DAY TWENTY

Current
Electricity
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Electric Current u Temperature Dependence u Meter Bridge
u Ohm’s Law of Resistance u Potentiometer
u Resistance of u Electric Energy and Power u Galvanometer
Different Materials u Electric Cell u Ammeter
u Series and Parallel u Potential Difference and emf of a Cell u Voltmeter
Combinations u Kirchhoff’s Laws
of Resistors u Wheatstone’s Bridge

Electric Current
Electric current is defined as the amount of charge flowing across any section of wire per
unit time. If charge ∆q passes through the area in time interval ∆t at uniform rate, then
∆q
current i is defined as i=
∆t
SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
l
Conventional direction of flow of current is taken to be the direction of flow of positive
charge or opposite to the direction of flow of negative charge.
l
Electric current is a scalar as it does not follow the vector law of addition.

Current Density
Current per unit area is termed as current density.
I
J = (Am −2 )
A
It is a vector quantity.

Drift Velocity
l
Drift velocity is the average uniform velocity acquired by conduction electrons inside
a metallic conductor on application of an external electric field.
The drift velocity is given by the relation
eE
vd = − τ
m
where, τ known as relaxation time.
Resistance of Different Materials
l
Drift velocity per unit electric field is called the mobility of
the electrons. Thus, mobility, A perfect conductor would have zero resistivity and a perfect
insulator would have infinite resistivity. Though these are ideal
v e
µ = d  = τ limits, the electrical resistivity of substances has a very wide
E m range. Metals have low resistivity of 10 −8 Ωm to 10 −6 Ωm,
l
In terms of drift speed, electric current flowing through a while insulators like glass or rubber have resistivity, some 10 18
conductor is expressed as I = nAevd times (or even more) greater, Generally, good electrical
where, A = cross-section area of conductor, conductors like metals are also good conductors of heat, while
n = number of conduction electrons per unit volume, insulators like ceramic or plastic materials are also poor
vd = drift velocity of electrons thermal conductors.
and e = charge of one electron.
V-I Characteristics of Ohmic and
Ohm’s Law Non-ohmic Conductors
Substances obeying Ohm’s law are called Ohmic resistors, e.g.
Ohm’s law states that the physical conditions such as metals and their alloys. Substances which do not obey Ohm’s
temperature, mechanical strain, etc., are kept constant, the law are called non-ohmic resistors, e.g. electrolytes, gases,
current (i) flowing through a conductor is directly thermionic tubes, transistors, rectifiers, etc.
proportional to the potential difference across its two ends.
i.e. i ∝ V or V ∝ i or V = Ri
V
or = R = a constant, I I
i
where R depends on the nature of material and it given
dimension. V V
Non-ohmic resistors Ohmic resistors

Electrical Resistance
Electrical resistance is defined as the ratio in the potential
Colour Code for Resistors
difference (v) across the ends of the conductor to the current (i) The electronic colour code is
flowing through it, used to indicate the values or
V ratings of electronic components.
i. e., R= The resistance value and
i A B C R
tolerance can be determined Colour coded resistor
The SI unit of electrical restristance is Ω (ohm) and its from the standard resistor colour
dimension is [ML2 T −3 A−2 ]. code. The following diagram shows a carbon resistor. A
variation on the colour code is used for precision resistors
which may have five colour bands.
Electrical Resistivity
In that case, the first three bands indicate the first three digits
The resistance of a resistor (an element in a circuit with some of the resistance. Value and the fourth band indicates the
resistance R) depends on its geometrical factors (length, number of zeros. In the five band code, the fifth band is gold
cross-sectional area) as also on the nature of the substance of for 1% resistors and silver for 2%.
which the resistor is made. Electrical resistance of a
rectangular slab depends on its length (l ) and its Resistor Code Colour
cross-sectional area ( A). Resistance value 0 Black (B)
i. e., R∝l First three bands 1 Brown(B)
1
and R∝ 1st band-1st digit 2 Red (R)
A 2nd band-2nd digit 3 Orange (O)
Combining the two dependences, we get 3rd band-number of zeros 4 Yellow (Y)
l
R∝ 5 Green (G)
A
6 Blue (B)
ρl
or R= 7 Violet (V)
A
8 Grey (G)
where, ρ is a constant of proportionality called resistivity.
m 9 White (W)
ρ= 2
ne τ Shortcut to learn the series
B B R O Y Great Britain Very Good Wife.
 Other expressions for power,
Series and Parallel Combinations
V2
of Resistors P = I 2 R watt ⇒ P =
R

Series Combination
A series circuit is a circuit in
Electric Cell
R1 R2 R3
which resistors are arranged in a V An electric cell is a device which maintains a continuous flow
chain, so the current has only one of charge (or electric current) in a circuit by a chemical
path to take. The current is the reaction. In an electric cell, there are two rods of different
I
same through each resistor. The Three resistor in series metals called electrodes.
total resistance of the circuit is
found by simply adding up the resistance values of the
individual resistors. Equivalent resistance of resistors in series
Internal Resistance of a Cell
Thus, when a current is drawn through a source, the potential
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + K
difference between the terminal of the source is
V = E − ir
Parallel Combination
This can also be shown as below
A parallel circuit is a circuit in I1 R1
E r
which the resistors are arranged I I2 I
A B
with their heads connected R1 R2 I
together and their tails connected V I3 R3 V A − E + Ir = VB or V A − VB = E − Ir
together. The current in a parallel
circuit breaks up, with some Three resistor in parallel Following three special cases are possible
flowing along each parallel branch (i) If the current flows in opposite direction (as in case of
and recombining, when the branches meet again. The voltage charging of battery), then V = E + Ir
across each resistor is parallel is the same.
(ii) V = E , if the current through the cell is zero.
The total resistance of a set of resistors in parallel is found by
(iii) V = 0, if the cell is short circuited.
adding up the reciprocals of the resistance values, and then,
taking the reciprocal of the total. This is because current in the circuit,
E
The equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel, I = or E = Ir
1 1 1 1 r
= + + +K
R R1 R2 R3 ∴ E − Ir = 0 or V = 0

Temperature Dependence Short circuited

of Resistance
E r
Resistance and resistivity of metallic conductors increases
with increase in temperature. The relation is written as Thus, we can summarise, it was follows
Rθ = R0 (1 + αθ + βθ ) and ρ θ = ρ 0 (1 + αθ + βθ )
2 2 E r
⇒
I
where, R0 and ρ 0 are values of resistance and resistivity at 0° C
and Rθ and ρ θ at θ° C. α and β are two constants whose value V = E − ir or V < E
vary from metal to metal. E r
⇒
I
Electric Energy and Power V = E + Ir or V > E
E r
Whenever the electric current is passed through a conductor, ⇒
it becomes hot after short time. This effect is known as
heating effect of current or Joule heating effect. V = E , if I = 0
2
I Rt
H = W = I 2 Rt joule = cal E
418
. i
r
The rate at which work is done by the source of emf in
maintaining the effect of current in a circuit is called electric r
power of the circuit, E
V = 0 is short circuited
P = VI watt
 The equivalent emf of the parallel grouping is given by
Potential Difference and E eq E 1 E2 E
emf of a Cell = + + 3 +…
req r1 r2 r3
Electromotive force (emf) of a cell is the terminal potential
If n cells, each of emf E and internal resistance r, all joined
difference of cell when it is in an open circuit, i.e. it is not r
supplying any current to the external circuit. However, when in parallel, then req =
n
it is supplying a current to an external resistance, the voltage
across the terminals of cell is called the terminal voltage or But E eq = E
terminal potential difference.
If E be the emf and r the internal resistance of a cell and a Kirchhoff’s Laws
resistance R is joined with it, then current in the circuit, Many electric circuits cannot be reduced to simple series
E parallel combinations. For example, two circuits that cannot
I = and terminal potential difference,
R+r be so broken down are shown in figure
ER
V = IR = or V = E − Ir A
B
(R + r ) C D
R1
E −V E 
Internal resistance of cell, r =   R = R  − 1 R2 R3 R4
 V  V 
Terminal voltage is more than emf of cell when cell is charged A B
R1 E1
and it is given by V = E + Ir .
D C E1 E2 E3
R2 E2 F
Combination of Cells in Series E
H G

and in Parallel F
R3
E
R5
A group of cells is called a battery. Two common grouping of (a) (b)
cells are
However, it is always possible to analyze such circuits by
applying two rules, devised by Kirchhoff.
1. Series Grouping
In series grouping, if all the cells are joined so as to supply
current in the same direction, then resultant Junction Rule
emf, Eeq = E 1 + E2 + E3 + … The algebraic sum of the currents at any junction is zero.
However, if one or more cells are joined so as to supply
current in reverse direction, then emf of that/those cells is i2
i1
taken as negative, while calculating the equivalent emf.
E1 E2 E3 i3
+ve –ve i4
r1 r2 r3
Three cell in series Illustration of Junction Rule

The equivalent internal resistance of the cell, i.e. Σ i =0

junction
req = r1 + r2 + r3 + …
This law can also be written as, ‘‘the sum of all the currents
If n cells, each of emf E and internal resistance r, are joined directed towards a point in circuit is equal to the sum of all
in series, then the currents directed away from that point.’’
E eq = nE and req = nr Thus, in figure, i 1 + i2 = i3 + i 4
The junction rule is bases on conservation of electric charge.
2. Parallel Grouping
E1
In parallel grouping, if positive +
terminals of all cells have been r1 Loop Rule
joined at one point and all E The algebraic sum of the potential difference in any loop
+ve + 2 –ve
including those associated emf’s and those of resistive
negative terminals at another r2
elements, must be equal to zero. That is, Σ ∆V = 0
point, then E3 closed loop

1 1 1 1 + This law represent conservation of energy.

= + + +… r3
Applying Kirchhoff’s law for the following circuit, we have
req r1 r2 r3 Three cell in parallel Resulting equation is Vr1 + Vr2 + Vr3 − 10 = 0.
 E1
Wheatstone’s Bridge
For measuring accurately any resistance Wheatstone bridge is
widely used. There are two known resistors, are variable i i
resistor and one unknown resistors, one variable resistor and
L
one unknown resistor connected in bridge form as shown. A B
B i C
i2 =0
P Q
G
P G E2 , r
A C
Potentiometer
S2 Potential gradient,
R S
Potential difference across AB
k =
E
D Total length
V AB iR AB
S1 = = = iλ
L L
Wheatstone’s Bridge
R
where, λ = AB = resistance per unit length of
L
Meter Bridge potentiometer wire.
(Special Case of Wheatstone Bridge) The emf of source balanced between points B and C
R
This is the simplest form of Wheastone bridge and is specially E2 = kl = i CB × l = iRCB
useful for comparing resistances more accurately. The l
construction of the meter bridge is shown in the figure. It Here, AB is a long uniform resistance wire (length AB may be
consists of one metre resistance wire clamped between two ranging from 1 m to 10 m). E 0 is a battery whose emf is known
metallic strips bent at right angles and it has two points for supplying a constant current I for flow through the
connection. potentiometer wire. If R be the total resistance of
There are two gaps; in one of whose value is to be determined potentiometer wire and L its total length, then potential
is connected. The galvanometer is connected with the help of gradient, i.e. fall in potential per unit length along the
jockey across BD and the cell is connected across AC. After potentiometer will be
making connections, the jockey is moved along the wire and V IR E 0R
k = = =
the null point is found. Wheatstone bridge, wire used is of L L (R0 + R) L
uniform material and cross-section. the resistance can be
found with the help of the following relation where, E 0 = emf of battery,

S
R0 = resistance inserted by means of rheostat Rh
R
k = potential gradient.
B
L → balancing length
J → jockey.
G

A D C Applications of Potentiometer
I1 100 I1
(i) To find emf of an unknown battery
Metre sale E1 E1

V K1 i i i i
Meter Bridge
l1 l1
R l1 l1 A B A B
= or R =S i C1 i C2
S (100 − l 1) 100 − l 1
i2 =0 i2 =0
G G
Potentiometer Ek EU

Principle Potentiometer is an ideal device to measure the We calibrate the device by replacing E2 by a source of known
potential difference between two points. It consists of a long emf E k and then by unknown emf Eu . Let the null points are
resistance wire AB of uniform cross-section in which a steady obtained at lengths l 1 and l2 . Then,
direct current is set up by means of a battery.
 E K = i( ρl 1) and EU = i ( ρl2 )
Ammeter
Here, ρ = resistance of wire AB per unit length
An ammeter is a device used to measure current directly in
E K l1 l  ampere or its submultiples.
∴ = or EU =  2  E K
EU l2  l1 
I – Ig S
So, by measuring the lengths l 1 and l2 , we can find the emf of +ve –ve
G
an unknown battery. I Ig

(ii) To find the internal resistance of a cell Ammeter

Firstly, the emf E of the cell is balanced against a length A galvanometer may be converted into an ammeter of rating I
AD = l 1. For this, the switch S′ is left opened and S is closed. A by connecting a suitable low resistance (known as shunt S) in
known resistance R is then connected to the cell as shown. parallel with the galvanometer. Value of shunt resistance,
The terminal voltage V is now balanced against a smaller GI g
length AD′ = l2 . Here, now switch is opened and S′ is closed. S =
I − Ig
l1
l2 where, I g = maximum safe current (full scale deflection
S current) which can be passed through galvanometer,
E I = range of ammeter, G = resistance of galvanometer.
G
If I = nI g , then shunt S =
(n − 1)
D′ D
A B GS
The equivalent resistance of ammeter = .
(E, r) G+S
G
S′

R Voltmeter
E l1 A voltmeter is a device used to measure potential difference
Then, = across a circuit element in volts.
V l2
E R+r
Since, = {Q E = i(R + r ) and V = iR} +ve –ve
V R G
Ig R Ig
R + r l1 l 
or = ⇒ r =  1 − 1 R
R l2  l2  Voltmeter
A galvanometer may be converted into a voltmeter by
connecting a suitable high resistance R in series with
Galvanometer galvanometer. Value of series resistance,
V
It is a sensitive instrument used to detect and measure very R= −G
small currents even of the order of few micro ampere. Ig
Figure of merit of a galvanometer is defined as the current where, V = range of voltmeter.
which gives one division deflection in galvanometer. The equivalent resistance of voltmeter = G + R.
 DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 The plot represents the flow of 2 8 When a wire of uniform cross-section a ,length l and
current through a wire at three resistance R is bent into a complete circle, resistance
1
different times. The ratio of between two of diametrically opposite points will be
0
charges flowing through the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R R R
1 (a) (b) (c) 4R (d)
wire at different times is (see Time in seconds 4 8 2
2
figure) 9 A wire of resistance 4Ω is stretched to twice its
(a) 2 : 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 3 : 3 (c) 1 : 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 3 : 4 original length. The resistance of stretched wire
2 Consider a current carrying wire (current I ) in the would be j NEET 2013

shape of a circle. Note that as the current progresses (a) 2 Ω (b) 4 Ω (c) 8 Ω (d) 16Ω
along the wire, the direction of J (current density)
10 6 Ω and 12 Ω resistors are connected in parallel. This
changes in an exact manner, while the current I
remains unaffected. The agent that is essentially combination is connected in series with a 10 V battery
responsible for is and 6 Ω resistor. What is the potential difference
(a) source of emf between the terminals of the12 Ω resistor?
(b) electric field produced by charges accumulated on the (a) 4 V (b) 16 V (c) 2 V (d) 8 V
surface of wire
11 The resistance R t of a conductor
(c) the charges just behind a given segment of wire which
push them just the right way by repulsion varies with temperature t as shown
(d) the charges ahead in figure. If the variation is
represented by R
3 Across a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section,
R t = R 0 (1 + α t + β t ). Then,
2
a constant potential difference is applied. The quantity
(a) α and β both negative
which remains constant along the conductor is
(b) α is positive and β is negative t
(a) current density (b) current j CBSE AIPMT 2015 (c) α and β both are positive
(c) drift velocity (d) electric field (d) α is negative and β is negative
4 Which of the following characteristics of electrons 12 An electric kettle has two heating coils. When one of the
determines the current in a conductor? coils is connected to an AC source, the water in the
(a) Drift velocity alone (b) Thermal velocity alone kettle boils in 10 min. When the other coil is used the
(c) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity water boils in 40 min. If both the coils are connected in
(d) Neither drift velocity nor thermal velocity parallel, the time taken by the same quantity of water to
boil will be
5 Charge passing through a conductor of cross-section
(a) 8 min (b) 4 min (c) 25 min (d) 15 min
area A = 0.3 m 2 is given by q = 3 t 2 + 5 t + 2 in coulomb,
where t is in second. What is the value of drift velocity at 13 Three equal resistors connected in series across a
t = 2s? (Take, n = 2 × 1025 /m 3 ) source of emf together dissipate 10 W power. If the same
resistors are connected in parallel across the same
(a) 0.77 × 10−5 m/s (b) 1.77 × 10−5 m/s
source, the power dissipated will be
(c) 2.08 × 105 m/s (d) 0.57 × 105 m/s
10
(a) 90 W (b) W (c) 30 W (d) 10 W
6 A resistor of 6 kΩ with tolerance 10% and another of 3
4 kΩ with tolerance 10% are connected in series. The
14 Two cities are 150 km apart. Electric power is sent from
tolerance of combination is about
one city to another city through copper wires. The fall of
(a) 5% (b) 10% (c) 12% (d) 15% potential per km is 8 V and the average resistance per km
7 A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7) k Ω is to be marked with is 0.5 Ω. The power loss in the wire is j CBSE AIPMT 2014
rings of different colours for its identification. The colour (a) 19.2 W (b) 19.2 kW
code sequence will be j
NEET 2018 (c) 19.2 J (d) 12.2 kW
(a) Yellow - Green - Violet - Gold 15 If voltage across a bulb rated 220 V-100 W drops by
(b) Yellow - Violet - Orange - Silver 2.5% of its rated value, the percentage of the rated value
(c) Violet - Yellow - Orange - Silver
by which the power would decrease is j CBSE AIPMT 2012
(d) Green - Orange - Violet - Gold
(a) 20% (b) 2.5% (c) 5% (d) 10%
16 If power dissipated in the 9 Ω resistor in the circuit shown 22 When the resistance of 9 Ω is connected at the ends of a
is 36W, the potential difference across the 2 Ω resistor is battery, its potential difference decreases from 40 V to
j CBSE AIPMT 2011 30 V. The internal resistance of the battery is
9Ω (a) 6 Ω (b) 3 Ω (c) 9 Ω (d) 15 Ω
23 A 50 V battery is connected across 10 Ω resistor. The
6Ω current is 4.5 A. The internal resistance of the battery is
(a) zero (b) 0.5 Ω (c) 1.1 Ω (d) 5.0 Ω
24 The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current
+ – of 0.2 A through a resistance of10 Ω is j NEET 2013
V 2Ω (a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω (c) 0.8 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω
(a) 8 V (b) 10 V (c) 2 V (d) 4 V 25 A current of 2 A flows through a 2 Ω resistor when
17 A resistance coil and a battery are given. In which of the connected across a battery. The same battery supplies a
following cases, the heat generated is maximum? current of 0.5 A when connected across a 9 Ω resistor. The
internal resistance of the battery is j CBSE AIPMT 2011

(a) When the coil is directly connected to the battery as 1 1

(a) Ω (b) Ω (c) 1 Ω . Ω
(d) 05
such 3 4
(b) When the coil is divided into two equal parts and both
26 A cell of emf 1.5 V having a finite internal resistance is
parts are connected to the battery in parallel
connected to a load resistance of 2 Ω. For maximum
(c) When the coil is divided into four equal parts which are power transfer, the internal resistance of the cell should be
connected to the battery in parallel (a) 4 Ω . Ω
(b) 05
(d) When only half the coil is connected to the battery (c) 2 Ω (d) None of these
18 In a copper voltmeter, the mass deposited in 30 s is 27 In figure, values of I x and I y are respectively
m gram. If the current-time graph as shown in the figure,
0.3A
the ECE of copper, in gC −1, will be 0.7A A B 0.4 A 0.4 A
Ix 2.2A C Iy
1.0A
I (mA) (a) 1 A, 1A (b) 1.2 A, 1.2 A
(c) 0.8 A, 0.8 A (d) 1 A, 1.2 A
28 In figure, value of current I is
100 mA
1.2A 0.3A
t (s)
10 20 30 1.8A I
m
(a) m (b) (c) 0.6 m (d) 0.1 m
2 (a) 1.5 A (b) 0.4 A (c) 0.9 A (d) 0.7 A
19 A 5.0 A current is set up in an external circuit by a 6.0 V 29 In figure E is equal to
storage battery for 60 min. The chemical energy of the 3V 1.5Ω 1Ω
C
battery is reduced by A B
. × 104 J
(a)108 . × 10−4 J
(b) 108 2A 3Ω
. × 104 J
(c)18 . × 10−4 J
(d) 18 R
10V E
20 Two heater coils separately take 10 min and 5 min to boil
a certain amount of water. If both the coils are connected D 1A
8V
in series, the time taken will be
(a) 5 V (b) 4 V (c) 3 V (d) 2 V
(a) 2.5 min (b) 3.33 min
(c) 7.5 min (d) 15 min 30 The potential difference (VA − VB ) between the points A
and B in the given figure is j
NEET 2016
21 The number of dry cells each of emf 1.5 V and internal
3V
resistance 0.5 Ω that must be joined in series with a VA 2W + – 1W VB
resistance of 20 Ω, so as to send a current of 0.6 A
A I=2A B
through the circuit is (a) – 3 V (b) + 3 V
(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) + 6 V (d) + 9 V
(c) 10 (d) 12
31 In the circuit shown, the cells A and B have negligible 36 The resistances of the four arms P , Q , R and S in a
resistances. For VA = 12 V, R1 = 500 Ω and R = 100 Ω, the Wheatstone bridge are10 Ω, 30 Ω, 30 Ω and 90 Ω,
galvanometer (G) shows no deflection. The value ofVB is respectively. The emf and internal resistance of the cell
j CBSE AIPMT 2012 are 7 V and 5 Ω, respectively. If the galvanometer
R1 resistance is 50 Ω, the current drawn from the cell will be
G j NEET 2013
(a) 1.0 A (b) 0.2 A (c) 0.1 A (d) 2.0 A
VA R VB 37 In the Wheatstone’s bridge shown in figure, where
P = 2 Ω, Q = 3 Ω, R = 6 Ω and r = 8 Ω. In order to obtain
balance, shunt resistance across S must be
(a) 4 V (b) 2 V (c) 12 V (d) 6 V
32 See the electrical circuit shown in this figure. Which of P
the following equations is a correct equation for it ? Q
j CBSE AIPMT 2009
R

ε1 r1
i1
S R

i2

r2 ε2
(a) ε1 − (i1 + i 2 )R − i1r1 = 0 (b) ε2 − i 2r2 − ε1 − i1r1 = 0
(c) − ε2 − (i1 + i 2 ) R + i 2 r2 = 0 (d) ε1 − (i1 + i 2 )R + i1r1 = 0 (a) 2 Ω (b) 3 Ω
(c) 6 Ω (d) 8 Ω
33 Consider the following two statements:
38 In a meter bridge, the balancing length from the left end
I. Kirchhoff’s junction law follows from the conservation
of charge. (standard resistance of one ohm is in the right gap) is
II. Kirchhoff’s loop law follows from the conservation of found to be 20 cm. The value of the unknown resistance is
energy. (a) 0.8 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω
(c) 0.4 Ω (d) 0.25 Ω
Which of the following is correct? j
CBSE AIPMT 2010
(a) Both I and II are wrong (b) I is correct and II is wrong
39 For a cell of emf 2V, a balance is obtained for 50 cm of
(c) I is wrong and II is correct(d) Both I and II are correct the potentiometer wire. If the cell is shunted by a 2 Ω
34 The resistance of each arm of the Wheatstone’s bridge is resistor and the balance is obtained across 40 cm of the
10 Ω. A resistance of 10 Ω is connected in series with wire, then the internal resistance of the cell is
galvanometer, then the equivalent resistance across the (a) 0.025 Ω (b) 0.50 Ω
(c) 0.80 Ω (d) 1.00 Ω
battery will be
(a) 10 Ω (b) 15 Ω (c) 20 Ω (d) 40 Ω 40 Figure shows a simple potentiometer circuit for
measuring a small emf produced by a thermocouple.
35 Thirteen resistances each of resistance R ohm are
connected in the circuit as shown in the figure below. 2.00 Driver cell R
The effective resistance between A and B is
R R
0.600 m
P Q
R R Thermocouple

R R Galvanometer
6.00 mV
A R B
The meter wire PQ has a resistance of 5 Ω and the driver
R R cell an emf of 2.00 V. If a balance point is obtained
R 0.600 m along PQ when measuring an emf of 6.00 mV,
R
what is the value of resistance R ?
(a) 95 Ω (b) 995 Ω
R R (c) 195 Ω (d) 1995 Ω
2R 4R
(a) R Ω (b) Ω (c) Ω (d) 2R Ω
3 3
41 A potentiometer wire has length 4 m and resistance 8 Ω. 45 Two cells of emfs approximately 5 V and 10 V are to be
The resistance that must be connected in series with the accurately compared using a potentiometer of length
wire and an accumulator of emf 2 V, so as to get a 400 cm.
potential gradient 1 mV per cm on the wire is (a) The battery that runs the potentiometer should have
j CBSE AIPMT 2015 voltage of 8 V
(a) 32 Ω (b) 40 Ω (b) The battery of potentiometer can have a voltage of
(c) 44 Ω (d) 48 Ω 15 V and R adjusted, so that the potential drop across
the wire slightly exceeds 10 V
42 A potentiometer circuit has been set up for finding the
(c) The first portion of 50 cm of wire itself should have a
internal resistance of a given cell. The main battery, used
potential drop of 10 V
across the potentiometer wire, has an emf of 2.0 V and a
(d) Potentiometer is usually used for comparing resistances
negligible internal resistance. The potentiometer wire and not voltages
itself is 4 m long. When the resistance R connected
across the given cell, has values of 46 A galvanometer of resistance 100 Ω gives full scale
deflection for 10 mA current. What should be the value of
(i) infinity
shunt, so that it can measure a current of 100 mA?
(ii) 9.5 Ω
The ‘balancing length’, on the potentiometer wire are (a) 11.11 Ω (b) 9.9 Ω
(c) 1.1 Ω (d) 4.4 Ω
found to be 3 m and 2.85 m, respectively.
47 A circuit contains an ammeter, a battery of 30 V and a
The value of internal resistance of the cell is
resistance 40.8 Ω all connected in series. If the ammeter
j CBSE AIPMT 2014
(a) 0.25 Ω
has a coil of resistance 480 Ω and a shunt of 20 Ω, then
(b) 0.95 Ω reading in the ammeter will be j CBSE AIPMT 2015

(c) 0.5 Ω (a) 0.5 A (b) 0.25 A

(d) 0.75 Ω (c) 2 A (d) 1 A
43 A potentiometer is an accurate and versatile device to 48 A millivoltmeter of 25 mV range is to be converted into an
make electrical measurement of emf because the method ammeter of 25 A range. The value (in ohm) of necessary
involves shunt will be j
CBSE AIPMT 2012
(a) cells j
NEET 2017 (a) 0.001 (b) 0.01 (c) 1 (d) 0.05
(b) potential gradients 49 The range of a voltmeter of resistance G Ω is V volt. The
(c) a condition of no current flow through the galvanometer resistance required to be connected in series with it in
(d) a combination of cells, galvanometer and resistances order to convert it into a voltmeter of range nW volt, will
44 A potentiometer wire of length L and a resistance r are be
connected in series with a battery of emf E 0 and a (a) (n − 1)G (b) G / n
resistance r1. An unknown emf is balanced at a length l of (c) nG (d) G/(n − 1)
the potentiometer wire. The emf E will be given by 50 A 100 V voltmeter of internal resistance 20 kΩ in series
j
CBSE AIPMT 2015 with a high resistance R is connected to 110 V line. The
LE 0r voltmeter reads 5V, the value of R is
(a)
l r1 (a) 210 kΩ (b) 315 kΩ
E r l (c) 420 kΩ (d) 4440 kΩ
(b) 0 .
(r + r1) L
E l
51 A galvanometer has a coil of resistance 100 Ω and gives a
(c) 0 full scale deflection for 30 mA current. If it is to work as a
L
LE 0 r voltmeter of 30 V range, the resistance required to be
(d)
(r + r1) l added will be j
CBSE AIPMT 2010
(a) 900 Ω (b) 1800 Ω (c) 500 Ω (d) 1000 Ω
DAY TWENTY CURRENT ELECTRICITY 225

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 A cylindrical conductor AB of non-uniform area of 6 Two cells having the same emf, are connected in series
cross-section carries a current of 5 A. The radius of the through an external resistance R. Cells have internal
conductor at one end A is 0.5 cm. The current density at resistances r1 and r2 (r1 > r2 ), respectively. When the
the other end of the conductor is half of the value at A. circuit is closed, the potential difference across the first
The radius of the conductor at the end B is nearly cell is zero. The value of R is
(a) 1.4 cm (b) 0.7 cm r1 + r2 r1 − r2
(a) r1 − r2 (b) (c) (d) r1 + r2
(c) 0.6 cm (d) None of these 2 2

2 A metal rod of the length 10 cm and a rectangular 7 Two batteries of emf E 1 and E 2 E1
(E 2 > E 1) and internal resistances r1 r1
cross-section of 1 cm × 1/2 cm is connected to a battery
across opposite faces. The resistance will be and r2 respectively are connected
A B
in parallel as shown in figure.
(a) maximum when the battery is connected across
1 cm × 1/2 cm faces (a) The equivalent emf Eeq of the two r2
E2
(b) maximum when the battery is connected across cells is between E1 and E 2 , i.e.
10 cm × 1 cm faces E1 < Eeq < E 2
(c) maximum when the battery is connected across (b) The equivalent emf Eeq is smaller than E1
10 cm × 1/2 cm faces (c) The Eeq is given by Eeq = E1 + E 2 always
(d) same irrespective of the three faces (d) Eeq is independent of internal resistances r1 and r2

3 Each of the resistors showing in figure has resistance R. 8 A, B and C are voltmeters of
resistance R ,1.5R and 3R B
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B.
respectively as shown in the A
X Y
a b figure. When some potential C
difference is applied between X
f and Y, the voltmeter readings are VA , VB and VC ,
e h
A B g respectively. Then, j
CBSE AIPMT 2015
(a)VA = VB = VC (b)VA ≠ VB = VC
d c (c)VA = VB ≠ VC (d)VA ≠ VB ≠ VC

7R 5R 9 A filament bulb (500 W, 100 V) is to be used in a 230 V

(a) (b)
4 4 main supply. When a resistance R is connected in series,
9R 11R it works perfectly and the bulb consumes 500 W. The
(c) (d)
4 4 value of R is j
NEET 2016
4 The effective resistance between A and B in figure is (a) 230 Ω (b) 46 Ω (c) 26 Ω (d) 13 Ω

6Ω 8Ω 10 The resistance in the two arms of

the meter bridge are 5 Ω and 5Ω RΩ
3Ω 8Ω B R Ω, respectively.
A When the resistance R is shunted
10Ω 10Ω 5Ω
4Ω with an equal resistance, the new G
20Ω
balance point is at1.6l1. The
A B
4Ω resistance R, is j CBSE AIPMT 2014 l1 100 – l1
(a) 10 Ω (b) 15 Ω
(a) 2 Ω (b) 3 Ω (c) 5 Ω (d) 6 Ω (c) 20 Ω (d) 25 Ω
5 Two lamps P and Q are connected in parallel in an 11 A ring is made of a wire having a resistance R 0 = 12Ω.
electric circuit. Lamp P glows brighter than lamp Q. If RP Find the points A and B, as shown in the figure, at which
and R Q are their respective resistances, then a current carrying conductor should be connected, so
(a)RP > RQ (b) RP < RQ that the resistance R of the sub circuit between these
(c)RP = RQ 8
(d) None of these points is equal to Ω.
3 j
CBSE AIPMT 2012
 l1 17 Two metal wires of identical dimensions are connected in
series. If σ1 and σ 2 are the conductivities of the metal
A B wires respectively, the effective conductivity of the
combination is j CBSE AIPMT 2015

l2 2 σ1 σ 2 σ1 + σ 2
(a) (b)
l 5 l 1 l 3 l 1 σ1 + σ 2 2 σ1 σ 2
(a) 1 = (b) 1 = (c) 1 = (d) 1 =
l2 8 l2 3 l2 8 l2 2 σ + σ2 σ σ
(c) 1 (d) 1 2
σ1 σ 2 σ1 + σ 2
12 When a copper voltmeter is connected with a battery of
emf 12 V. 2g of copper is deposited in 30 min. If the 18 In an ammeter 0.2% of main current passes through the
same voltmeter is connected across a 6 V battery, then galvanometer. If resistance of galvanometer is G, the
the mass of copper deposited in 45 min would be resistance of ammeter will be j CBSE AIPMT 2014

(a) 1 g (b) 1.5 g (c) 2 g (d) 2.5 g 1 499 1 500

(a) G (b) G (c) G (d) G
499 500 500 499
13 The resistance of a wire is R ohm. If it is melted and
stretched to n times its original length, its new resistance 19 A potentiometer circuit is + –
will be j NEET 2017 set up as shown. The
R R potential gradient across
(a) nR (b) (c) n 2R (d)
n n2 the potentiometer wire, is
k volt/cm and the ammeter
14 A potentiometer wire is 100 cm long and a constant A B
present in the circuit, 1 G
potential difference is maintained across it. Two cells are 2
reads 1.0 A when two way
connected in series first to support one another and then 3
key is switched OFF. The
in opposite direction. The balance points are obtained at
balance points, when the R X
50 cm and 10 cm from the positive end of the wire in the
key between the terminals –
two cases. The ratio of emf is j
NEET 2016 A
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3, is +
(a) 5 : 4 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 5 : 1 plugged in, are found to
15 Two batteries, one of emf 18 V and internal resistance be at lengths l1cm and l2 cm, respectively. The
2 Ω and the other of emf 12 V and internal resistance magnitudes, of the resistors R and X in ohm are then
1 Ω, are connected as shown in figure. The voltmeterV equal respectively to j
CBSE AIPMT 2010
will record a reading of (a) k (l 2 − l1) and kl 2 (b) kl1 and k (l 2 − l1)
V (c) k (l 2 − l1) and kl1 (d) kl1 and kl 2
20 A student measures the terminal potential difference (V )
2Ω
of a cell (of emf ε and internal resistance r) as a function
18V of the current (I ) flowing through it. The slope and
1Ω intercept of the graph between V and I respectively,
12V equal to j
CBSE AIPMT 2009
(a) 15 V (b) 30 V (c) 14 V (d) 18 V (a) ε and − r (b) − r and ε (c) r and − ε (d) −ε and r
−1
16 In the given circuit, find the potential difference across 21 A wire of resistance 12 Ω m is bent to form a complete
6 µF capacitor in steady state. circle of radius 10 cm. The resistance between its two
12 V diametrically opposite points A and B as shown in the
1Ω
A B figure is j
CBSE AIPMT 2009
4V
1.5Ω 1.5Ω
6Ω
1.5Ω
C D A B
8µF

1.5Ω 1.5Ω
(a) 0.6 π Ω (b) 3 Ω (c) 6 π Ω (d) 6 Ω
2µF
22 The charge following through a resistance R varies with
E F time t as Q = at − bt 2 , where a and b are positive
constants. The total heat produced in R is j
NEET 2016
3µF 6µF
a 3R a 3R a 3R a 3R
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 4 V (b) 2 V (c) 6 V (d) None of above 3b 2b b 6b
 23 In producing chlorine by electrolysis 100 kW power at 25 A battery consists of a variable number n of identical
125 V is being consumed. How much chlorine per minute cells (having internal resistance r each) which are
is liberated (Take, ECE of chlorine is 0.367 ×10−6 kg C−1 ) connected in series. The terminals of the battery are
j CBSE AIPMT 2010 short-circuited and the current I is measured. Which of
−3
. × 10 kg
(a) 176 the graphs shows the correct relationship between I
(b) 9.67 × 10− 3 kg and n ? j NEET 2018

(c) 17.61 × 10−3 kg

I I
(d) 3.67 × 10−3 kg
24 A set of n equal resistors, of value R each , are (a) (b)
connected in series to a battery of emf E and internal
resistance R . The current drawn is I. Now, the n resistors O O
n n
are connected in parallel to the same battery. Then, the
current drawn from battery becomes 10I. The value of n I I
is j NEET 2018
(c) (d)
(a) 20 (b) 11
(c) 10 (d) 9 O
O n n

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (d) 10 (a)
11 (c) 12 (a) 13 (a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (b) 17 (c) 18 (b) 19 (a) 20 (d)
21 (c) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (b) 25 (a) 26 (c) 27 (b) 28 (c) 29 (d) 30 (d)
31 (b) 32 (a) 33 (d) 34 (a) 35 (b) 36 (b) 37 (d) 38 (d) 39 (b) 40 (b)
41 (a) 42 (c) 43 (c) 44 (b) 45 (b) 46 (a) 47 (a) 48 (a) 49 (a) 50 (c)
51 (a)
1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (b)
SESSION 2 11 (d) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (c) 16 (b) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (c) 20 (b)
21 (a) 22 (d) 23 (c) 24 (c) 25 (c)

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 4 Current, I = n A e v d , i.e. I ∝ v d . Error in combination,
10 10
1 Charge = Area under the current-time Therefore, current in a conductor is ∆R = ∆R1 + ∆R2 = × 6+ ×4
graph determined by drift velocity alone. 100 100
= 0.6 + 0.4 = 1
q1 = 2 × 1 = 2, q2 = 1 × 2 = 2
5 Given, A = 03
. m2 , n = 2 × 1025/m3 , ∆R 1
1 ∴ = = 10%
and q3 = ×2×2=2 q = 3t 2 + 5t = + 2 C R 10
2
∴ q1 : q2 : q3 = 2 : 2 : 2 = 1 : 1 : 1 dq d 7 Given, R = (47 ± 4.7) kΩ
∴I = = (3t 2 + 5 t + 2) = 6t + 5
dt dt
2 The current density is a vector = 47 × 103 ± 10% Ω
At t = 25, I = 6 × 2 + 5 = 17
quantity. Its direction is given by the I As per the colour code for carbon
direction of flow of positive charge in ∴Drift velocity, v d = resistors, the colour assigned to
neA
the circuit. The same is possible due to numbers
17
electric field produced by charges = 4 – Yellow
accumulated on the surface of wire. 2 × 1025 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 03 .
7 – Violet
17 −5
3 The area of cross-section of conductor = = 177
. × 10 m/s 3 – Orange
0.96 × 10−6 For ± 10% accuracy, the colour is
is non-uniform, so current density will
be different, but the numbers of flow of silver. Hence, the bands of colours on
6 In series combination,
electron will be same, so current will carbon resistor in sequence are yellow,
R = R1 + R2 = 6 + 4 = 10 kΩ
be constant. violet, orange and silver.
 2
V2
8 When wire is bent to form a complete 13 In series, 10 = V ⇒ = 30 21 For n identical cells (series grouping),
circle, then 3R R nE n × 1.5
I = ⇒ 0.6 =
R/ 2 nr + R n × 0.5 + 20
V2
In parallel, P = = 3 × 30 = 90 W This gives, n = 10
 R
A B  
 3 22 The internal resistance of battery is
given by
14 Resistance = 150 × 0.5 = 75 Ω
r =  − 1 R =  − 1 × 9
R/ 2 E 40
∆V 8  V   30 
∴ I = = = 16 A
R ∆R 0.5
2 πr = R ⇒ r = 9 × 10
2π Therefore, power, = =3Ω
30
Resistance of each semi-circle P = I 2 R = (16)2 × 75 W
πR R 23 By applying kirchhoff’s loop law, we get
= πr = = = 19200 = 19.2 kW
2π 2
2
E = I(R + r )
Thus, net resistance in parallel 15 Power, P = V
R So, 50 = 4.5 (10 + r )
combination of two semi-circular
∆P 4.5 r = 50 − 45 = 5
R R R2 For small variation, × 100 % 5
× P ⇒ r = = 11
. Ω
resistances, R ′ = 2 2 = 4 = R 2∆V 4.5
R R R 4 = × 100 % = 2 × 2.5 = 5%
+ V 24 Current in the circuit,
2 2
Therefore, power would decrease E
9 When a wire is stretched, both its area by 5%. I = or E = I (R + r )
R+ r
and length changes. So, the new
resistance of wire, 16 Electric power, P = i 2 R ⇒ . = 0.2(10 + r )
21
R ′ = n2 R = 22 × 4 = 16 Ω P ⇒ r = 10.5 − 10 = 0.5Ω
∴ Current, i =
R
10 6Ω 25 Current, I = E
For resistance of 9 Ω, R+ r
I1 6Ω 36 E
i1 = = 4 = 2A 2= …(i)
12Ω
9 2+ r
I2
i × R 2× 9 E
and i2 = 1 = =3A and 0.5 = …(ii)
6 6 9+ r
Q I = i1 + i2 = 2 + 3 = 5A
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
So, V2 = IR2 = 5 × 2 = 10 V 2 9+ r 9+ r
= ⇒4 = ⇒3r = 1
10 V 17 Since, battery supplies constant emf. 0.5 2 + r 2+ r
6 × 12 6 × 12 V2 1 1
∴ R= = = 4Ω So, power, P = or Power ∝ ⇒ r = Ω
6 + 12 18 R R 3
Total resistance, So, R should be minimum to generate
26 For maximum power, external
Req = 6 + 4 = 10 Ω maximum heat. In option (c), resistance
resistance = internal resistance
V 10 would be minimum. So, heat generated
∴ Current, I = = = 1A would be maximum. 2Ω = 2Ω
R 10
The current in 12 Ω resistor is 18 ∴ Average current, 27 At the node A, I x + 07
. + 03
. = 2.2
 R1   6  50 + 100 + 50 200 i.e. I x = 1.2 A
I2 = I   =1×   I = = mA
 R1 + R2   6 + 12  3 3
m 3m m At the node B, 2.2 A enters the node,
1 z= = =
⇒ I2 = Q while the other three currents leave the
3 I t 200 × 10−3 × 30 2
node. The unknown current at B is
The potential difference in 12 Ω 2.2 − (1.0 + 0.4) = 0.8 A
19 ∴Chemical energy reduced = VI t
resistor, Then, at the node C, 0.8 + 0.4 = I y
1 = 6 × 5 × 6 × 60 = 10800 = 1.08 × 104 J
V = I2 × R = × 12 = 4 V i.e. I y = 1.2 A
3
20 H is same, therefore t ∝ R 28 At the node A,1.8 = 1.2 + I x
11 Graph indicates that resistance 2
V i.e. I x = 0.6 A
increases with increase in temperature, Q H = t
so α and β both are positive. R Then, at the node B,
V2 H t R1 10 l x + 03
. = I = 0.6 + 03. = 0.9 A
12 H = t⇒ = = constant ∴ = =2
R V2 R R2 5
∴ t∝R 0.3 A
When the coils are connected in series, 1.2 A
R1 R2 Reff = R1 + R2 = 3R2 Ix B
Q Rp = A
R1 + R2 t 3 R2
=
t t 10 × 40 5 R2 1.8 A I
∴ tp = 1 2 = = 8 min
t 1 + t 2 10 + 40
∴ t = 15min
29 By Kirchhoff’s first law, current in 36 Effective resistance, 41 L=4m
branch CD is 3A. Q 8Ω
Applying KCL to the loop ACDA,
2 × 1.5 + 3 × 2 = 10 −`3 + E Since, 1 cm → 1 mV
10 Ω 30 Ω
9=7+ E ∴ 100 cm → 100 mV
or E =2V ⇒ 400 cm → 400 mV = 0.4 V
P R
G 50 Ω Change in potential,
30 VA 2A 1 Ω + – 1Ω 2
VB ∆V = 0.4 = ×8
3V 8+ R
90 Ω 30 Ω
16 160
Applying KVL, ⇒8+ R = = = 40 ⇒ R = 32 Ω
V A + ΣV = VB + 2 × 2 + 2 × 1 0.4 4
V A − V B − 3 = 4 + 2; V A − V B = 9 V S
42 Internal resistance of a cell,
31 Concept If potential difference across l 
r =  1 − 1 R
R Ω resistor is equal to potential  l2 
7 V, 5 Ω
difference of cell B, galvanometer shows
1 1 1 
∴
3 
− 1 9.5 Ω =
0.15
× 9.5 Ω= 0.5 Ω
no deflection. = + …(i)  2.85  2.85
Reff R1 R2
Applying Kirchhoff’s law,
Then, R1 = 10 + 30 43 When a cell is balanced against
500I + 100I = 12
−2
⇒ R1 = 40 potential drop across a certain length of
12 × 10 R2 = 90 + 30 = 120
So, I = Now, potentiometer wire, no current flows
6 R2 = 120 through the cell.
= 2 × 10−2 A By Eq. (i), we get ∴emf of cell = potential drop across
1 1 1 balance length of potentiometer wire.
= +
Hence, V B = 100 (2 × 10−2 ) Reff 40 120 So, potentiometer is a more accurate
= 2V 40 × 120 4800 device for measuring emf of a cell or no
⇒ Reff = = current flows through the cell during
32 The algebraic sum of the changes in 120 + 40 160
measurement of emf.
potential in complete transversal of a = 30 Ω
mesh (closed loop) is zero, i.e. ΣV = 0 In the balancing condition, 44 Consider a potentiometer wire of length
So, ε1 − (i1 + i2 )R − i1 r1 = 0 L and a resistance r are connected in
7  E 
∴Current, I = Q I =  series with a battery of emf E 0 and a
33 Kirchhoff’s junction law follows from (30 + 5)  R + r resistance r1 as shown in figure. Current
the conservation of charge. 7 E0
= = 0.2 A in wire AB =
Kirchhoff’s loop law follows from the 35 r1 + r
r1
conservation of energy.
37 For a balanced wheat stone’s bridge,
34 To keep a resistance in series with a P x E0
= ⇒ x= 4Ω
balanced galvanometer is not Q R l
meaningful. The bridge would stay P r
1 1 1 1 1 1 A
balanced. Therefore, net resistance and + = ⇒ + = , gives L
B
S r x 8 r 4
across the battery
−1 r = 8Ω
 1 1  E
= +  38 For a meter bridge,
 10 + 10 10 + 10  P l 20
Potential gradient,
= 1 ⇒ P = × 1 = 0.25 Ω Ir  E 0  r
= 10 Ω Q l2 80 x= = 
L  r1 + r  L
35 Equivalent circuit will be 39 Internal resistance of the cell, emf produced across E will be given by
P  l − l2  50 − 40  E r l
r = 1  R= × 2 = 0.50 Ω E = x⋅l =  0 
2
R1 = R 2  l2  40  r1 + r  L
3 R1 = R
3
40 The voltage per unit length on the meter 45 In a potentiometer experiment, the emf of
wire PQ is a cell can be measured, if the potential
R
A B 6.00 mV
or 10 mVm −1 drop along the potentiometer wire is more
0.60 m than the emf of the cell to be determined.
2 2
R1 = R R1 = R Hence, potential across the meter wires As values of emfs of two cells are
3 3
PQ is 10 mV −1 (1 m) = 10 mV. Current approximately 5 V and 10 V, therefore the
Q potential drop along the potentiometer
drawn from the driver cell is
10 mV wire must be more than 10 V. Hence,
Now, above circuit is a Wheatstone’s I = = 2 mA option (b) is correct.
bridge. By solving, we get 5Ω
2 Resistance of the resistor R is 46 ∴ Shunt resistance,
R AB = R Ω GI g 100 × 10 100
3 2V − 10 mV 1990 mV S = = = = 1111
. Ω
R= = = 995 Ω
2 mA 2 mV I − Ig 100 − 10 9
47 Effective resistance of a circuit, SESSION 2 4 Figure is equivalent to the one shown
RS=20 Ω JA
below. It is a Wheatstone’s bridge in
1 Given, J B = which
2
C
40.8 Ω Q
6Ω 8Ω
RA=480 Ω P
JA JB 3Ω 8Ω
B
A 10Ω 10Ω
30 V I B A
480 × 20 20Ω
Reff = 40.8 + 4Ω S
480 + 20 i.e. I ( πr 2A ) = I ( πr B2 ) / 2 R
4Ω 5Ω
= 40.8 + 192. = 60 Ω r B = (r A ) 2 = 0.5 × 1.414 = 0.7 cm
So, current flowing across ammeter, D
I =
V
=
30 1
= = 0.5 A 2 We know that, R = ρl 6×3 8
R 60 2 A P = = 2 Ω, Q = = 4 Ω,
6+ 3 2
Hence, reading of ammeter = 0.5 A 4 20 × 5
R = = 2 Ω and S = = 4Ω
48 The full scale deflection current, 1 cm 2 20 + 5
25 mV 2 1cm P 2 R
ig = A We find that = =
G 10 cm Q 4 S
where, G is the resistance of the
i.e. The bridge is balanced. Effective
meter. (a) When the battery is connected
resistance between A and B is
The value of shunt required for across 1 cm × 1/2 cm faces, then (P + Q ) (R + S ) (2 + 4) (2 + 4)
converting it into ammeter of range 25 l = 10 cm; A = 1 × 1 / 2 cm2 , R AB = =
igG P + Q + R + S 2+ 4+ 2+ 4
A is, S = ρ × 10
i − ig R1 = = 20ρΩ 6× 6
1 × 1/2 = =3Ω
G 12
⇒ S = ig (as i >> i g ) (b) When the battery is connected
i 2

25 mV G 25 mV
across 10 cm × 1 cm faces, then 5 Power, Q = V t or Q = P ∝ 1
So that, S ≈ ⋅ = l = 1 / 2 cm, A = 10 × 1 cm2 , R t R
G i 25 PP RQ
= 0.001 Ω ρ × 1/2 ⇒ = >1
R2 = PQ RP
10 × 1
49 Potential, V = I g G ⇒ nV = I g (G + R ) ρ
= Ω ∴ R P < RQ
On dividing, R = (n − 1) G 20
6 Net resistance of the circuit
50 The circuit is as shown in figure. (c) When the battery is connected = r1 + r2 + R
20 kΩ across 10 cm × 1/2 cm faces, then Net emf in series = E + E = 2E
V
R l = 1 cm, A = 10 × 1 / 2 cm2 , E
100 V E
ρ× 1 ρ
R3 = = Ω
(10 × 1 / 2) 5
r2 r1 > r2
r1
3 The figure can be redrawn as follows I
110 V
Potential difference across voltmeter = 5R R/2
a b
∴ Current in the circuit
5 R
= = 0.25 × 10−3 A R/2 R/2
20 × 103 R A B R Therefore, from Ohm’s law, current in
e, f g, h the circuit,
Voltage across R1 , net emf
V1 = 110 − 5 = 105 V R/2 R/2 I=
net resistance
V 105
Hence, R = 1 = 2E
I 0.25 × 10−3 d c ⇒ I= …(i)
R/2 r1 + r2 + R
= 420 × 103 = 420 k Ω 3R/2
e,f g, h It is given that, as circuit is closed.
51 Required resistance to convert a ⇒ A B For first call, i.e. E − Ir1 = 0
R R
galvanometer into voltmeter of 30 V is E
3R/2 ⇒ I= …(ii)
V r1
given by, R = −G 3R
ig R AB =R+ + R
4 Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Symbols have their usual meaning 11R E 2E
= = = r1 − r2
30 4 r1 r1 + r2 + R
= − 100 = 900 Ω
30 × 10−3
7 Refer figure the equivalent internal 230
⇒ R + 20 = = 46 14 According to question, emf of the cell is
resistance of two cells between A and B is 5
directly proportional to the balancing
E1 ∴ R = 26 Ω length i.e.
r1
5 R E ∝l …(i)
10 Initially, = ...(i)
A B l1 100 − l1 Now, in the first case, cells are
5 R connected in series to support one
Finally, = ...(ii)
r2 1.6 l1 2(100 − 1.6 l1 ) another i.e.
E2
R R Net emf = E1 + E2
1 1 1 r + r2 ⇒ = From Eq. (i), E1 + E2 = 50 cm (given)
= + = 1 1.6 (100 − l1 ) 2(100 − 1.6 l1 )
req r1 r2 r1 r2 …(ii)
⇒ 160 − 1.6l1 = 200 − 3.2 l1
r1 r2 Again cells are connected in series in
or req = ...(i) ⇒ 1.6l1 = 40 ⇒ l1 = 25
r1 + r2 opposite direction i.e.
From Eq. (i), we get
5
=
R Net emf = E1 − E2
If Eeq is the equivalent emf of the two
cells in parallel between A and B, then
25 75 From Eq. (i), E1 − E2 = 10 …(iii)
⇒ R = 15 Ω From Eqs. (ii) and (iii)
Eeq E E E r + E2 r1
= 1 + 2 = 1 2 E1 + E2 50
req r1 r2 r1 r2 11 We know, R ∝ l =
E1 − E2 10
E r + E2 r1
∴ Eeq = 1 2 × req Here, R1 + R2 = 12 Ω E1 5+ 1 6 3
r1 r2 ⇒ = = =
R1 × R2 8 E2 5− 1 4 2
(E r + E2 r1 ) r1 r2 and = Ω
= 1 2 × R1 + R2 3
r1 r2 (r1 + r2 ) 15 It is clear that the two cells oppose each
E r + E2 r1 other, hence the effective emf in closed
= 1 2 ⇒ R1 R2 = 32 Ω
circuit is 18 − 12 = 6 V and net
(r1 + r2 ) We get, R1 = 8 Ω and R2 = 4 Ω resistance is 1 + 2 = 3 Ω (because in the
This shows that whatever may be the 12 l1 closed circuit, the internal resistances of
values of r1 and r2 , the value of Eeq is Again, R1 =
l1 + l2 two cells are in series).
between E1 and E2 . As E2 > E1 , so
E1 < Eeq < E2 . The current in circuit will be in
12 l2
and R2 = direction of arrow shown in figure.
8 1 = 1 + 1 l1 − l2 effective emf 6
R ′ RB RC I = = = 2A
l1 1 total resistance 3
Hence, = .
RB= 1.5R l2 2 The potential difference across V will be
B same as the terminal voltage of either
X P Q 12 Mass, m = ZIt ⇒ m = ZVt cell.
A R
RA=R C or m ∝ Vt
V
m1 V t
RC= 3R ∴ ∝ 1 1
m2 V2 t 2 18V
V
Here, m1 = 2g, V1 = 12 V,
2Ω
t 1 = 30 min, V2 = 6 V
1
=
1
+
1 and t 2 = 45 min
R ′ 1.5R 3R 2 12 × 30
= 1Ω
1 2+ 1 m2 6 × 45 12V
= ⇒R′= R
R′ 3R ⇒ m2 = 1.5 g
∴ V XP = V A = iR The mass of copper deposited = 1.5 g.
and V PQ = V B = VC = iR Since, current is drawn from the cell of
V A = V B = VC 13 Volume of material remains same in 18 V, hence
stretching.
V1 = E1 − Ir1
9 If a rated voltage and power are given, As volume remains same, A1 l 1 = A2 l 2
= 18 − (2 × 2) = 18 − 4 = 14 V
2
V rated Now, given l 2 = nl 1
then Prated =
A l A 16 The given circuit in steady state reduces
R ∴New area, A2 = 1 1 = 1
∴ Current in the bulb, l2 n to
P 12 V
i = (Q P = Vi ) Resistance of wire after stretching, 1Ω I
V l nl 1 A B
500 R2 = ρ 2 = ρ ⋅
i = = 5A A2 A1 / n
100 4V
∴ Resistance of bulb,  l 
=  ρ 1  ⋅ n2 = n2 ⋅ R 1.5Ω 1.5Ω
100 × 100  A1  C D
Rb = = 20 Ω 0
500
  l1   12 − 4
Q Resistance R is connected in series. Q R =  ρ  I = =2A
E 230   A1   4
∴ Current, i = =
R net R + Rb VCD = 3 × 2 = 6 V
 Now, change on 6 µF capacitor is 20 According to Ohm’s law 100 × 103
6V = 0367
. × 10−6 × × 60
= 12 µC dV 125
= − r and V = ε
1 + 1 1 dI = 17.61 × 10−3 kg
 
 3 6  µF if I =0 [as V + Ir = ε]
Potential difference across 6 µF So, slope of the graph = − r and 24 When n equal resistors of resistance R
capacitor is intercept = ε are connected in series, then the current
12 µC drawn is given as
=2V 21 E
6 µF I =
nR + r
17 Net resistance of a metal wire having A B where, nR = equivalent resistance of n
resistivity ρ, we have resistors in series and r = internal
12 π Ω resistance of battery.
L L 10
A Given, r = R
ρ1 ρ2 E E
⇒ I = = …(i)
L ⇒A B nR + R R(n + 1)
R1 = ρ1
A Similarly, when n equal resistors are
L 12 π connected in parallel, then the current
Similarly, R2 = ρ2 Ω
A 10 drawn is given as
E
Then, net effective resistance of two Circumference of circle I′ =
R
metal wires, 10 2 π π + R
= 2 πr = 2 × π × = =
Req = R1 + R2 100 10 5
n
2L L L R
⇒ ρ = ρ1 + ρ2 π 12 π where, = equivalent resistance of n
A A A Resistance of wire = 12 × = n
5 5 resistors in parallel.
⇒ 2ρ = ρ1 + ρ2
12 π
1 Resistance of each section = Ω Given, I ′ = 10 I
As, conductivity σ = , we have 10
ρ E nE
∴ Equivalent resistance ⇒ 10I = = …(ii)
2 1 1 2 σ + σ2 R ( n + 1)R
= + ⇒ = 1 12 π 12 π + R
σ σ1 σ2 σ σ1 σ2 × n
= 10 10 = 6 π = 0.6 π Ω
⇒ Net effective conductivity of 12 π 12 π 10 Substituting the value of I from
+
2σ 1 σ 2 10 10 Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii), we get
combined wires, σ =
σ1 + σ2  E  nE
22 Given, charge, Q = at − bt 2 …(i) 10   =
 R(n + 1) R(n + 1)
18 For ammeter, Q We know that, current, I =
dQ
dt ⇒ n = 10
a
0.002 I G So, Eq. (i) can be written as 25 If n identical cells are connected in
A d series, then
I = (at − bt 2 ) ⇒ I = a − 2bt …(ii)
0.9988 I dt Equivalent emf of the combination,
For maximum value of t, till the current E eq = nE
rs exist is given by ⇒ a − 2bt = 0 Equivalent internal resistance,
0.002I × G = 0.998I × rs ∴ t =
a
…(iii) r eq = nr
0.002 2b
rs = G E eq nE
0.998 Q The total heat produced (H ) can be ∴ Current, I = =
1 r eq nr
⇒ rs = 0.002004G = ×G given as
499 t E
I= = constant
Equivalent resistance of ammeter,
H = ∫0 I 2 R dt or
r
1 1 1 a /2b Q t = a 
R G
= +
rs
= ∫0 (a − 2bt )2 R ⋅ dt 


2b 
Thus, current (I ) is independent of the
number of cells (n ) present in the
1 1 1 G a /2b circuit.
∴
R G
= +
G / 499
⇒R =
500
= ∫0 (a2 + 4b 2t 2 − 4abt ) Rdt
Therefore, the graph showing the
a /2b
 t3 4abt 2  relationship between I and n would be
19 The balancing length for R (when 1, 2 H =  a2t + 4b 2 −  R as shown below.
are connected) be l 1 and balancing  3 2 0
length for R + X (when 1, 3 is Solving above equation, we get
connected) is l 2 . a3 R I
Then, iR = kl 1 and i (R + X ) = kl 2 ⇒ H =
6b
Given, i = 1A
∴ R = kl 1 …(i) 23 Mass of the substance deposited at the
cathode is given by m = Z it
R + X = kl 2 …(ii)
(Z = electrochemical equivalent)
Also, subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we O n
= Z   t
get X = k (l 2 − l 1 ) W
V 