - 0.59ω2 = 0.07012 , 0.59ω² - ω + 0.07012 = 0
ω = 0.07329
Calculation of ρ,
ρmin = max [1.4/fy, 0.25(fc')0.5/fy] = 0.0028
ρ' = ω fc' / fy = 0.07329*25 / 500 = 0.00366

So, ρ = [max(ρ' , ρmin)] = 0.00366

Asreq'd = ρbd = 0.00366*1000*292 = 1069 mm2

Provide : D16 @ 150 Nominal dia = 16.00 mm
Assup'd = (16² *π/4)*(1000/150) 2
= 1340 mm ok
Asreq'd/Assup'd = 0.80
b. Inside reinforcement (Towards soil)

Provide minimum reinforcement of D16 @ 200mm

Provide : D12 @ 15 Nominal dia = 12.00 mm
Assup'd = (12² *π/4)*(1000/15) = 7540 mm2

2. Check for Spacing of rebar (ACI 318-08 10.6.4) c = 50 mm

Smax = min[ 380*(280 / fs) - 2.5 c, 300*(280/fs)]
= 194.2 mm > 150 mm ok

3. Minimum Shrinkage & Temperature Requirement (ACI 318-08 7.12)

Asreq'd = 0.0018bD = 0.0018*1000*350
= 630 mm2 < 8880 mm2 ok
( 2 layers of rebar, top and bottom)
Asreq'd/Assup'd = 0.07

c. Check for Shear

1. Beam Shear (One way shear) (ACI 318-08 11.2.1.1, 11.4.7.2)
Vu = 109.07 kN d = 292 mm
øVc = 0.75*0.17*λ*fc0.5 bd
= 0.75*0.17*1*(25)^0.5*1000*292/1000
= 186.15 kN > 109.07 kN ok
Vu/øVc = 0.59