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Multan 2

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Multan 2

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Saeedch03
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Ghaznavid dynasty

[edit]

Further information: Ghaznavids

Mahmud of Ghazni in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abul Fateh Daud. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was
permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism.[44] In 1007, Mahmud led another expedition to Multan
against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in
collusion with Abul Fateh Daud of Multan.[44]

In 1010, Mahmud led his third and punitive expedition against Daud to depose and imprison him, [32][44] and suppressed Ismailism in favour of the
Sunni creed.[45] He destroyed the Ismaili congregational mosque that had been built above the ruins of the Multan Sun Temple, and restored the
city's old Sunni congregational mosque, built by Muhammad bin Qasim.[29]

The 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi reported that the Ismaili community was still living in the city. [32] Following the Ghaznavid
invasion of Multan, the local Ismaili community split, with one faction aligning themselves with the Druze religion, [32] which today survives in
Lebanon, Syria, and the Golan Heights. Following Mahmud's death in 1030, Multan regained its independence from the Ghaznavid empire and
came under the sway of Ismaili rule once again.[44] Shah Gardez, who came to Multan in 1088, is said to have contributed in the restoration of the
city.

By the early 1100s, Multan was described by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as being a "large city" commanded by a citadel that was
surrounded by a moat.[46] In the early 12th century, Multani poet Abdul Rahman penned the Sandesh Rasak,[29] the only known Muslim work in
the medieval Apabhraṃśa language.[47]

Ghurid dynasty

[edit]

Further information: Ghurid dynasty

In 1175, Muhammad Ghori conquered Ismaili-ruled Multan,[36][48] after having invaded the region via the Gomal Pass from Afghanistan into
Punjab, and used the city as a springboard for his unsuccessful campaign into Gujarat in 1178.[44] Multan was then annexed to the Ghurid
Sultanate, and became an administrative province of the Mamluk Dynasty[31] — the first dynasty based in Delhi. Multan's Ismaili community rose
up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the Ghaurids later in 1175.[32]

Mamluk dynasty

[edit]

Following the death of the first Mumluk Sultan, Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1210, Multan came under the rule of Nasiruddin Qabacha, who in 1222,
successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by Sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire, [31] whose origins were rooted in
Konye-Urgench in modern-day Turkmenistan.[31] Uch and Sindh were also in control of Qabacha.[20]

Qabacha also captured Lahore many times and ruled all these regions. He repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on Multan city by Mongol forces who
attempted to conquer the city.[49] He gathered a large army from Uch, Multan and Bukkhar (Sukkur) and Mongols were repulsed.[20]

Following Qabacha's death that same year, the Turkic king Iltutmish, the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, captured and then annexed Multan
in an expedition.[31][44] The Punjabi poet Baba Farid was born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s.[48]

Qarlughids attempted to invade Multan in 1236,[50] while the Mongols tried to capture the city in 1241 after capturing Lahore – though they were
repulsed.[44] The Mongols under Sali Noyan then successfully held the city to ransom in 1245–6,[50] before being recaptured by Sultan Ghiyas ud
din Balban, the ninth Mamluk Sultan. Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249, but was captured by Sher Khan that same year. [50] Multan was
then conquered by Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan in 1254, before he rebelled against Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban in 1257 and fled to Iraq where
he joined Mongol forces and captured Multan again, and dismantled its city walls.[50] The Mongols again attempted an invasion in 1279, but were
dealt a decisive defeat.[48]

Khaljis invasion

[edit]

Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji dispatched his brother Ulugh Khan in 1296 to conquer Multan region which was governed by surviving family
members of his predecessor. (Sultan Jalal-ud-din Khalji)

After usurping the throne of Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate the surviving family members of Jalaluddin, who were present in Multan. In
November 1296, he sent a 30,000–40,000 strong army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan to Multan who successfully captured the city after two
months of siege.[51]
Amir Khusrau, the famous Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar visited Multan on the invitation of Khan Muhammad. Multan at
the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited
through Multan from Baghdad, Arabia and Persia on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:

I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from
the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.[52]

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