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 Class 12 Physics
Previous Year Questions
Chapter-1 : Electric Charges
and Fields

1
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 1. ELECTRIC CHARGE

Objective Qs (1 mark)

1. An isolated point charge particle produces an electric field 𝐸�⃗ at a point 3 m away from it. The
𝐸�⃗
distance of the point at which the field is will be:
4
(a) 2 m
(b) 3 m
(c) 4 m
(d) 6 m

[CBSE 2023]
2. Beams of electrons and protons move parallel to each other in the same direction. They:

(a) attract each other

(b) repel each other

(c) neither attract nor repel

(d) force of attraction or repulsion depends upon speed of beams

[CBSE 2023]

3. Two point charges placed in a medium of dielectric constant 5 are at a distance 𝑟 between them,
experience an electrostatic force ' 𝐹 '. The electrostatic force between them in vacuum at the same
distance 𝑟 will be:
(a) 5 F
(b) F
𝐹
(c)
2
𝐹
(d)
5
[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]
4. In an experiment three microscopic latex spheres are sprayed into a chamber and became charged
with charges +3𝑒, +5𝑒 and −3𝑒 respectively. All the three spheres came in contact
simultaneously for a moment and got separated. Which one of the following are possible values
for the final charge on the spheres?
(a) +5𝑒, −1𝑒, +5𝑒
(b) +6𝑒, +6𝑒, −7𝑒
(c) −4𝑒, +3.5𝑒, +5.5𝑒
(d) +5𝑒, −8𝑒, +7𝑒
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

2
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 5. An object has charge of 1C and gains 5.0 × 1018 electrons. The net charge of the object becomes:
(a) −0.80C
(b) +0.80C
(c) +4.80C
(d) +0.20C
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

6. Three charges 𝑞, −𝑞 and 𝑞0 are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force on the
1
charge 𝑞0 at point 𝑂 is �𝑘 = (4𝜋𝜀 )�.
0

(a) 0
2𝑘𝑞𝑞
(b) 2 0
𝑎
√2𝑘𝑞𝑞0
(c)
𝑎2
1 𝑘𝑞𝑞0
(d)
√2 𝑎2

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

7. Four objects 𝑊, 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍 each with charge +𝑞 are held fixed at four points of a square of side 𝑑
as shown in the figure. Object 𝑋 and 𝑍 are on the midpoints of the sides of the square. The
electrostatic force exerted by object 𝑊 on object 𝑋 is 𝐹. Then the magnitude of the force exerted
by object 𝑊 on Z is:

𝐹
(a)
7
𝐹
(b)
5
𝐹
(c)
3
𝐹
(d)
2

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

3
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 8. A negatively charged object 𝑋 is repelled by another charged object 𝑌. However, an object 𝑍 is
attracted to object 𝑌. Which of the following is the most possibility for the object 𝑍 ?
(a) positively charged only
(b) negatively charged only
(c) neutral or positively charged
(d) neutral or negatively charged

[CBSE Term - 1 2021]

For Question 9, two statements are given one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

9. Assertion (A): Work done in moving a charge around a closed path, in an electric field is always
zero.
Reason (R): Electrostatic force is a conservative force.
[CBSE 2023]
10. Two charged particles P and Q, having the same charge but different masses mP and mQ, start
from rest and travel equal distances in a uniform electric field 𝐸�⃗ =in time t P and t Q respectively.
𝑇
Neglecting the effect of gravity, the ratio �𝑇 𝑃 � is:
𝑄

(a) mp/mq
𝑚𝑞
(b)
𝑚𝑝

𝑚
(c)� 𝑃
𝑚𝑄

𝑚𝑄
(d) �
𝑚𝑃

(2024)

11. Consider a group of charges q 1 , q 2 , q 3 ... such that Σq ≠ 0. Then equipotentials at a large distance,
due to this group are approximately:

(a) Plane

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 (b) Spherical surface
(c) Paraboloidal surface
(d) Ellipsoidal surface
(2024)

Very Short & Short Qs (1-3 mark)

12. If the electric flux entering and leaving a closed surface in air are 𝜙1 and 𝜙2 respectively, the net
electric charge enclosed within the surface is
[CBSE 2020]

13. Two identical point charges, 𝑞 each, are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge 𝑄 of unknown
magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that the system remains in
equilibrium. Find the position and nature of 𝑄.
[CBSE 2019]

14. Two identical conducting balls 𝐴 and 𝐵 have charges −𝑄 and +3𝑄 respectively. They are
brought in contact with each other and then separated by a distance 𝑑 apart. Find the nature of
Coulomb force between them.
[CBSE 2019]

15. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm which encloses an electric dipole?
[CBSE 2015]

16. Two balls of equal positive charge 𝑞 Coulombs are suspended by two insulating strings of equal
length. What would be the effect on the force when a plastic sheet is inserted between the two?
[CBSE 2014]

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

17. The figure shows four pairs of parallel identical conducting plates, separated by the same distance
2.0 cm and arranged perpendicular to x-axis. The electric potential of each plate is mentioned. The
electric field between a pair of plates is uniform and normal to the plates.

(i) For which pair of the plates is the electric field E along i^?
(a) E1 > E 2 > E 3 > E 4
(b) E3 > E4 > E1 > E2
(c) E4 > E3 > E2 > E1
(d) E2 > E3 > E4 > E1
5
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 (ii) An electron is projected from the right plate of set I directly towards its left plate. It
just comes to rest at the plate. The speed with which it was projected is about:

(Take e/m = 1.76 × 1011 C/kg)

(a) 1.3 × 105 m/s
(b) 2.6 × 106 m/s
(c) 6.5 × 105 m/s
(d) 5.2 × 107 m/s

(iii) Let V0 be the potential at the left plate of any set, taken to be at x = 0 m.m. T
potential V at any point (0 ≤x ≤2 cm) between the plates of that set can be
expressed as:
(a) V = V0 + αx
(b) V = V0 + αx2
(c) V = V0 + αx1/2
(d) V = V0 + αx3/2
(iv) Let E1 , E2 , E 3 , and E4 be the magnitudes of the electric field between the pairs
of plates, I, II, III, and IV respectively. Then:
(a) E1 > E2 > E3 > E4

(b) E3 > E4 > E1 > E2

(c) E4 > E3 > E2 > E1

(d) E2 > E3 > E4 > E1

(2024)

2. ELECTRIC FIELD AND ELECTRIC DIPOLE

Objective Qs (1 mark)
18. An electric dipole placed in an electric field of intensity 2 × 105 N/C at an angle of 30∘
experiences a torque equal to 4Nm. The charge on the dipole of dipole length 2 cm is:
(a) 7𝜇C
(b) 8mC
(c) 2mC
(d) 5mC
[CBSE SQP 2023]
19. Two point charges +8𝑞 and −2𝑞 are located at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿 respectively.
The point on 𝑥-axis at which net electric field is zero due to these charges is:
(a) 8 L
(b) 4 L

6
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 (c) 2 L
(d) L
[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]
20. The electric potential 𝑉 at any point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is given by 𝑉 = 3𝑥2 where 𝑥 is in metres and 𝑉 in
volts. The electric field at the point (1 m, 0.2 m) is:
(a) 6 V/m along (−𝑥)-axis
(b) 6 V/m along (+𝑥)-axis

(c) 1.5 V/m along (−𝑥)-axis

(d) 1.5 V/m along (+𝑥)-axis

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

21. Which of the diagrams correctly represents the electric field between two charged plates if a
neutral conductor is placed in between the plates?
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

22. The magnitude of electric field due to a point charge 2𝑞, at distance 𝑟 is 𝐸. Then the magnitude of
electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius 𝑅 with total charge 𝑞 at a
𝑟
distance (𝑟 >> 𝑅) will be:
2

8
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 𝐸
(a)
4
(b) 0
(c) 2E
(d) 4E
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

23. 𝐴 + 3.0nC charge 𝑄 is initially at rest at a distance of 𝑟1 = 10 cm from a +5.0nC charge fixed at
the origin. The charge 𝑄 is moved away from 𝑞 to a new position at 𝑟2 = 15 cm. In this process
work done by the field is:
(a) 1.29 × 10−5 J
(b) 3.6 × 105 J
(c) −4.5 × 10−7 J
(d) 4.5 × 10−7 J
[CBSE Term-1 2021]
24. Four charges −𝑞, −𝑞, +𝑞 and +𝑞 are placed at the corners of a square of side 2 L is shown in
figure. The electric potential at point 𝐴 midway between the two charges +𝑞 and +𝑞 is:

1 2𝑞 1
(a) �1 − �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿 √5

1 2𝑞 1
(b) �1 + �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿 √5

1 𝑞 1
(c) �1 − �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿 √5

(d) zero
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

25. An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field can experience:

(a) torque but not force

(b) force but not torque

(c) always a force and a torque

(d) neither a force nor a torque

[CBSE SQP 2020]

9
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 For Question 26, two statements are given one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

26. Assertion (A): 𝐴 negative charge in an electric field moves along the direction of the electric field.
Reason (R): On a negative charge a force acts in the direction of the electric field.

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

27. A thin plastic rod is bent into a circular ring of radius R. It is uniformly charged with charge
density . The magnitude of the electric field at its centre is :
λ
(a)
2 ∈0 𝑅

(b) Zero

λ
(c)
4π ∈0 𝑅

λ
(d)
4 ∈0 𝑅

(2024)

28. Assertion: Equal amounts of positive and negative charges are distributed uniformly on two halves of a
thin circular ring as shown in the figure. The resultant electric field at the center O of the ring is .

along OC

Reason (R): It is so because the net potential at O is not zero.

(a) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
 (b) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) If Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false

(2024)

Very Short & Short Qs (1-3 marks)

29. Two charged conducting spheres of radii 𝑎 and 𝑏 are connected to each other by a wire. Find the
ratio of the electric fields at their surfaces.
1
30. (A) A uniformly charged large plane sheet has charge density 𝜎 = � � × 10−15 C/m2 . Find the
18𝜋
electric field at point 𝐴 which is 50 cm from the sheet.

Consider a straight line with three points 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅, placed 50 cm from the charged sheet on the
right side as shown in the figure. At which of these points, does the magnitude of the electric field
due to the sheet remain the same as that at point 𝐴 and why?

(B) Two small identical conducting spheres carrying charge 10𝜇C and −20𝜇C when separated by
a distance of 𝑟, experience a force 𝐹 each. If they are brought in contact and then separated to a
distance of r/2 , what is the new force between them in terms of F?

[CBSE 2021]
31. Two point charges of +1𝜇C and +4𝜇C are kept 30 cm apart. How far from the +1𝜇C charge on
the line joining the two charge, will the net electric field be zero?
[CBSE 2020]
32. Derive the expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole, when it is held in a uniform
electric field. Identify the orientation of the dipole in the electric field, in which it attains a stable
equilibrium.
[CBSE 2020]
OR
If dipole were kept in a uniform external electric field 𝐸0, diagrammatically represent the
position of the dipole in stable and unstable equilibrium and write the expression for the torque
acting on the dipole in both the cases.
[CBSE 2017]
33. Define electric dipole moment. Is it a vector or scalar quantity?
[CBSE 2019]

34. Draw the pattern of electric field lines, when a point charge −𝑄 is kept near an uncharged
conducting plate.
[CBSE 2019]

35. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (A) stable, (B) unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric
field.
[CBSE 2017]
36. (A) Using Gauss law, derive expression for electric field due to a spherical shell of uniform
charge distribution 𝜎 and radius 𝑅 at a point lying at a distance 𝑥 from the centre of shell, such
that
(i) 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑅, and

(ii) 𝑥 > 𝑅.

(B) An electric field is uniform and acts along +𝑥 direction in the region of positive 𝑥. It is also
uniform with the same magnitude but acts in −𝑥 direction in the region of negative 𝑥. The value
of the field is 𝐸 = 200 N/C for 𝑥 > 0 and 𝐸 = −200 N/C for 𝑥 < 0. A right circular cylinder of
length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin and its axis along the 𝑥-axis so that one
flat face is at 𝑥 = +10 cm and the other is at 𝑥 = −10 cm.

Find:

(i) The net outward flux through the cylinder.

(ii) The net charge present inside the cylinder.

37. (A) Derive an expression for the electric field at any point on the equatorial line of an electric
dipole.
(B) Two identical point charges, 𝑞 each are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge 𝑄 of
unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charged such that the system
remains in equilibrium. Find the position and nature of 𝑄.
[CBSE 2019]

38. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius ' 𝑎 '. Obtain an expression for the electric
intensity 𝐸 at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence, show that for points at large distances from
the ring, it behaves like a point charge.
[CBSE 2016]

39. Derive an expression for potential energy of an electric dipole p in an external uniform electric field �𝐸⃗ .

When is the potential energy of the dipole (1) maximum, and (2) minimum ?
(2024)
 Numerical Qs (1-5 marks)

40. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross-section 25 cm2 is placed in a three
dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the region is given by
𝐸 = 50𝑥𝚤ˆ, where, 𝐸 is in NC −1 and 𝑥 is in metre.

Find:

(A) net flux through the cylinder and

(B) charge enclosed by the cylinder.

[CBSE 2014]

3. ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS'S THEOREM

Objective Qs (1 mark)

41. A cylinder of radius 𝑅 and length 𝐿 is placed in a uniform electric field 𝐸 parallel to the cylinder
axis. The total flux for the surface of the cylinder is given by:
(a) zero
(b) +1
(c) -1
(d) can be zero or +1
[CBSE 2022]
42. A square surface of side 𝐿 meters is in the plane of paper. 𝐸 is limited only to the lower half of the
square surface as shown in the figure. Electric field 𝐸 is in 𝑉/𝑚. The electric flux (SI units)
associated with the surface is:

(a) EL2
EL2
(b)
2𝜀0
EL2
(c)
2
(d) zero

[Delhi Gov. SQP 2022]

 43. A square sheet of side ' 𝑎 ' is lying parallel to 𝑋𝑌-plane at 𝑧 = 𝑎. The electric field in the region is
𝐸�⃗ = 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑘ˆ . The electric flux through the sheet is:
(a) 𝑎4 𝑐
1
(c) 𝑎4 𝑐
3
1
(b) 𝑎3 𝑐
8
(d) 𝜃
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

44. Which statement is true for Gauss's law:

(a) All the charges whether inside or outside the Gaussian surface contribute to the electric flux.
(b) Electric flux depends upon the geometry of the Gaussian surface
(c) Gauss's theorem can be applied to nonuniform electric field
(d) The electric field over the Gaussian surface remains continuous and uniform at every point.
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

45. Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal surface densities 26.4 × 10−12 c/m2 of opposite
signs. The electric field between these sheets is:
(a) 1.5 N/C
(b) 1.5 × 10−16 N/C
(c) 3 × 10−10 N/C
(d) 3 N/C
[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]
46. If the net electric flux through a closed surface is zero then we can infer that:

(a) no net charge is enclosed by the surface

(b) uniform electric field exists within the surface

(c) electric potential varies from point to point inside the surface

(d) charge is present inside the surface

[CBSE SQP 2020]

Very Short & Short Qs 1-3 marks

47. (A) Use Gauss law to obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely long thin
straight wire with uniform linear charge density 𝜆.
(B) An infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density 𝜆, An electron is
revolving in a circle with a constant speed 𝑣 such that the wire passes through the centre, and is
perpendicular to the plane, of the circle. Find the kinetic energy of the electron in terms of
magnitudes of its charge and linear charge density 𝜆 on the wire.

(C) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of linear charge density 𝜆.

[CBSE 2023]
48. (A) Consider two identical point charges located at points (0,0) and (𝑎, 0).
(i) is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric field is zero?

(ii) Is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric potential is zero?

Justify your answers for each case.

(B) State the significance of negative value of electrostatic potential energy of a system of
charges.
Three charges are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 of side 2.0 m as shown in
figure. Calculate the electric potential energy of the system of three charges.

[CBSE 2023]

49. Electric flux through a spherical surface shown in the figure, is

[CBSE 2020]

50. Two charges of magnitudes −2𝑄 and +𝑄 are located at points (𝑎, 0) and (4𝑎, 0) respectively.
what is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius 3𝑎 with its centre at the
origin?
[CBSE 2016]

51. How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface altered
when its radius is increased?
[CBSE 2016]

52. Given a uniform electric field 𝐸�⃗ = 5 × 103 𝚤ˆ N/C, find the flux of this field through a square of
10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑧 plane. What could be the flux through the
same square if the plane makes 30∘ angle with the 𝑥-axis?
[CBSE 2014]
53. 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are two hollow concentric thin spherical shells enclosing charges 𝑄 and 2𝑄 respectively
as shown in figure.
 (A) What is the ratio of the electric flux through 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 ?

(B) How will the electric flux through the shell 𝑆1 change, if a medium of dielectric constant 5 is
introduced in the space inside 𝑆1 in place of air?
[CBSE 2014]
54. A cube of side 0.1 m is placed, as shown in the figure, in a region where electric field E = 500x i
exists. Here x is in meters and E in NC^-1.
Calculate:
(a) the flux passing through the cube, and
(b) the charge within the cube.

(2024)

55. (a) Define the term ‘electric flux’ and write its dimensions.

(b) A plane surface, in shape of a square of side 1 cm is placed in an electric field E

=
(100 N
C
^ = 0.8i^ + 0.6k^
) ^i such that the unit vector normal to the surface is given by n
Find the electric flux through the surface.

(2024)
Long Qs (4-5 marks)
56. An electric field is uniform and acts along +𝑥 direction in the region of positive 𝑥. It is also
uniform with the same magnitude but acts in −𝑥 direction in the region of negative 𝑥. The value
of the field is 𝐸 = 200 N/C for 𝑥 > 0 and 𝐸 = −200 N/C for 𝑥 < 0. A right circular cylinder of
length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its center at the origin and its axis along the 𝑥-axis so that one
flat face is at 𝑥 = +10 cm and the other is at 𝑥 = −10 cm. Find: (A) The net outward flux
through the cylinder. (B) The net charge present inside the cylinder.
[CBSE 2020]
 Class 12 Physics
PYQ Solutions
Chapter-1 : Electric Charges
and Fields

1
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 .ELECTRIC CHARGE

1. (d) 6 m

𝑘𝑞
E=
𝑟2
𝑘𝑞
E=
9
E 𝑘𝑞
Explanation: E = =
4 9×4
𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
=
𝑟 2 36
𝑟 2 = 36
𝑟=6
2. (b) repel each other
Explanation: Electrons are negatively charged and the protons are positively charged. Hence the
currents carried by them are in opposite direction. Hence, they will repel each other.

3. (a) 5𝐹
Explanation:

K=5
1 Q1 Q 2
F=
4𝜋𝜀0 K 𝑟 2

Force between the charges in the air is.

1 Q1 Q 2
F′ =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
= KF
=5F

4. (b) +6𝑒, +6𝑒, −7𝑒

Explanation: Sum of three charges before they come in contact is +5𝑒. Therefore, after contact, the
sum of charges will remain the same.

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 5. (d) +0.20C
Explanation: As the electrons are gained, we get,

𝑄 = 𝑛𝑒
= 5.0 × 1018 × 1.6 × 10−19
= 0.80C
But, the charge of 1C gains electrons therefore,

1𝐶 − 0.8𝐶 = 0.20𝐶

√2𝑘𝑞𝑞0
6. (c)
𝑎2

Explanation:

Force on 𝑞0 due to 𝑞,

1 𝑞0 𝑞
�F���1⃗ = (−𝚤ˆ)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2

Force on 𝑞0 due to −𝑞.

1 𝑞0 𝑞
�F���2⃗ = (𝚥ˆ)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2

Now, Net force on 𝑞0 ,

Fnet = 𝐹⃗1 + 𝐹⃗2

1 𝑞0 𝑞
= (−𝚤ˆ + 𝚥ˆ)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2
1 𝑞0 𝑞 √2𝑘𝑞0 𝑞
|𝐹net | = √2 � 2
�=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑎2
𝐹
7. (b)
5

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 Explanation: Force on X will be,

4𝑘𝑞 2
F=
𝑑2
Distance between W and Z will be,

5𝑑 2
𝑑=�
4
4𝑘𝑞 2
𝐹′ =
5𝑑2
On comparing both the equations,

𝐹
we get, 𝐹 ′ =
5
8. (d) neutral or negatively charged
Explanation: The charge 𝑍 might be positive because it is attracted by the charge Y. Negatively
charged objects attract neutral or positively charged objects. Any charged particle attracts neutral
charge. As a result, 𝑍 might be either positive or negative.

9. (a) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (𝑅) is the correct explanation of (A).
Explanation: The given statement, work done in moving a charge around a closed path, in an electric
field, is always zero is true. This is because the electric field is a conservative field, which means that
the work done in moving a charge between two points in the field is independent of the path taken by
the charge.

The electrostatic force is a conservative force. This means that the work done by the electrostatic
force on a charge moving between two points in an electric field is independent of the path taken by
the charge.

𝑚𝑃
10. (c)� (2024)
𝑚𝑄

11. (B) Spherical surface (2024)

12. If the electric flux entering and leaving a closed surface in air are 𝜙1 and 𝜙2 respectively, the net
electric charge enclosed within the surface is 𝜀0 (𝜙2 − 𝜙1 ).

13. Let 𝑥 be the distance of 𝑄 from either charge. Let us assume the following figure:

First we need to figure out the sign of 𝑄.

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 Since, it has to be kept between the two positive charges, hence it has to be negative. This is so
because if 𝑄 has positive charge, it will get repelled by both 𝑞 charges and hence the system will not
be in equilibrium.

Now, the force on 𝑄 should be equal by both 𝑞 and the equation will be given by:

Qq Qq
2
=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 4𝜋𝜀0 (2 − 𝑥)2

Which leads to,

𝑥 2 = (2 − 𝑥)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
𝑥=1m
14. The force between them is repulsive in nature.
As the two balls are brought in contact with each other, they exchange their charges till they both
attain the same charge which is,
−𝑄+3𝑄
= +𝑄.
2

Since, both acquire the same charge +𝑄,

Hence, they repel each other.

15. Since electric dipole is made up of ±𝑞

∴ 𝑞in = 0
∴ flux = 0
16. The two balls will come closer to each other. As we know, force between the two objects can be
written as:
1 𝑞2
F=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

If a plastic sheet is inserted between the two objects, then the equation will become:

1 𝑞2
F=
4𝜋𝜀0 K 𝑟 2

Where, 𝐾 is the dielectric constant of the material which tends to reduce the force between the two
balls. Hence, they will move a little towards each other.
17. (i) (D) IV

(ii) (D) accelerate along ^i

𝜏
𝑞=
(iii) (A)V = V0 + αx [(2𝑎)Esin 𝜃]
4
=
2× 10−2 ×
2 × 105sin 30∘
(iv) (a) (C) E4 > E3 > E2 > E1 = 2 × 10 C = 2mC
−3

(2024)

2. ELECTRIC FIELD AND ELECTRIC DIPOLE

18. (c) 2𝑚𝐶

𝜏
𝑞=
[(2𝑎)Esin 𝜃]
4
=
2× 10−2× 2 × 105 sin 30∘
−3
= 2 × 10 C = 2mC
19. (c) 2𝐿
Explanation: Let P is the observation point at a distance 𝑟 from −2𝑞 and at (𝐿 + 𝑟) from +8𝑞

Given Now, Net EFI at P = 0

∴ 𝐸�⃗1 = EFI (Electric Field Intensity)

�⃗2 = EFI (Electric Field Intensity)
E
�E⃗1 = �E⃗2 at P due to − 2𝑞
𝑘(8𝑞) 𝑘(2𝑞)
∴ 2
=
(𝐿 + 𝑟) 𝑟2
4 1
∴ 2
=
(𝐿 + 𝑟) (𝑟)2
4𝑟 2 = (L + 𝑟)2
2𝑟 = L + 𝑟
𝑟=L
∴ P is at 𝑥 = 𝐿 + 𝐿 =2 L from origin

20. (a) 6 V/m along -x-axis

Explanation:

𝑑𝑉
Ex = − = −6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
Ez = −
𝑑𝑧
 As the electric field is only changing in negative 𝑥-direction, 6 × 1 = 6 V/m

21. (d)

Explanation: Electric field is always normal to the surface of the conductor.

22. (c) 2𝐸
Explanation: We know that,

Given:
𝑞
E=𝑘
𝑟2
𝑞 = 2𝑞
𝑟=𝑟
then

2𝑞
E=𝑘
𝑟2
According to question, If,

then
𝑞=𝑞
𝑟
𝑟=
2
𝑞
E′ = 𝑘
𝑟 2
� �
2
4𝑞
E′ = 𝑘
𝑟2
2𝑞
E ′ = 2𝑘 2
𝑟
E ′ = 2E
= 2E

[From eq. (ii)]

23. (d) 4.5 × 10−7 J

Explanation:
 W = 𝑞[ΔV]
𝑘Q 𝑘Q
= 𝑞� − �
𝑟1 𝑟2
1 1
= 𝑞𝑘Q � − �
𝑟1 𝑟2

Putting the values in the formula, we get 4.5 × 10−7 J.

1 2𝑞 1
24. (a) �1 − �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿 √5

Explanation:
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4
1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
= � + − − �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿 𝐿 √5𝐿 √5𝐿

Taking the LCM,

We get,

1 2𝑞 1
VA = �1 − �
4𝜋𝜀0 L √5
25. (c) always a force and a torque.
Explanation: In a non-uniform electric field, the forces on both the charges are not equal due to the
relative distances of the charges. Hence, the force does not cancel out. Similarly, the torque will also
remain same due to the configuration of the charges.

26. (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

Explanation: A negative charge experiences force opposite to direction of electric field.

27. (B) Zero(2024)

28. (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false (2024)

29. Let 𝑎 be the radius of a sphere 𝐴, 𝑄𝐴 be the charge on the sphere, and 𝐶𝐴 be the capacitance of the
sphere. Let 𝑏 be the radius of sphere 𝐵, 𝑄𝐵 be the charge on the sphere, and 𝐶𝐵 be the capacitance of
the sphere. Since the two spheres are connected with a wire, their potential (𝑉) will become equal.
Let 𝐸𝐴 be the electric field of sphere 𝐴 and 𝐸𝐵 be the electric field of sphere 𝐵. Therefore, their ratio,

EA QA 𝑏 2 × 4𝜋𝜀0
= ×
EB 4𝜋𝜀0 × 𝑎2 QB
2
EA Q A 𝑏
= ×
EB Q B 𝑎2
𝑄𝐴 𝐶𝐴 𝑉
However, =
𝑄𝐵 𝐶𝐵 𝑉

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 CA 𝑎
And =
CB 𝑏

𝑄𝐴 𝑎
∴ =
𝑄𝐵 𝑏

Putting the value of (ii) in (i), we obtain

EA 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑏
∴ = =
EB 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑏
Therefore, the ratio of electric fields at the surface is .
𝑎

30. (A) Electric field due to uniformly charged sheet,

𝜎
𝐸=
2𝜀0
1
𝜎=� � × 10−15 C/m2
18𝜋
1
� � × 10−15 C/m2
𝐸= 18 𝜋
2 × 8.85 × 10−12 C 2 N−1 m−2
On solving we get

E = 1 × 10−6 N/C outwards.

At point 𝑄, because at 50 cm, the charge sheet acts as a finite sheet and thus the magnitude remains
same towards the middle region of the plane sheet.

(B) Given, 𝑞1 = 10𝜇C, 𝑞2 = −20𝜇C

𝑟
𝑟1 = 𝑟, 𝑟2 =
2
1
𝐹 ∝ 𝑞1 𝑞2 and F ∝
𝑟2
When two identical conductors having charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 are kept in contact and separated later than
each has charge
𝑞1 +𝑞2
of � �.
2

Initial charges are 𝑞1 and −𝑞2 , then each has a final charge,

𝑞1 + 𝑞2
𝑞′ =
2
10 + (−20)
∴ = −5𝜇C
2
So, 𝑞 ′2 = 25(𝜇𝐶)2 while 𝑞1 𝑞2 = (−200)(𝜇𝐶)2 .
F′ 𝑞12 𝑟2
So, = ×
F 𝑟 2 /4 𝑞1 𝑞2
 4 × 25 −1
= =
(−200) 2

𝐹
⇒ 𝐹′ = −
2
i.e., new force is repulsive and half of the initial force.

31. Given,
Two charge

𝑞1 = +1𝜇C
𝑞𝑝 = 1𝜇C
𝑞2 = 4𝜇C
𝑑 = 30 cm = 3 m

Let point 𝑃( where, 𝑓1𝜇C = 0� is at distance 𝑟 form 𝑞1 [ref. image]

F1 + F2 = 0
𝑞1 × 𝑞𝑝 𝑞2 𝑞𝑝
𝑘 2
−𝑘 =0
𝑟 (3 − 𝑟)2
𝑞1 𝑞2
2
=
𝑟 (3 − 𝑟)2
3 − 𝑟 2 𝑞2 4
� � = = =4
𝑟 𝑞1 1
3−𝑟 2 3−𝑟
� � = 4 or =2
𝑟 𝑟
3−𝑟
= +2
𝑟
𝑟 = .1 m = 10 cm

32. Consider a permanent dipole, of dipole moment 𝑝⃗ in a uniform external field �E⃗, as shown in figure.
 There is a force 𝑞 𝐸�⃗ on 𝑞 and a force −𝑞 𝐸�⃗ on −𝑞.

The net force on the dipole is zero since 𝐸�⃗ is uniform.

Magnitude of torque = 𝑞E × 2𝑎sin 𝜃

= 2𝑞𝑎Esin 𝜃

Its direction is normal to the plane of the paper, coming out of it.
The magnitude of 𝑝⃗ × �E⃗ is pEsin 𝜃 and its direction is normal to the paper, coming out of it.

Thus, 𝜏⃗ = 𝑝⃗ × �E⃗, where 𝑝 = 2𝑞𝑎

When the dipole is placed in an electric field in the direction of the field i.e., when 𝜃 = 0∘ , it attains a
stable equilibrium.

33. The electric dipole moment is a vector quantity whose magnitude is equal to the product of either
charge and the separation between them.

34. When a point charge −𝑄 is kept near an uncharged conducting plate, then it induces charges on it.
The side of the plate towards the charge (-Q) would have a net positive charge (+𝑄) and the other
side would have a net negative charge (-Q).

Such that, the electric field lines start from positive charge and end at a negative charge, Thus,

The electric lines would look like.

35.
 (A) Stable equilibrium, 𝜃 = 0∘ .

𝑃�⃗ is parallel to 𝐸�⃗

(B) Unstable equilibrium, 𝜃 = 180∘ .

𝑃�⃗ is anti parallel to 𝐸�⃗ .

36. Let us draw a Gaussian surface of radius 𝑟 and consider a point 𝑃 on it.

Electric Field due to Spherical Shell

For a spherical shell which is uniformly charged the field will vary as follows.

On the surface and outside the shell

𝑞
� E⋅𝑑S=
𝜀0
𝑞
E(4𝜋𝑟 2 ) =
𝜀0
𝑞
E=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑞
�E⃗ = 𝑟ˆ
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝜎𝑟ˆ
=
𝜀0
Inside the cell

Since there is no change inside the shell hence 𝑞enc = 0 and therefore, 𝐸�⃗ = 0

i.e., (i) for 0 < 𝑥 < R, E = 0

(ii) for 𝑥 > 𝑅,

𝑞
�E⃗ = 𝑟ˆ
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝜎
= 𝑟ˆ
𝜀0

(B)

(i) The net outward flux through the cylinder,

𝑓 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐴 = 2𝐸𝐴
= 2 × 200 × 3.14 × (0.05)2

[∵ A = 𝜋𝑟 2 ]
= 400 × 3.14 × 25 × 10−4
= 3.14NC −1 m2
(ii) The net charge inside the cylinder

𝑞 = 𝑒0 𝑓 [ By using Gauss' law ]

= 8.854 × 10−12 × 3.14

= 2.78 × 10−11 C.
37. (A)

Field on an Equatorial Point

The field at the point 𝑃 is given by,

E = −�E+𝑞 + E−𝑞 �cos 𝜃

1 𝑞 1 𝑞
𝐸 = −� + � cos 𝜃
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 + 𝑎 ) 4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 + 𝑎2 )
2 2 2

𝑎
cos 𝜃 =
√𝑎2 + 𝑟2
2𝑞𝑎
�⃗ =
E 𝑛ˆ
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )3/2

For a large distance, where 𝑟 >> 𝑎,

2𝑞𝑎
�⃗ =
E 𝑛ˆ
4𝜋𝜀𝑛 𝑟 3

In terms of dipole moment it translates into;

𝑝
�⃗ =
E 𝑛ˆ
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
 (B) Let 𝑥 be the distance of 𝑄 from either charge.

Let us assume the following figure:

First we need to figure out the sign of Q. Since it has to be kept between the
two positive charges hence it has to be negative. This is so because if 𝑄 has positive charge it will get
repelled by both 𝑞 charges and hence the system will not be in equilibrium.

Now the force on 𝑄 should be equal by both 𝑞 and the equation will be given by:

Qq Qq
2
=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 4𝜋𝜀0 (2 − 𝑥)2

Which leads to,

𝑥 2 = (2 − 𝑥)2
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
𝑥=1m
38. Consider a uniform circular ring of radius ' 𝑎 ' carrying a charge 𝑄 distributed uniformly over its
surface. Let 𝑃 be a point situated at a distance 𝑟 from the centre of ring along its axis. Consider an
Q
electric of point 𝐴 of the ring carrying a charge, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑙
2𝜋𝑎

The electric field at point P due to this element is given by,

1 𝑑𝑞 1 Qdl
|𝑑 �E⃗| = =
4𝜋𝜀0 (AP) 2 4𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝑎(𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )

The electric field 𝐴𝐸, directed along the direction 𝐴𝑃, subtends an angle 𝜃 with the axis of ring and
can be resolved into two components namely (i) AEcos 𝜃 along the axis of ring, and (ii) 𝐴𝐸sin 𝜃
normal to the axis of ring.

It is clear from symmetry that the normal components AEsin 𝜃 due to mutually opposite charge
elements at 𝐴 and 𝐵 nullify each other. Hence, net electric field due to whole ring will be,
 E = � 𝑑Ecos 𝜃
1 Qdl 𝑟
E=�
4𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝑎(𝑎2 + 𝑟 2 ) �(𝑎2 + 𝑟 2 )
1 Qr
E= � 𝑑𝑙
4𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝑎(𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )3/2

1 Qr
E= 2𝜋𝑎
4𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝑎(𝑟 + 𝑎2 )3/2
2

1 Qr
E=
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 + 𝑎2 )3/2
2

The field E is directed along the axis OP of the charged ring. If 𝑟 >>, then the above relation may be
expressed as:

(𝑎2 + 𝑟 2 )3/2 ≈ 𝑟 3
1 Q
�E⃗ = 𝑟ˆ
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

This shows that for points far from the ring, it behaves like a point charge.

39.

The amount of work done in rotating the dipole from θ = θ 0 to θ = θ1 by the external torque
 (1) Potential energy is maximum when: 𝑃�⃗ is antiparallel to 𝐸�⃗ Alternatively: θ = 180° or π radians
(2) Potential energy is minimum when: 𝑃�⃗ is along to 𝐸�⃗ Alternatively: θ = 0°
(2024)

40. (A)

As the electric field is only along the 𝑥-axis, so flux will pass only through the cross-section of
cylinder.

Magnitude of electric field at cross-section A,

EA = 50 × 1 = 50NC −1

Magnitude of electric field at cross - section B, The corresponding electric fluxes are,
 𝜙A = EA ⋅ ΔS
= 50 × 25 × 10−4 × cos 180∘
= −0.125 N − m2 C −1
𝜙B = EB ⋅ ΔS
= 100 × 25 × 10−4 × cos 0∘
= 0.25 N − m2 C −1
and 𝜙B = EB ⋅ ΔS

So, the net flux through the cylinder,

𝜙 = 𝜙𝐴 + 𝜙𝐵 = −0.125 + 0.25
= 0.1 N m2 C −1
(B) Using Gauss's law,
𝑞
∮ E. 𝑑𝑠 = [∴ ∮ E. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜙]
𝜀0
𝑞
0.1 =
8.85 × 10−12
𝑞 = 8.85 × 0.125 × 10−12
= 0.885 × 10−12 C

3. ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS'S THEOREM

41. (a) zero
Explanation: As per the question

Flux through the curved surface is zero as the electric field does not cross it. The flux through the flat
face is also zero as total incoming and outgoing flux is zero.

42. (d) zero

Explanation: Electric flux,

𝜙𝐸 = � 𝐸�⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑆⃗

= � 𝐸𝑑𝑆cos 𝜃 [∵ 𝜃 = 90∘ ]

= � 𝐸𝑑𝑆cos 90∘ = 0

The lines are parallel to the surface.

43. (a) 𝑎4 𝑐
Explanation: Given that: 𝑧 = 𝑎

𝜙 = 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑘ˆ
= 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑘ˆ
𝑧 𝑧
2
= 𝑐𝑧 � 𝑑𝑥 � 𝑑𝑦
0 0
2 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑐𝑧 [𝑥]0 [𝑦]0
= 𝑐𝑧 2 [𝑧][𝑧]

= 𝑐𝑧 4 = 𝑐𝑎4 [∵ 𝑧 = 𝑎]

44. (d) The electric field over the Gaussian surface remains continuous and uniform at every point.
Explanation: From Gauss's law of electrostatics, we know that only charges contain within the
Gaussian surface contribute to the flux. Also, we know the electric flux depends only on total charge
and nature of medium and has nothing to do with geometry. Further more Gauss's theorem is
applicable to the case of uniform electric field as that will allow the formation of a symmetrical
Gaussian surface. Hence, option (a), (b), (c) are also false. Turns out that electric field remains
continuous at every point over a Gaussian surface.

45. (d) 3 N/C

Surface charge density,

Surface charge density, 𝜎 = 26.4 × 10−12 Cm−2

𝜎 𝜎
E= +
2𝜀0 2𝜀0
2𝜎 𝜎
= =
2𝜀0 𝜀0
26.4 × 10−12 C
=
8.85 × 10−12 C
N
=3
C
46. (a) No net charge is enclosed by the surface.
 Explanation: As per Gauss's law the electric flux through a surface is proportional to the net charge
enclosed by the surface. Hence, if the flux is zero, it means the total charge inside is also zero.

47. (A)

The wire is considered to be a cylindrical Gaussian surface. This is because to determine the electric
field 𝐸 at point 𝑃, Gauss law is used.

The surface area of the curved part is given as:

𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑙

The total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is given as:

𝑞 = 𝜆𝑙

The electric flux through the end surfaces of the cylindrical Gaussian surface is given as:

𝜙1 = 0

The electric flux through the curved surface of the cylindrical Gaussian surface is given as:

𝜙2 = Ecos 𝜃 ⋅ 𝑠
𝜙2 = E × 1 × 2𝜋𝑟𝑙

The total electric flux is given as:

𝜙 = 𝜙1 + 𝜙2
𝜙 = 0 + 𝐸cos 𝜃. 𝑠
𝜙2 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙𝐸
 From Gauss law, we know that

𝑞 𝜆𝑙
𝜙= =
𝜀0 𝜀0

From eq. (i) and eq. (ii)

𝜆𝑙
2𝜋𝑟𝑙E =
𝜀0
1 𝜆
E=
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

Therefore, the above equation is the electric field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged
wire.

(B) Infinitely long charged wire produces a radical electric field.

𝜆
E=
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

The revolving electron experiences an electrostatic force and provides necessarily centripetal force.

𝑚𝑣 2
𝑒E =
𝑟
𝑒. 𝜆 𝑚𝑣 2
=
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟
𝑒𝜆
⇒ 𝑚𝑣 2 =
2𝜋𝜀0

Kinetic energy of the electron,

1 𝑒𝜆
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 =
2 2𝜋𝜀0

48. (A) (i) Yes, there is a point on the line joining the two charges at which the electric field is zero. This
point is called the midpoint between the two charges, which is located at (0, 𝑎 − 0). At this point, the
electric fields due to the two charges are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, so they cancel
out each other resulting in zero net electric field.
 (ii) To find the point on the line joining the charges at which the electric potential is zero, we need to
find the point where the potential due to one charge is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the
potential due to the other charge. This occurs when the distance from each charge to the point is
proportional to the magnitude of the charge. Let the potential at a point ( 𝑥, 0) due to the charge at
(0,0) be 𝑉1 , and the potential due to the charge at (𝑎, 0) be 𝑉2 . Then, we have:

𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
V1 = =
𝑟1 (𝑥)
𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
𝑉2 = =
𝑟2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)

Where 𝑘 is the Coulomb constant, 𝑞 is the magnitude of each charge, 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are the distances from
each charge to the point (𝑥, 0). To find the point at which 𝑉1 = −𝑉2 , we solve for 𝑥 :

𝑘𝑞 −𝑘𝑞
=
𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑎
𝑥=
2
Therefore, the point on the line joining the charges at which the electric potential is zero is the
midpoint between the charges. Which is the same point as the one where the electric field is zero.

(B) The negative value of electrostatic potential energy of a system of charges signifies that work has
to be done by an external agent to bring the charges together to form the system. This work is stored
in the form of the potential energy of the system. When the charges are allowed to move freely, the
stored potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and the charges start moving. Thus, the
negative value of electrostatic potential energy signifies that the charges in the system are bound
together and require energy to be separated from each other

1 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑈= � + + �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1 1
= [(4𝜇 × −4𝜇) +
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1 1
= (4𝜇 × 4𝜇)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
4 × 10−9 × −4 × 10−9
= 9 × 109 � �
2
= 7.2 × 10−10 J
49. Electric flux through the surface
𝑞in
= from the given figure,
𝜀0
𝑞in = +𝑞2 − 𝑞1
𝑞in 𝑞2 − 𝑞1
∴ 𝜙= =� �
𝜀0 𝜀0
50. As shown in the figure in accordance with Gauss's law the electric flux through the sphere surface,
−2Q
𝜙E =
𝜀0

51. The electric flux does not alter at all and remains unchanged.

52. Flux through a surface is given by:

𝜙 = �E⃗. 𝑑𝑆⃗
2
Area is 𝑆 = 0.1 × 0.1∘= 0.01 m 3
𝜙 = EScos 90 = 5 × 10 × 0.01
= 50 N m2 C −1
When the square makes an angle of 30∘ with the 𝑥-axis, angle made by the normal with electric field
is 90∘ − 30∘ = 60∘

Hence, 𝜙 = EScos(60∘ ) = 25 N m2 C −1

53. (A) According to Gauss's law, electric flux through spherical shell 𝑆1 :
𝑄
𝜙1 =
𝜀0

and flux through outer shell 𝑆2 ,

𝑄 + 2𝑄 3𝑄
𝜙2 = =
𝜀0 𝜀0
𝜙1 1
⇒ =
𝜙2 3

(B) When a medium of dielectric constant 𝐾 = 5 is introduced in the space inside the shell 𝑆1 in
place of air, flux through 𝑆1 will be modified to:
 𝑄 1
𝜙1 = =
𝜀0 𝐾𝜀0
𝜙1 𝜙1
𝑄1 == =
𝐾 5
1
i.e., flux will be reduced to .
5

54.

(2024)
55. (a) It is the measure of the total number of electric field lines passing
through a surface normally.
Alternatively
Surface integral of electric field over a surface.
Alternatively
ϕE = E ⋅ A

[M L3 T −3 A−1 ]

(b) ϕE =E⋅A

= (100i^) ⋅ (10−4 n
^)

= (100i^) ⋅ (0.8i^ + 0.6k^)10−4

= 8 × 10−3 Nm2 C−1
(2024)

56. We can see from the figure that on the left face 𝐸 and DS are,
𝜙L = EΔS = −200𝚤ˆ − ΔS
= +200ΔS, since 𝚤ˆΔS = −ΔS
= +200 × 𝜋(00.052 )
= +1.57 N m2 C −1
On the right point face 𝐸 and Δ𝑆 are parallel and therefore

𝜙𝑅 = 𝐸 ⋅ Δ𝑆 = +1.57 N m2 C −1 .
For any point on the side of the cylinder 𝐸 is perpendicular to Δ𝑆 and hence 𝐸. Δ𝑆 = 0. Therefore, the
flux out of the side of the cylinder is zero.

(A) Net outward flux through the cylinder

𝜙 = 1.57 + 1.57 + 0 = 3.14Nm2 C −1

(B) The net charge within the cylinder can be = 3.14 × 8.854 × 10−12 C found by using Gauss's law
which gives

𝑞 = 𝜀0 𝜙
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