“Discover DVB-T2”

Seminar Tour 2009

MPEG4 and IPTV

 MPEG4 and IPTV

David A. Smith
Rohde & Schwarz IO GmbH
[email protected]

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 2
“Discover DVB-T2” Agenda
l Overview of DVB-T2
l Evolution of the Standard
l Advanced Network Topologies
l Commercial Status and Deployment

l DVB-T2 Technology Primer

l Baseband: TS, GSE, PLPs and FEC Frame Interleaving
l RF Modulation: COFDM Cells, P1, L1, L2 Symbols, PAPR
l Error Resilience: MISO and Rotated Constellations
l Transmitters: Technology, Products, Roadmap

l Deployment and Monitoring of Broadcast Networks

l Transmitter Installation and Maintenance Measurements
l DTV/SFN Monitoring and Analysis
l QOS: Content Verification and Picture Quality Analysis

l HDTV Display Technology

l Flat Panel Displays
l State of the Art Display Quality Measurements
l The Future of HDTV: 3DTV, 4K Displays, Wireless, HDMI1.4

l MPEG4 and JPEG2000 Compression

l IPTV

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Why Compress HDTV Video?

270 MBit/s SDTV

1.5 Gbits/s HDTV Too Fast!!

2 – 20 Mbits/s MPEG2
1 – 6 Mbits/s MPEG4

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 4
MPEG-2 Profiles and Levels
Levels Supports HDTV for
Parameterlimits Contribution and
Max.
number of
Max.
bit rate Distribution
pixels / sec Mbit/s

1920 1920
x1080 x1152 80 high * MP@HL * * HP@HL
x 30 x 25 (100 **)
1440 1440 high- MP SSP HP
x1080 x1152 60 * *
(80 **) 1440 @H14L @H14L @H14L
x 30 x 25
720 720
x480 x576 15 main SP@ML MP@ML SNRP * HP@ML
x 30 x 25 (20 **) @ML
352 352
x240 x288 4 low * MP@LL SNRP * *
@LL
x 30 x 25

scalable

scalable
simple

spatial
main

high
SNR
* not yet defined Profiles
** with high profile

(incl. 4:2:2, etc)

functionality
Coding tools,
functionality
bidirectional
prediction

scalability

scalability

scalability
resolution
4:2:0, no

Main +

total
4:2:0,

SNR

Main +
no

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Development of Video Encoding

Video Production DVCPRO

Motion JPEG
Home Video MiniDV

1985 1988 1991 1993 1995 2002

JPEG ITU-T H.120 H.261 H.262 H.263 H.264

DCT = =

ISO/IEC MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-4

Part 2 Part 2 Part 2 Part 10
AVC

1992 1994 1998 2003

ISO/IEC ISO/IEC ISO/IEC ISO/IEC
11172-2 13818-2 14496-2 14496-10

Windows Media 9/10

SMPTE VC1

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Video Compression Standards
l Three major groups developing standards:

l ITU: H261, H.262, H,263 and H.264

l Lower bit rate for telecomms applications

l ISO: MPEG1, MPEG2 and MPEG4

l Medium-High Bit rate for PC and SD/HD Broadcasting

l Microsoft: WM10 (SMPTE VC1)

l Low-medium bit rate for Internet and PC applications

l H.264, AVC and MPEG4 pt 10 are identical

l WM10 and SMPTEVC1 are near identical

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Video Compression Principles
l Visual redundancy
l Exploit human eye
sensitivity to color and detail

l Spatial Redundancy
l H & V blanking Intervals
l Common colors or features
in local region (“Block”)

l Temporal redundancy
l Motion in picture sequences

l Statistical Redundancy I B P
l Mathematical lossless data
reduction
I

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MPEG2 Video Compression

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MPEG2 Compression Steps

l Visual Redundancy in Colour Sampling

l Spatial Redundancy for Complete Picture

l Visual Redundancy of Fine Details

l Temporal Redundancy Between Pictures

l Statistical redundancy with Run Length Coding

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Visual Redundancy

l Human Eye has many weaknesses compared with a camera

l Higher luminance resolution than colour resolution
l Insensitive to fine details
l Worse for moving objects
l Slow reaction to scene changes

l Compression schemes exploit/rely on these weaknesses

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Reduced Colour Resolution Sampling
Column m Column m + 1 Column m + 2

Cb
Y Y Y Line n
Cr

4:2:2 Cb
Y Y Y Line n + 1
Cr

Column m Column m + 1 Column m + 2

Y Y Y Line n

4:2:0 Cb

Cr

Y Y Y

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4:2:0 Sampled Picture

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Split into 16 x16 Macroblocks

l Each Macroblock contains:

l 4 off 8 x 8 Blocks of Y data
l 1 off 8 x 8 Blocks each of Cr and Cb data

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Discrete Cosine Transformation
2 N 1 N 1
(2x +1)u (2y +1)v
F(u, v) = C(u)C(v) f(x,y)cos cos
N x=0 y=0 2N 2N

1
for u, v = 0
C( u), C(v ) = 2
1 otherwise

l DCT is an FFT-like Mathematical Transformation

l Floating point arithmetic with integer truncation
l Converts Spatial pixel data to Frequency domain
l Fine Details form High Frequency components

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8 x 8 DCT / IDCT

Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

DCT

IDCT

8 x 8 pixel block 8 x 8 DCT coefficients

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DCT Example: Horizontal Gradient

Original Pixels Digitised Values After DCT

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Compression with DCT

l Post DCT block contains 64 x 10 bit values 640 bits

l Original block was only 512 bits!

l Remove trailing zero coefficients 60 bits

l Note: This is entirely lossless compression step
l Leaves: 43.8 -40 0 -4.1 0 -1.1

l Round to 8 bits: 44 -40 0 -4 0 -1 48 bits

l Quantise (5 bits) 11 -10 0 -1 0 0.25 30 bits
l Remove Zeros 11 -10 0 -1 20 bits
l Remove Zeros 11 -10 10 bits

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MPEG2 Motion Prediction

I Frame B Frame P Frame

Only Motion Encoded Motion Vector for Ball

Complete Frame Encoded (Bidirectionally from I & P) DCT Blocks for Knee

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 MPEG2 Temporal Compression

I B B P B B P

l I-Frame Generated From Complete Original Frame

l P- Frame Predicted from I or P frames

l Uses Motion Prediction and Reveals

l B-Frames predicted Bi-directionally

l Needs Previous and Following Frames
l Uses Motion Prediction and Reveals

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Macro Block Encoding
Macro Block Slice

Picture

l DCT and Motion Vectors Can Be Combined

l Intraframe Macroblocks (DCT Only)
l Differential Encoded (Motion vector and DCT difference)

l „Slices“ Group Macroblocks Together

l Provides restart point in picture decode
l Motion Vector of first block applies by default to whole slice
l Delta motion vectors for subsequent blocks often zero

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Run Length Coding Example
173 6 0 0 -1 0 2 0
-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

RLC

173, 6, 2*0, -1, 1*0, 2, 1*0, -2, 6*0, -1, 13*0, -1, 34*0

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Variable Length Coding
Codes of constant length

173, 6, 2*0, -1, 1*0, 2, 1*0, -2, 6*0, -1, 13*0, -1, 34*0

DC
Coefficient

compare with
Huffman code table Morse coding

Codes of variable length

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Overall Compression Process

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MPEG2 ES Structure

Headers (parameter sets)

Sequence GOP Picture Slice Macro Block

l Parameter sets in Header

l e.g. quantizing matrix coefficients
l Real Time Stream
l No Timing Information!!
l Frame Rate only

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MPEG-2 Profiles and Levels
Levels Supports HDTV for
Parameterlimits Contribution and
Max.
number of
Max.
bit rate Distribution
pixels / sec Mbit/s

1920 1920
x1080 x1152 80 high * MP@HL * * HP@HL
x 30 x 25 (100 **)
1440 1440 high- MP SSP HP
x1080 x1152 60 * *
(80 **) 1440 @H14L @H14L @H14L
x 30 x 25
720 720
x480 x576 15 main SP@ML MP@ML SNRP * HP@ML
x 30 x 25 (20 **) @ML
352 352
x240 x288 4 low * MP@LL SNRP * *
@LL
x 30 x 25

scalable

scalable
simple

spatial
main

high
SNR
* not yet defined Profiles
** with high profile

(incl. 4:2:2, etc)

functionality
Coding tools,
functionality
bidirectional
prediction

scalability

scalability

scalability
resolution
4:2:0, no

Main +

total
4:2:0,

SNR

Main +
no

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MPEG4/H.264/ISO14496

Video Compression

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ISO14496 “MPEG-4” Standards

l Part 1: Systems
l Part 2: Visual
l Part 3: Audio
l Part 4: Conformance testing
l Part 5: Reference Software
l Part 6: Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)
l Part 7: Optimized reference software
l Part 8: Carriage on IP Networks
l Part 9: Reference Hardware
l Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (AVC)
l ……..and many more…….

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MPEG4 Part 2 Video Compression

l Complex Scene
Representation
l Virtual Reality Modelling
l BIFS Binary Formats
l Sprites
l Mesh definition of Objects
l Network Transport Model
l Streaming and Backchannel
l Multiple Profiles and levels

l …. Too complicated!

l Use Part 10/AVC instead

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Scope and Context of H.264/AVC

l High-quality compression for various services:

l IP streaming media (50-1500 kbps)
l SDTV and HDTV Broadcast and video-on-demand
- 1 - 8+ Mbps
l DVD and HD-DVD
l Conversational services
- <1 Mbps, low latency

l Standard defines:
l Decoder functionality (but not encoder)
l File and stream structure

l ISO 14496-10 also known as:

l H.264, AVC, JVT and MPEG4 Part 10

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New Features in H.264/AVC

l Multiple reference frames

l Variable-size slices and macroblocks
l More and smaller macroblock types
l Integer-based DCT to simplify processing
l More motion vector types
l Improved prediction of vectors, DC & AC coefficients
l ¼ pixel motion estimation
l “In Loop” edge filtering
l Improved entropy coding
l Enhanced stream splicing

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H.264 Encoder Block Diagram
Coder
Control Control
Input
Video Data
Signal Transform/
Quant.
- Scal./Quant.
Transf. coeffs
Scaling & Inv.
Transform
Split into
Entropy
Macroblocks
Coding
16x16 pixels
De-blocking
Intra-frame Filter
Prediction
Output
Motion- Video
Intra/Inter Compensation Signal

Motion
Data
Motion
Estimation

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AVC/H.264 Profiles & Levels

l H.264/AVC Basic Profiles

l Baseline Low Latency, real time applications

l Main Broadcasting and high end applications
l Extended IP and other steaming applications

l FRExt Profile Editing and High Quality Applications

l H.264/AVC has many Levels

l Built to match popular international production and emission formats

l From QCIF to D-Cinema 3 Profiles

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MPEG-4 Part 10 AVC: Basic Levels
Level number Typical picture Max. frame rate Max. Max. number of
size for typ. compressed reference frames
picture size bit rate for typ. pict. size

1 QCIF 15 64 kbps 4
1.1 320x240 10 192 kbps 3
QCIF 30 9
1.2 CIF 15 384 kbps 6
1.3 CIF 30 768 kbps 6
2 CIF 30 2 Mbps 6
2.1 HHR 30/25 4 Mbps 6
2.2 SD 15 4 Mbps 5
3 SD 30/25 10 Mbps 5
3.1 1280x720p 30 14 Mbps 5
3.2 1280x720p 60 20 Mbps 4
4 HD 720p,1080i 60p/30i 20 Mbps 4
4.1 HD 720p,1080i 60p/30i 50 Mbps 4
4.2 1920x1080p 60p 50 Mbps 4
5 2k x 1k 72 135 Mbps 5
5.1 2k x 1k 120 240 Mbps 5
4k x 2k 30

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H.264/AVC Profiles

l Baseline
l Cell phone/PDA
l Has error-resilience tools
l Main
l Broadcast, DVD+, digital cinema
l No error-resilience tools
l Interlace, B-slices and CABAC
l Extended
l IP Streaming, wireless
l Adds error resilience to Main profile but no CABAC.
l FRext
l High Fidelity extensions to Main Profile including lossless
l 10bit, 12bit, 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 modes

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Profiles: Coding Features

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AVC/H.264 Basic Profiles

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MPEG-4 Part 10 AVC: Basic Profiles
Coding Tools Baseline Extended Main
Profile Profile Profile
I, P Slices x x x

CAVLC x x x

Error Resilience x x

SP and SI Slices x

B Slices x x

Interlaced Coding x x

CABAC x

CAVLC = Context-based adaptive variable length coding

CABAC = Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding
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Interlace Coding:
Adaptive Frame/Field Coding Operation
l Interlaced Video Frames can be coded in two ways
l Picture Adaptive Frame Field (PAFF)
l Combine fields and code as one frame
OR
l Code fields separately
l Choice made for entire frame
l Best for all moving or all still frames

l Macroblock Adaptive Frame/Field (MBAFF)

l Combine two vertical adjacent macroblocks into 16x32 luma region
l Code macroblock pairs as either field or frame
l Choice made for each macroblock pair
l Good where only some regions min frame are moving

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Changes in Motion Compensation

l Multiple and arbitrary reference frames

l Vs. only previous (H.263) or previous and next (MPEG).

l Variable block-size:
l Every 16x16 macroblock can be subdivided
l Each sub-block gets predicted separately

l Quarter-pixel accuracy
l A gain of 1.5-2dB across the board over ½-pixel

l Anti-aliasing sub-pixel interpolation

l Removes some common artifacts in residual

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MPEG2 v MPEG4 Temporal Redundancy

I
I B
P

l MPEG2: l MPEG4:
l Frame Based Only l Slice Based
l Limited Reference Frames l Arbitrary Reference Fames
l ½ Pixel Accuracy l ¼ Pixel Accuracy

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Inter or Intra Frame Motion Prediction
Directional spatial prediction
l Arbitrary Reference Frames (9 types for luma, 1 chroma)
l Up to 5 reference frames Q A B C D E F G H
l (Nearly) Any frame can be used I a b c d
J e f g h
l Bi-predictive mode: Macroblock K i j k l
predicted from- L m n o p
l One or both reference frames M
l Weighted mean for fades/dissolves N
0
O
l Intra-predictive mode: Macroblock P 7
predicted from 2
8
l Macroblocks in current frame above
and/or to left 4 3
l 4x4, 16x16 and 8x8 modes 6 1 5

• e.g., Mode 3:
diagonal down/right prediction
a, f, k, p are predicted by
(A + 2Q + I + 2) >> 2

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H.264 Intra-Prediction Examples

Original Vertically
Predicted

Horizontally Diagonally
Predicted Predicted
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H.264 Intra-Prediction Examples

Original Vertically
Predicted

Horizontally Diagonally
Predicted Predicted
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MPEG2 v MPEG4 Pictures, Slices and
Macroblocks
Slice 1 Slice 1
Slice 2 Slice 2
Slice 3 Slice 2
Slice 4
Slice 4 Slice 3

l MPEG2: l MPEG4:
l I, B or P Pictures l I, B or P Slices
l Contiguous Slices Only l Arbitrary Shaped Slices
l No Intra-Frame Prediction l Intra-Frame Prediction

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Variable MacroBlock-Size

l Each 16x16 macroblock may be:

l Kept whole,
l Divided horizontally (vertically) into two sub-blocks of size 16x8 (8x16)
l Divided into 4 sub-blocks
l In the last case, the 4 sub-blocks may be divided once more into 2 or 4
smaller blocks.

16x16 16x8 8x16 8x8

MB 0 0 1
Types 0 0 1
1 2 3

8x8 8x4 4x8 4x4

8x8 0 0 1
0 0 1
Types 1 2 3

Motion vector accuracy 1/4 (6-tap filter)

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MPEG2: Fixed Slice Type and Macroblock Size

T=1 T=2

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H.264/AVC: Variable Slice Type/Size

T=1 T=2

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H.264/AVC Variable Block Size Example

T=1 T=2

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MPEG2 v MPEG4 Spatial Redundancy

l MPEG4:
l MPEG2:
l Variable Macroblock Size
l Fixed Macroblock Size
l 16 x 16 down to 4 x 4
l 16 x 16 Everywhere
l Important Detail Emphasised
l Equal weight to all areas
l 4 x 4 Integer Transform
l 8 x 8 DCT
2 N 1 N 1
(2x +1)u (2y +1)v 1 1 1 1
F(u, v) = C(u)C(v) f(x,y)cos cos
N x=0 y=0 2N 2N
2 1 1 2
H=
1
for u, v = 0 1 1 1 1
C( u), C(v ) = 2
1 otherwise 1 2 2 1

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H.264/AVC Image Transform

l MPEG2 DCT uses complex 4x4 Block Integer Transform

arithmetic 1 1 1 1
l H.264/AVC uses a very simple 2 1 1 2
H=
integer 4x4 transform 1 1 1 1
l A rough approximation to 4x4 DCT 1 2 2 1

l Transform matrix contains only Main Profile: Adaptive Block Size

+/-1 and +/-2 Transform (8x4,4x8,8x8)
l Can be computed with only additions, Repeated transform of DC coeffs
subtractions, and shifts for 8x8 chroma and 16x16 Intra
l Results show negligible loss in luma blocks
quality (~0.02dB)

l Other transforms available in FRExt

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MPEG-2: Blocking Artefacts

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“In Loop” Deblocking Filters
l H.264 adaptively chooses for each edge which one of 5 deblocking
filters to apply.
l For instance, if both blocks have the same motion vector, less filtering is
needed.
l Improves objective quality as well: about 7-9% reduction in bit-rate
for same PSNR.

Without Filter With H264/AVC Deblocking

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MPEG4: In-Loop Deblocking Filter

l Goal: reduce blockiness and maintain sharpness

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“In Loop” means in Encoder

16x16 Macroblock 16x16 Macroblock

Horizontal edges
(Luma)

Horizontal edges
(Chroma)

Vertical edges (Chroma)

Vertical edges (Luma)

l MPEG4: Standard filter used by encoder and decoder

l MPEG2: Each decoder has own filter

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 MPEG-4: In-Loop De-blocking Filter
Reference De-blocking Inverse Dequanti-
Frames Buffer Filter Transform zation

Motion Entropy
Transform Quantization
Estimation Coding
Uncompressed
video Compressed
video

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Entropy Coding

l MPEG2 uses fixed, variable-length codes

l Essentially Huffman-style codes
l Non-adaptive
l Can’t encode symbols with probability > 0.5 efficiently
- At least one bit always required

l H.263 Annex E defines an arithmetic coder

l Still non-adaptive
l Uses multiple non-binary alphabets
- High computational complexity

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H264/AVC Entropy Coding: CABAC

l Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding

l Designed specifically for H.264

l Binarization: all syntax symbols are translated to bit-strings

l 399 predefined context models, used in groups

l E.g. models 14-20 used to code macroblock type for inter-frames
l The model to use next is selected based on previously coded information
(the context)
l Each context model adapts to empirical distribution

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CABAC Example: mb_type
C14
0 1
C15
0 … other types
1
C17
C16
0 1 0 1

“0” “3” “2” “1”

mb_type = 3
Step 1: encode ‘0’ using model C14
Step 2: encode ‘0’ using model C15
Step 3: encode ‘1’ using model C17

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MPEG2 v MPEG4/H.264 Compression
MPEG2 H.264 / MPEG4 Part 10
8 x 8 pixel blocks Variable Block Size from
Spatial DCT 16 x16 to 4 x 4 pixels
Integer 4 x4 transform
Adjacent frames only Multiple frames
Simple motion vector Weighted Motion vectors
Temporal
Inter frame only Intra frame prediction
I, B and P Frames I, B and P Slices
DCT Coefficient “In loop” deblocking filter
Visual Quantization and
Rounding
General purpose RLE CABAC specifically
Statistical optimized for H.264

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 60
MPEG2 v MPEG4/H.264 Compression

Spatial
MPEG4:
DCT
MPEG2
8 x 8 pixel blocks
H.264 / MPEG4 Part 10
Variable Block Size from
16 x16 to 4 x 4 pixels

50%
Integer 4 x4 transform
Adjacent frames only Multiple frames
Simple motion vector Weighted Motion vectors
Temporal
Inter frame only Intra frame prediction
I, B and P Frames I, B and P Slices
DCT Coefficient “In loop” deblocking filter
Visual Quantization and

Bit Rate
Rounding
General purpose RLE CABAC specifically
Statistical optimized for H.264

Reduction
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H.264 vs MPEG-2, 4

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Other AVC/H.264 Profiles

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H.264 Fidelity Reference Extension FRExt
l 8x8 Intra Prediction and DCT
l YCgCo Colour Space
l Lossless coding modes
l Enhanced Quantization modes

l High profile (HP)

l 8 bit/sample, 4:2:0
l High 10 profile (Hi10P)
l Up to 10 bit/sample, 4:2:0 Y = 1/2(G+(R+B)/2)
l High 4:2:2 profile (H422P)
l Up to 10 bit/sample, 4:2:0 or 4:2:2
Cg= 1/2(G-(R+B)/2)
l High 4:4:4 profile (H444P)
l Up to 12 bit/sample, 4:2:0, 4:2:2 or
4:4:4 Co= (R-B)/2)

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H.264 Scalable Video Coding Extension

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 65
MPEG4/H.264: Many Different ES Formats

Video Coding Layer

Control Data
Coded Macroblock

Data Partitioning
Parameter
Sets Coded Slice/Partition

Network Adaptation Layer

MP4FF RTP/IP MPEG-2 etc.

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 66
MPEG4 Video in a Transport Stream
l MPEG4 CAN be
carried in similar
way to MPEG2
video/audio in
PES packets NAL VCL Slice Data Macro Block

Packetized Elementary Stream PES

DTS
PES
PTS
Headers

PES PES PES PES PES PES PES PES PES

4 Byte 184 Byte Transport Stream

TS Header Payload

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 67
 JPEG 2000

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JPEG2000 Overview

l Wavelet Compression
l High frequency changes in small areas
l Low frequency changes in large areas

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 69
JPEG2000 v standard JPEG

JPEG JPEG2000
l Significant Improvement over original JPEG

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 70
ISO 15444-3: MotionJPEG2000

I Frame I Frame I Frame

l Sequence of completely independent JPEG2000 Pictures

l Intra-frame Only
l No B or P Frames
l No Motion Vectors

l High Quality Video Editing Applications

l Fast Random Access to any frame

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 71
Motion JPEG2000 v H.264: Film Source

l Film Grain is significant factor at high Quality Levels

l No gain from Inter-frame (motion) compression

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 72
Motion JPEG2000 v H.264: CGI Source

l Inter-Frame compression best

l No random noise
l JPEG2000 better than I-Frame only H.264

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 73
 Video
over
IP Streams

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IP Protocols

Datagram

Transport Specific

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UDP or TCP over IP Datagram Format
Length (MTU) typically 1500 bytes

IP UDP or TCP

l Internet Protocol Layer Contains Routing Information

l Source and Destination IP Addresses

l User Datagram Protocol: Simple “send and forget”

system
l No Acknowledgements or retries

l Transport Control Protocol: Connection based system

l Resend on packet loss possible but no FEC

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 76
RTP/UDP/IP Datagram Format
Length (MTU) typically 1500 bytes

Sequence Time Source

IP UDP RTP Number Stamp ID Payload

l Real Time Protocol used to carry e.g. video or audio

l Supports synchronisation and packet re-ordering
l Port Number and payload

l Other protocols used to set up and control delivery

l RTCP Real Time Control Protocol
l SAP Session Announcement Protocol
l RTSP Real Time Session Protocol
l SDP Session Description Protocol

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 77
MPEG2 over RTP/UDP/IP
Transport Stream
TS TS TS TS TS TS
IP UDP RTP Packet Packet Packet Packet Packet Packet

l RTP payload must contain complete 188 byte TS Packets

Elementary Stream

IP UDP RTP Elementary Stream

l ES Headers (Sequence or GOP or Picture) must begin at

start of RTP payload
l Slices start either after ES Header or after complete slice

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 78
MPEG4/H.264 over RTP/UDP/IP

IP UDP RTP NAL VCL Slice Data

l RFC3984 defines NAL format

l Optimised for RTP transmission

l Different Features for Different Networks

l Out of order transmission and large packet options

l NAL can also contain Parameter Sets

l Not always required e.g. frame size and rate

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 79
 “IPTV”
&
“Video Over IP”

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 80
What is an “IP Delivered TV System”

“The Delivery of TV services over an IP

Network”

……Which Includes many different things:

Contribution Networks
Video Over IP
Internet TV
IPTV
etc.

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 81
Be Aware!

l No Widespread Agreement on Terminology

l Many terms often used without clear meaning

l Many Different Variations in use worldwide:

l Elementary Streams over IP
l Compliant Transport Streams over IP
l Non-compliant Transport Streams (no SI or null packets etc.)
….. and many others!

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 82
Delivery vs. Display Technologies

STB with a TV
No STB/TV Terrestrial
TV

PCTV TV
Cable over
TV Copper (xDSL)
Mobile or
TV Fiber (FTTH)
Satellite
TV
“Lean Forward”
TV “Lean Back”
TV

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 83
Distribution Links over IP:

Video over IP
Internet TV
IPTV

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What is “Video Delivered Over IP”
l File Download
l BBC iPlayer

l Peer to Peer Networking

l Joost, Babelgum

l Video Streaming – Elementary Streaming

l YouTube

l Internet TV – Transport Stream

l Axionn, Brightcove

l IPTV – Transport Stream

l Telcos Owning the “Last Mile”

l Mobile TV – Elementary and Transport Stream

l DVB-H

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 85
Commercial Differences
l Video Over IP Services:
l Video Telephony and Conferencing e.g. Skype
l Streaming or Downloading from websites e.g. YouTube

l Internet TV Service:
l Provision of TV to anyone via the Internet anywhere
l E.g. Brightcove (USA), Axion (Germany)

l IPTV Service:
l Provision of TV to known subscribers within a controlled
network
l E.g. Verizon (USA), Deutsche Telekom (Germany)

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 86
Technical Differences
l Video Over IP:
l Elementary Streams in IP packets
l Various Control and Access Systems

l Internet TV:
l Transport Streams in IP Packets over Internet
l Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) allows general
access
l Open system with minimum quality of service control

l IPTV:
l Transport Streams in IP packets over “Final Mile”
l Real Time Streaming Protocol controls access by Set Top Boxes
in network
l Tightly managed closed system owned and operated by service
provider

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 87
IPTV Standardisation Activities

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 88
 IPTV Network Architecture
Internet TV Feeds
Final Mile

Edge Server

Central Server

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 89
IPTV Technology Summary

l SDTV or HDTV Services

l MPEG2, H.264 or VC1 Compression
l MPEG2 Transport Streams
l Various Internet and Proprietary Protocols
l Pro-MPEG Forum Code of Practice v3
l How to carry Transport Stream in an IP Stream
l DVB-IP ETSI 102 034
l DVB Services over IP networks

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 90
Pro-MPEG Forum: MPEG2 TS over IP

TS TS TS TS TS TS
IP UDP RTP Packet Packet Packet Packet Packet Packet

l Many complete TS Packets in one IP packet

l Defines Forward Error Correction (FEC) Schema
l FEC Data carried in additional IP Packets

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 91
Pro-MPEG Forum COP3 Release 2

l Error Correction Scheme for Transport Streams Over IP

l Extension of RFC2733:
l More than 24 packets per FEC packet
l Source packets need not be consecutive
l Two FEC streams can be generated from each source stream for extra
reliability

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 92
DVB-IPI: DVB over IP Networks

l Complete Framework for Transport Streams over IP

l Service Discovery and Selection (SD & S)
l How to discover services on an IP network
l How to “tune” to services
l Media Broadcast Mode
l Multicast Re-transmission of received transport stream using IGMP
l Equivalent of “traditional” broadcast system
l Content on Demand Mode
l Unicast transmission of single service via transport stream using
RTSP

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IP Measurements
Packet Jitter
Arrival Time Interval
Media Delivery Index

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 IP Networks are not deterministic

IP Router

IP Router IP Receiver
IP Server
IP Router

l IP Packets may be delayed in a Router queue

l IP Packets can be sent via different paths
l IP Packets can be lost

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 95
IP Packet Distribution

Inter-Packet
Gap

l “Perfect” IP Stream has equal Inter Packet Gaps

Inter-Packet
Gap

l In practice Inter Packet Gaps are variable

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 96
IP Packet Measurements

Packet Arrival Jitter time

“Ideal” Stream

Real Stream

Packet Arrival Intervals

l Jitter is Difference between expected and actual arrival times

l Buffers needed to absorb jitter
l Arrival Interval is time between successive packets

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 97
Media Delivery Index (MDI)

“Delay Factor” : “Media Loss Rate”

l Delay Factor
l Indicates Buffer Size needed to remove effects of packet jitter
l Usually expressed as time (=buffer size/stream bit rate)

l Media Loss Rate

l IP Packets lost

l Usually measured over 1 second intervals

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Jitter on IPTV link
Transport Stream streamed out at constant 3.75Mb/s

IP packets Rate Rate Rate

carrying 3.75Mb/s 3.75Mb/s 3.75Mb/s
video

Perfect Stream Time

MDI 3.5 : 0
l Bit rate everywhere = 3.75 Mb/s
l Maximum buffer size needed = 1 IP transport packet (1316bytes)
l 3.5 ms of delay required to subtract the jitter (=1316bytes/3.75Mbs)
l Zero Media (Packet) loss

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 99
Jitter on IPTV link
Transport Stream streamed out at constant 3.75Mb/s
1 Mb of Overflow 1 Mb of Underflow

Rate = 4.75Mb/s Rate = 3.42Mb/s

Real Stream Time

With Jitter 1 Second 3 Second

MDI 266.67 : 0
l Maximum buffer size needed = 1 Mbit at 3.75Mbits/s
l 267ms of delay required to remove the jitter (=1Mbit/3.75Mbs)

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 100
 Evolution of

IP-Based

Broadcast Networks

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Contribution Links

l Central Server System sends TV services to Regional Headends

l Services then retransmitted via conventional analogue or digital to the home

l IP Networks ideal way to link many sites

l Flexible and relatively cheap

l Transport Stream (TS) ideal way to move TV services

l Many IP contribution streams at Central Headends

l Headends remultiplex down to 6-10 services per distribution TS

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1998: Contribution Networks: Dedicated Links

MUX
1 QPSK
Received Mod
Feeds
MUX TS
Physical 2
Wiring
Dedicated
Live Encoders
MUX Or TS
or 3 COFDM
Playout
SDH/ATM
Re-Mux
Server Feeds
Switch
Matix Local
MHP
Carousel Program
Generators
TS Insertion
Mod
MUX
n
QAM

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 103
2000: Contribution Networks with ASI switch

MUX
1 QPSK
Received Mod
Feeds
MUX TS
256 x 256 2
ASI
Dedicated
Live Encoders Matrix MUX Or TS
Switch 3 COFDM
Playout
SDH/ATM
Re-Mux
Server Feeds

MHP Local
Carousel Program
Generators
TS Insertion
Mod
MUX
n
QAM

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 104
 2004: ASI Headends and IP Contribution

MUX
1 QPSK
Received Mod
Feeds
MUX TS
256 x 256 2
ASI Gigabit
Live Encoders Matrix Ethernet
MUX TS
Switch 3
IP-based COFDM
VOD Contribution
Server Network
TS Mod
MHP
Carousel
Generators Re-Mux
QAM
MUX
IP over DVB n Local
Internet Encapsulator Program
BackChannel Insertion

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 105
 2006: IP Headend & Contribution Network

MUX
1 QPSK
Received Mod
Feeds
MUX TS
Headend 2
IP Gigabit
Live Encoders Network Ethernet
MUX TS
3
IP-based COFDM
VOD Contribution
Server Network
TS Mod
MHP
Carousel
Generators Re-Mux
QAM
MUX
IP over DVB n Local
Internet Encapsulator Program
BackChannel Insertion

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All IP Contribution Systems

l Central System sends TV services to Regional Headends

l Services then retransmitted via analogue or digital to the home

l IP Networks ideal way to link many sites

l Flexible and relatively cheap

l Transport Stream still used to move TV services

l BUT TS must be extracted from IP link before TX

l Processing and Hardware overhead
l Requires TS to be in transmission compatible format
l Limits compatibility across platforms (IPTV, DVB-H, T-DMB etc.)

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 107
 IPTV
Transmission

DVB-S2

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 DVB-S2: Block Diagram
MPEG-2 DVB-S
TS Framing
Hierarchical
Modulation

MPEG2 TS 1
Stream Physical RF
MPEG2 TS n Adaptation FEC IQ
Layer
Data Stream 1 & Encoding Modulator
Framing
Framing
GSE Stream n

l MPEG2 TS 188Byte packet Structure

l Data Streams Fixed length packet structures e.g. IP
l GSE Arbitrary length packets or
continuous datastreams

32APSK

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 109
IP Protocol Data Units (PDU)

l Internet Protocol Layer Contains Routing Information

l Source and Destination IP Addresses
l User Datagram Protocol
l Simple “send and forget” system
l Real Time Protocol used to carry e.g. video or audio
l Synchronisation and timing information
l Payload can be elementary streams or MPEG2 TS etc.

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 110
Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE)

l Developed for DVB-S2 and standardised in TS102 606 for DVB-T2

l Supports any network type Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
l Expected to carry mainly IP or MPEG2 TS PDUs

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 111
2008:IPTV over DVB-S2

l IP format and bit rates retained throughout

l Interoperability with other IP based delivery networks
l Transmission overhead reduced from ~10% down to ~3%
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 IPTV
Transmission

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Block Diagram of Basic DVB-T2 System

f
t

PLP0 Bit inter-

PLP1 Input leaved Frame COFDM
processing coding & builder generation
PLPn modulation Q

Only PLP inputs on a

Basic T2 System I

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 114
Block Diagram of extended DVB-T2 System

Multiple
TS or GSE(IP)
Streams

Input Bit inter-

pre- Input leaved Frame COFDM
Processors processing coding & builder generation
modulation Q

Input Pre-processors I
needed for TS or GSE

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 115
DVB-T v DVB-T2 Inputs

Input Bit inter-

pre- Input leaved Frame COFDM
Processors processing coding & builder generation
modulation

l DVB-T2: Fundamental Input is Physical Layer Pipe

l Up to 256 separately modulated PLP
l Input Pre-Processor maps “n” inputs to “m” PLPs

l DVB-T: Fundamental Input is Transport Stream

l Maximum of 2 Transport streams with hierachical modulation
l All services in any one TS must share same modulation and FEC

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Transport Stream Multiplex

Video1 Program 1 (SDTV)

MPEG2

MPEG-2 Multiplexer
Encoder
Audio1
Video2 Program 2 (HDTV)
H.264
Encoder
Audio2 TS Packet Stream
Video3 DVB-H 3 (Mobile)
IP (MPE)
Encoder
Audio3
SI Table Data

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Simple Input Pre-processing on MPEG2 TS

Input PLP0
pre
Processor

l Complete Transport Stream Mapped to one PLP

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Complex Input Pre-processing on MPEG2 TS

SI Data
PLP0
HDTV
Input
PLP1
pre
Processor SDTV
PLP2
Mobile
PLP3

l Services in Transport Stream Mapped to individual PLPs

l SI data on separate common PLP

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 119
IP Based Streams

Video1
MPEG2 IP
Encoder Encapsulator
Audio1 IP Stream 1 (SDTV)
Video2
H.264 IP
Encoder Encapsulator
Audio2 IP Stream 2 (HDTV)
Video3
MPEG4 IP
Encoder Encapsulator
Audio3 IP Stream 3 (Mobile)
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IP Stream Pre-Processing

SDTV
PLP1

Input
pre HDTV
Processor
PLP2

Mobile
PLP3

l Simple mapping of IP stream to PLP

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 121
20??: IP (From Headend to) TV

MUX IP
1
Received
Feeds
DVB-S2
MUX
Headend 2
IP Gigabit
Live Encoders Network Ethernet
MUX
3
IP-based IP
VOD Contribution DVB-T2
Server Network

MHP
Carousel
Generators Re-Mux IP
DVB-C2
MUX IP
IP over DVB n Local
Internet Encapsulator Program
BackChannel Insertion

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 122
The Future for Broadcast Networks

l DVB-T2 Gaining Serious Momentum

l SFU Real Time Coder Test Transmitter available now from Rohde & Schwarz
l Several countries now committed to DVB-T2 (UK, Serbia,…..)

l IP is the common element across many diverse networks

l Major factor for true convergence
l Many TVs now have direct IP connection

l GSE unifies many disparate standards

l All network PDU types supported including IP and MPEG2 TS

l GSE supported by all next generation DVB Transmission systems

l DVB-S2
l DVB-T2
l DVB-C2

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IPTV MPEG2/4 Monitoring on DVM400

l IP and MDI Monitoring

l 512 Simultaneous MPEG2/4
Streams
l IP Stream Generation
l IP Jitter and/or packet loss test
modes
l IP Timing Jitter Displays
l IGMP, RTSP and ProMPEG COP3
l Receive/Generate/Transcode
Bi-Directional IP Interface
l Transcode from ASI to IP and IP to ASI
l Multiple simultaneous transport
stream monitoring/analysis
l 3 Fully Flexible ASI Inputs/Outputs

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RF/MPEG-2 Test & Analysis System
DVM400
l SDTV,HDTV, MPEG2/4, H.264
l DVB-T/H/C & S/S2 RF Interfaces
l Transcoding IP Interface with
MDI/Jitter monitoring and
generation l DVB-H data broadcast
l H.264/MPEG2 ES Analysis analysis
l Detection and indication of
l H.264/MPEG2 HW Decoder DVB-H services
l INT monitoring and
l Data Broadcast Analysis n interpretation
l Record/Player Option l Data rate measurements
l Timing measurements
l SW Multiplexor Option
l DVB-H data de-encapsulation
l Play and record of DVB-H TS

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 125
IPTV Summary

l Definitions and Terminology are NOT standard

l Many (slightly) different variations in technology used

l But most MPEG2 transport stream based

l IP Based Contribution Networks widely used/planned

l IPTV and Internet TV Growing Market

l Traditional Broadcasters and New Entrants
l Low barriers to entry

l “IPTV: The end of Television as we know it”

l IBM Institute for Business Values March 2006

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 126
 Thank You!

Questions?

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David A. Smith : 1 November 2009 127