Synthesis Matrix Assignment for Literature Review

Submitted by: Muhammad Talha [1], Aimen Hafeez [2], Muhammad Faizan Asif [3]
Sr.
Articles Antenna type Frequency band Other features reported Research gap Future recommendations
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• Wide beam-steering: ±60° in both E and H-plane
• Dimensions: 2.23λo × 2.23λo × 0.24λo Existing 1D wideband wide-angle
Feng, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, L. K., Yang, Y. H., Zhou, Studying the array's
S. G., Li, J. Y., & Yang, G. W. (2024). A 2-D Wideband • Low gain fluctuation scanning arrays showed poor
Deformed dipole antenna performance in mm-wave
and Wide Beam-Steering Phased Array Antenna With 2.5-4.75 GHz • Mutual coupling suppression performance when expanded to 2D
1 with arched metal columns frequencies to extend its
a Combined Superstrate for 5G Sub-6 GHz (Sub-6 GHz band) • Cost-effective design arrays while requiring more elements
Applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and and combined superstrate applicability to 6G
• Good impedance matching for the same aperture and observing
communications
Systems II: Express Briefs.
• 8x8 element array poor mutual coupling suppression.

• Low profile: 0.36λ₀ × 0.39λ₀ × 0.16λ₀

Yang, J., & Kishk, A. (2011). A novel low-profile • Stable radiation patterns Existing low-profile UWB antennas Applying optimization
2
compact directional ultra-wideband antenna: the self- Self-grounded Bow-Tie
2-15 GHz • High radiation efficiency had omni-directional radiation while procedures and selecting low-
grounded Bow-Tie antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antenna • Directional radiation characteristics directional UWB antennas had high- loss dielectrics to reduce ohmic
Antennas and Propagation, 60(3), 1214-1220. profile. losses
• Simple geometry and structure

Ultra-wideband Bow-Tie • Bandwidth: 102.9% There was a need for ground Improving gain of bent
Wu, Y., Shen, F., Xu, D., & Liu, R. (2021). An ultra-
wideband antenna with low dispersion for ground Antenna with funnel- • Peak gain: >3 dBi penetrating radar applications for antennas and optimizing
3 250-780 MHz • Low dispersion characteristics
penetrating radar system. IEEE Sensors shaped slots and rectangle detecting the depth of cable wells switching matrix to reduce
Journal, 21(13), 15171-15179. copper sheets • Switching matrix can handle 12 antenna channels under roads. insertion loss
Hou, B., Li, Y., Liu, H., Feng, Y., Wan, J., Wu, C., & • Gain range: 10.4-17 dB Traditional tightly coupled arrays
Modified planar printed Research possibilities for
Zhou, N. (2023, November). Design of Ultra • Beam-width: 50°; 8 GHz, 30°; 12 GHz, 22°; 16 GHz used Marchand and Klopfenstein
Wideband Tightly Coupled Array Using Quasi-Yagi quasi-Yagi antenna in a extending the scanning range
4
Antenna. In 2023 Cross Strait Radio Science and
6-18 GHz • Wide beam scanning range: ±45° taper baluns which are large and
tightly coupled array beyond ±45° while maintaining
Wireless Technology Conference (CSRSWTC) (pp. • 5×5 antenna array difficult to fabricate.
configuration performance
1-3). IEEE.
• Frequency-selective surface (FSS) loaded on Previous designs had limited
Li, H., Liang, X., & Jin, Z. (2023). Design of internal bottom suppression bandwidths and existing The proposed filtering antenna
5
Waveguide Slot Filtering Antenna With Wide Waveguide slot filtering 9.42-10.79 GHz • Stable gain of about 11.5 dBi solutions having SBWs of 3.5-14.9% techniques can be applied to
Suppression Bandwidth. IEEE Antennas and antenna (center: 10 GHz) • Wide suppression bandwidth (SBW) of 24.6%
Wireless Propagation Letters. are insufficient for modern design larger filtering arrays
• Good broadside radiation patterns requirements.
• Axial Ratio (AR) bandwidth: 63.7% (3.25-6.29 GHz) Existing CP MSA arrays had <20% Exploring possibilities for
Verma, A., Arrawatia, M., & Kumar, G. (2022). High Circularly Polarized
gain wideband circularly polarized microstrip antenna 3.32-6.4 GHz • Peak gain: 17.77 dBi bandwidth and existing integration with 5G and
6 Microstrip Antenna (CP • 3-dB gain bandwidth: 53.9% (3.48-6.05 GHz)
array. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and (center: 4.8 GHz) ultrawideband solutions have larger beyond systems given its
Propagation, 70(11), 11183-11187. MSA) Array • Low profile: 0.06λ profiles and lower gain. wideband characteristics

Zhang, T., Chen, L., Zaman, A. U., & Yang, J. (2021). • High antenna efficiency: >60% (18.8-29.8 GHz) Developing variations of the
Bowtie antenna array fed Solutions replacing air gaps with
Ultra-wideband millimeter-wave planar array antenna by printed ridge gap • More stable mechanical structure due to upside- substrates lead to reduced efficiency.
upside-down structure for
with an upside-down structure of printed ridge gap down design other frequency bands and
7 waveguide (PRGW) with a 18.6-31.1 GHz Traditional designs used four
waveguide for stable performance and high antenna
novel upside-down • Integrated design combining radiation elements, separate substrates and had
exploring possibilities to
efficiency. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation EBG structure, and feeding network in a single PCB integrate this design with
Letters, 20(9), 1721-1725. structure misalignment issues during assembly.
5G/6G communication systems
• Wide-angle beam steering capability: ≥50° Existing solutions at these Integration of phase-shifting
Zhang, Y., Vilenskiy, A. R., & Ivashina, M. V. (2022). • High radiation efficiency: ≥89% frequencies show narrow bandwidth, circuitry into the element's
Wideband open-ended ridge gap waveguide antenna
8 elements for 1-D and 2-D wide-angle scanning
Open-ended Ridge Gap W-band • H-plane element size: 0.6λ₀ low radiation efficiency, limited RGW and consider to utilize
phased arrays at 100 GHz. IEEE Antennas and Waveguide (RGW) antenna (around 100 GHz) • E-plane element size: 0.5λ₀ beam-steering range, bulky 3D this design for beyond-5G
Wireless Propagation Letters, 21(5), 883-887. • Low cross-polarization level antenna configurations and wireless communication
complicated assembly. applications
Literature Review Synthesis Reflection

Patterns Identified Across Sources

Analysis of eight antenna design papers reveals consistent patterns: widespread focus on wideband/ultra-wideband capabilities (2-100 GHz range), emphasis on miniaturization (exemplified by Verma et al.'s 0.06λ profile), and high
radiation efficiency targets (>60%). Most designs prioritize beam-steering capabilities, typically achieving scanning ranges of ±45° or greater, reflecting the growing demands of 5G/6G applications.

Contradictions Found in the Literature

Key contradictions emerge in design approaches. Li et al. (2023) advocate for FSS loading for suppression bandwidth, while Zhang et al. (2021) propose upside-down structures. Some researchers favour simple geometries (Yang &
Kishk, 2011) for manufacturability, while others pursue complex integrated designs for enhanced performance, highlighting the ongoing balance between fabrication simplicity and optimization.

Gaps Identified
The synthesis reveals critical research gaps:
• Limited bandwidth in 2D arrays while maintaining coupling suppression
• Fabrication challenges in tightly coupled arrays due to complex balun structures
• Efficiency limitations in wide-angle scanning at higher frequencies
• Bandwidth constraints (<20%) in CP MSA arrays limiting practical applications

How This Synthesis Will Inform Research

This review guides future research by identifying needs for innovative approaches to bandwidth-coupling suppression balance in 2D arrays, opportunities for hybrid design solutions, and importance of addressing manufacturing
challenges. The recurring focus on 5G/6G applications emphasizes developing future-proof designs that balance performance with practical fabrication feasibility. Research should prioritize resolving the bandwidth-efficiency trade-
off while maintaining manufacturability.