Introduction to Trigonometry

Introduction to 1
CHAPTER

Trigonometry 8
SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE - 8.1 5. Consider a right angled DABC

with ∠B = 90°
1. In right angle DABC, we have Let ∠A = q and sec q = 13/12
AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm AC 13
⇒ =
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have AB 12
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 Let AC = 13k units and
⇒ AC2 = 242 + 72 AB = 12k units
= 576 + 49 = 625 = 252 Using Pythagoras theorem, we have
⇒ AC = 25 cm BC2 = AC2 – AB2 ⇒ BC2 = (13k)2 – (12k)2
BC 7 AB 24 = (13k – 12k) (13k + 12k) = k(25k) = 25k2 = (5k)2
(i) sin A = = , cos A = =
AC 25 AC 25
⇒ BC = (5k)2 = 5k
AB 24 BC 7
(ii) sinC = = , cosC = = BC 5k 5
AC 25 AC 25 ∴ sin θ = = = ,
2. In right angle DPQR AC 13k 13
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have AB 12 k 12 BC 5k 5
cot θ = = = , tan θ = = =
QR2 = PR2 – PQ2 BC 5k 5 AB 12 k 12
⇒ QR2 = 132 – 122 = (13 – 12)(13 + 12) = 1 × 25 = 25
AB 12 k 12 AC 13k 13
∴ QR = 25 = 5 cm cos θ = = = , cosec θ = = =
AC 13k 13 BC 5k 5
QR 5 QR 5
Now, tan P = = , cot R = = 6. Let us consider a right DABC, ∠C = 90°
PQ 12 PQ 12
5 5 AC
∴ tan P − cot R = − =0 Now, cos A = and
12 12 AB
BC
3. In right angle DABC, we have cos B =
AB
BC 3 Since, cos A = cos B
sin A = =
AC 4 AC BC
Let BC = 3k units and AC = 4k units
4k ∴ = ⇒ AC = BC
AB AB
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have Now, in DABC, two sides AC and BC are equal.
AB2 = AC2 – BC2 3k \ Their opposite angles are also equal. Hence, ∠A = ∠B
= (4k)2 – (3k)2 = (4k – 3k)(4k + 3k) = k(7k) = 7k2 7. Let in right DABC, ∠B = 90° and ∠A = q.
⇒ AB = 7 k 2 = 7 k 7 AB 7 A
AB 7k 7 Given, cot θ = ⇒ =
∴ cos A = = = 8 BC 8
q
AC 4k 4 Now, let AB = 7k units
BC 3k 3 and BC = 8k units
7k
Also, tan A = = =
AB 7k 7 By Pythagoras theorem, we have
4. In right angle DABC, we have A AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (7k)2 + (8k)2 B 8k C
15 cot A = 8 ⇒ cot A = 8/15
⇒ AC = 49k 2 + 64k 2 = 113k 2 = 113 k
AB 8
⇒ cot A = =
BC 15 8k BC 8k 8
Let AB = 8k units and BC = 15k units ∴ sin θ = = = and
AC 113 k 113
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 B C AB 7k 7
15k cos θ = = =
= (8k)2 + (15k)2 = 64k2 + 225k2 = 289k2 = (17k)2 AC 113 k 113
Now,
⇒ AC = (17 k)2 = 17 k
(1 + sin θ)(1 − sin θ) 1 − sin 2 θ
BC 15k 15 AC 17 k 17 (i) =
∴ sin A = = = and sec A = = = (1 + cos θ)(1 − cos θ) 1 − cos 2 θ
AC 17 k 17 AB 8k 8
2 100 PERCENT Mathematics Class-10

2 10. In right DPQR, ∠Q = 90°

 8  64 113 − 64 49
1− 1− PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm
 113  113 = 113 = 113 = 49
= = Let QR be x cm ⇒ PR = (25 – x) cm
 7 
2 49 113 − 49 64 64
1− 1− Using Pythagoras theorem, we have
 113  113 113 113
PR2 = QR2 + PQ2
2
 7 49 ⇒ (25 – x)2 = x2 + 52
(ii) cot 2 θ =   = ⇒ 625 – 50x + x2 = x2 + 25
 8 64

m
)c
⇒ – 50x = – 600

–x
8. Let in a right-angled DABC, ∠B = 90°.
−600

5
(2
Now, 3 cot A = 4 (Given) ⇒ x= = 12 i.e., QR = 12 cm
4 AB 4 −50
⇒ cot A = ⇒ =
3 BC 3 ⇒ PR = 25 – 12 = 13 cm
Now, let AB = 4k units RQ 12 PQ 5
Now, sin P = = , cos P = = and
and BC = 3k units RP 13 RP 13
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have, RQ 12
tan P = =
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 PQ 5
2
⇒ AC = 16k 2 + 9k 2 = 25k 2 = (5k) = 5k units 11. (i) False
BC 3k 3 AB 4k 4 Q A tangent of an angle is the ratio of perpendicular to
Now, sin A = = = , cos A = = = base which may be equal or unequal to each other.
AC 5k 5 AC 5k 5
(ii) True
BC 3k 3
Also, tan A = = = Base
AB 4k 4 We know that, cos A = and hypotenuse is
Now, to check the given equation, Hypotenuse
2 the greatest side of the triangle.
 3 9 16 − 9 7
1−  1− \ cos A is always less than 1.
1 − tan 2 A  4 7
L.H.S. = = = 16 = 16 = 16 = 1
1 + tan 2 A 3
 
2 9 16 + 9 25 25 ∴ i.e., sec A will always be greater than 1.
1+  1+ cos A
 4 16 16 16
(iii) False
R.H.S. = cos2A – sin2A
2 2
Q ‘cosine A’ is abbreviated as ‘cos A’.
 4  3 16 9 16 − 9 7 (iv) False
=  −  = − = = = L.H.S.
 5  5 25 25 25 25 Q ‘cot A’ is a single and meaningful term whereas ‘cot’
1 − tan 2 A alone has no meaning.
\ = cos 2 A − sin 2 A (v) False
1 + tan 2 A
A Q 4/3 is greater than 1 and sin q cannot be greater
9. In right DABC, ∠B = 90° than 1.
1 EXERCISE - 8.2
 tan A =     (Given)
3 3k
BC 1 1. (i) We have, sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
⇒ =
AB 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 4
C k B = × + × = + = =1
Now, let AB = 3 k units and BC = k units 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have (ii) We have, 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60°
AC2 = AB2 + BC2  3
2
 3
2
3 3
⇒ AC 2 = ( 3 k )2 + k 2 = 2 (1)2 +   − 2  = 2×1+ − =2
 2    4 4
⇒ AC = 3k 2 + k 2 = 4k 2 = 2 k cos 45°
(iii) We have,
BC k 1 AB 3k 3 sec 30° + cosec 30°
Now, sin A = = = , cos A = = =
AC 2 k 2 AC 2 k 2 1 1
2 = 2 1 3
AB 3k 3 BC k 1 = = ×
Also, sinC = = = , cos C = = = 2 2 + 2 3 2 2 + 2 3
AC 2k 2 AC 2 k 2 +2
3 3
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
3 1 2 3 1− 3
1 1 3 3 1 3 4 = × = × ×
= × +
2 2 2
×
2
= + = =1
4 4 4 2 2(1 + 3 ) 2 2 2 (1 + 3 ) × (1 − 3 )
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
3 1 1 3 3 3 = ×
(
6 1− 3
=
)
6 1− 3 ( =
)
6 3 −1 ( )
= × − × = − =0 4 1−3 4 ( −2 ) 8
2 2 2 2 4 4
Introduction to Trigonometry 3
and A – B = 30°  …(iv)
18 − 6 3 2 − 6
= = On adding (iii) and (iv), we get
8 8
2A = 90° ⇒ A = 45°
sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60° On subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get
(iv) We have,
sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45° 2B = 30° ⇒ B = 15°
1 2 1+ 2 2 3 2 3 3−4 4. (i) False :
+1− − − Let us take A = 30° and B = 60°, then
2 3
=
2 3 = 2 3 = = 2 3 L.H.S. = sin (30° + 60°) = sin 90° = 1
2 1 2 1+ 2 2 3 4+3 3
+ +1 + + R.H.S.= sin 30° + sin 60°
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3
1 3 1+ 3 1+ 3
3 3−4 3 3−4 = + = , since 1 ≠
= × 2 2 2 2
3 3+4 3 3−4 \ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
(ii) True :
(3 3 )2 + (4)2 − 2 × 4 × 3 3 27 + 16 − 24 3 43 − 24 3
= = = Since, the value of sin q increases from 0 to 1 as q increases
(3 3 )2 − (4)2 27 − 16 11 from 0° to 90°.
(iii) False :
5 cos 2 60° + 4 sec2 30° − tan 2 45°
(v) We have, Since, the value of cos q decreases from 1 to 0 as q
sin 2 30° + cos 2 30° increases from 0° to 90°.
 1
2
 2 
2 (iv) False :
5  + 4 − (1)2
 2  3  Let us take q = 30°
=
2 2 1 3
 1  3 sin 30° = and cos 30° =
  +  2  2 2
2 ⇒ sin 30° ≠ cos 30°
5 16 1 1 (v) True :
+ −1 (15 + 64 − 12) × 67 67
4 3 12 We have, cot 0° = not defined
= = = 12 =
1 3 1+ 3 4 12
+
4 4 4 4 EXERCISE - 8.3
 1  2 2 1. (i) Here, sin 18° = sin (90° – 72°) = cos 72°
2×
2 tan 30°  3  3 = 3 [Q sin (90° – q) = cos q]
2. (i) (a) : = 2 = 1 3+1
1 + tan 2 30°  1  1+ sin 18° cos 72°
1+  3 3 \ = =1
 3 cos 72° cos 72°
2 3 3 1 3 3× 3 3 (ii) We have, tan 26° = tan (90° – 64°) = cot 64°
= × = × × = = = sin 60° [Q tan (90° – q) = cot q]
3 4 3 2 3 3×2 2
tan 26° cot 64°
∴ = =1
1 − tan 2 45° 1 − (1)2 1−1 0 cot 64° cot 64°
(ii) (d) : = = = =0
1 + tan 45° 1 + (1)2
2 1+1 2 (iii) We have, cos 48° – sin 42°
(iii) (a) : When A = 0°, then = cos (90° – 42°) – sin 42°
sin 2A = sin 2(0°) = sin 0° = 0, = sin 42° – sin 42° = 0 [Q cos (90° – q) = sin q]
2 sin A = 2 sin 0° = 2 × 0 = 0 (iv) We have, cosec 31° – sec 59°
i.e., sin 2A = 2sin A for A = 0° = cosec (90° – 59°) – sec 59°
1 = sec 59° – sec 59° = 0 [Q cosec (90° – q) = sec q]
2×
2 tan 30° 3 2. (i) L.H.S. = tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°
(iv) (c) : =
1 − tan 2 30°  1 
2 = tan (90° – 42°) tan 23° tan 42° tan (90° – 23°)
1−  = cot 42° tan 23° tan 42° cot 23° [Q tan (90° – q) = cot q]
 3
2 1 1  1 
3 = × tan 42° × tan 23° ×  cot θ =
= 3 =
2 3
× =
3
= × 3 = 3 = tan 60° tan 42° tan 23°   tan θ 
1 3 2 3 3
1− = 1 = R.H.S.
3 ⇒ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
3. We have, (ii) L.H.S. = cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52°
1 = cos 38° cos (90° – 38°) – sin 38° sin(90° – 38°)
tan 60° = 3 , tan 30° =  …(i)
3 = cos 38° sin 38° – sin 38° cos 38°
1
Also, tan (A + B) = 3 and tan (A – B) = …(ii) [Q sin(90° – q) = cosq and cos(90° – q)= sinq]
From (i) and (ii), we get 3
= 0 = R.H.S.
A + B = 60°  …(iii) ⇒ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
4 100 PERCENT Mathematics Class-10
3. We have, tan 2A = cot (A – 18°) [Given] 1 sec A
Also, tan 2A = cot (90° – 2A)[Q tan q = cot (90° – q)] (iv) cosec A = =
sin A sec2 A − 1
\ A – 18° = 90° – 2A
⇒ A + 2A = 90° + 18° 1 1
(v) cot A = =
108° tan A 2
sec A − 1
⇒ 3A = 108° ⇒ A = = 36°
3
4. We have, tan A = cot B  [Given] 3. (i) We have, sin 63° = sin (90° – 27°) = cos 27°
Also, cot B = tan (90° – B)[Q tan (90° – q) = cot q] ⇒ sin2 63° = cos2 27°
\ A = 90° – B Similarly, cos2 73° = cos2 (90° – 17°) = sin2 17°
⇒ A + B = 90°
5. We have, sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°) [Given] sin 2 63° + sin 2 27° cos 2 27° + sin 2 27°
∴ = =1
Also, sec 4A = cosec (90° – 4A)[Q cosec (90° – q) = sec q] cos 2 17° + cos 2 73°
cos 2 17° + sin 2 17°
\ A – 20° = 90° – 4A [Q cos2A + sin2A = 1]
⇒ A + 4A = 90° + 20° (ii) We have, sin 25° = sin (90° – 65°) = cos 65°
110° And cos 25° = cos (90° – 65°) = sin 65°
⇒ 5A = 110° ⇒ A = = 22° \ sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°
5
6. Since, sum of the angles of DABC is 180° i.e., = cos 65° cos 65° + sin 65° sin 65° = (cos 65°)2 + (sin 65°)2
A + B + C = 180° = cos2 65° + sin2 65° = 1 [Q cos2 A + sin2 A = 1]
\ B + C = 180° – A 4. (i) (b) : We have, 9 sec A – 9 tan2 A
2

Dividing both sides by 2, we get = 9 (sec2 A – tan2 A) = 9 (1) = 9 [Q sec2 A – tan2 A = 1]

B+C A (ii) (c) : Here, (1 + tan q + sec q) (1 + cot q – cosec q)
= 90° −
2 2  1 
= (1 + tan q + sec q) 1 + − cosec θ 
 B+C  A A  tan θ 
⇒ sin  = sin  90° −  = cos
 2   2 2
[Q sin (90° – q) = cos q]  tan θ + 1 − tan θ· cosec θ 
= (1 + tan q + sec q)  
 B+C A  tan θ 
\ sin  = cos
 2  2 (1 + tan θ + sec θ) [ tan θ + 1 − sec θ]
7. We have, sin 67° = sin (90° – 23°) = cos 23° =
tan θ
[Q sin (90° – q ) = cos q]
Also, cos 75° = cos (90° – 15°) = sin 15°  sin θ 1 1 
 tan θ· cosec θ = cos θ × sin θ = cos θ = sec θ 
[Q cos (90° – q) = sin q]
\ sin 67° + cos 75° = cos 23° + sin 15°
( 1 + tan θ)2 − sec2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ + 2 tan θ − sec2 θ
= =
EXERCISE - 8.4 tan θ tan θ

sec2 θ + 2 tan θ − sec2 θ

1 1 1 = ( 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ)
1. (i) sin A = = = tan θ
cosec A cosec2 A 1 + cot 2 A
2 tan θ
= =2
(ii) sec A = sec2 A = 1 + tan 2 A tan θ

1 cot 2 A + 1 1 + cot 2 A (iii) (d) : We have, (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A)

= 1+ = =  1 sin A 
cot 2 A cot 2 A cot A =  + (1 − sin A)
1  cos A cos A 
(iii) tan A =
cot A  1 + sin A  (1 + sin A) (1 − sin A)
sin A =  (1 − sin A) =
 cos A   cos A
sin A cos A
2. (i) sin A = =
1 1 1 − sin 2 A cos 2 A
cos A = = = cos A
cos A cos A
tan A tan 2 A sec2 A − 1 1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 A
= = = (iv) (d) : Here, =
sec A sec A sec A 1 + cot 2 A 1 + 1
1 tan 2 A
(ii) cos A = 1 + tan 2 A tan 2
A
sec A = 2
= (1 + tan 2 A) = tan 2 A
tan A + 1 (1 + tan 2 A)
(iii) tan A = tan 2 A = sec2 A − 1 tan 2 A
Introduction to Trigonometry 5
5. (i) L.H.S. = (cosec q – cot q)2 (1 − cos A)
2 2 = ( 1 + cos A) ×
 1
=  −
cos θ 
=
(1 − cos θ) (1 − cos A)
 sin θ sin θ  sin 2 θ [Multiplying and dividing by (1 – cos A)]
2
=
(1 − cos θ)  [Q sin2 q = 1 – cos2 q] 1 − cos 2 A sin 2 A
1 − cos θ 2 = = [Q 1 – cos2 A = sin2 A]
1 − cos A 1 − cos A
( 1 − cos θ ) × ( 1 − cos θ ) 1 − cos θ
= = = R.H.S. = R.H.S.
(1 − cos θ) × (1 + cos θ) 1 + cos θ cos A sin A 1
− +
cos A 1 + sin A cos A − sin A + 1 sin A sin A sin A
(ii) L.H.S. = + (v) L.H.S. = =
1 + sin A cos A cos A + sin A − 1 cos A sin A 1
+ −
2 sin A sin A sin A
cos 2 A + ( 1 + sin A) cos 2 A + 1 + sin 2 A + 2 sin A
= = [Dividing numerator and denominator by sinA]
(1 + sin A) cos A (1 + sin A) cos A cot A − 1 + cosec A
=
(cos 2 A + sin 2 A) + 1 + 2 sin A cot A + 1 − cosec A
=
(1 + sin A)cos A
=
( cot A − 1 + cosec A)( cot A + cosec A)
1 + 1 + 2 sin A
=  2 2
[Q cos A + sin A = 1] ( cot A + 1 − cosec A)( cot A + cosec A)
(1 + sin A) cos A [Multiplying and dividing by (cot A + cosec A)]
2 + 2 sin A 2 ( 1 + sin A) ( cot A + cosec A) − 1 ( cot A + cosec A)
= = =
(1 + sin A) cos A cos A (1 + sin A) ( cot A − cosec A) + 1 ( cot A + cosec A)
2  1 
= = 2 sec A = R.H.S.  = sec A =
[ cot A + cosec A − 1]( cot A + cosec A)
cos A  cos A
cot θ
 ( cot A − cosec A) ( cot A + cosec A) + ( cot A + cosec A)
tan θ
(iii) L.H.S. = +
[ cot A + cosec A − 1]( cot A + cosec A)
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ =
 cot A − cosec A + ( cot A + cosec A)
 2 2 
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ

=
cos θ
+
sin θ
=
cos θ
+
sin θ
=
[ cot A + cosec A − 1]( cot A + cosec A)
cos θ sin θ sin θ − cos θ cos θ − sin θ
1− 1− [ − 1 + cot A + cosec A]
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
[Q cot2 A – cosec2 A = – 1]
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = cot A + cosec A = R.H.S.
= +
cos θ ( sin θ − cos θ ) sin θ ( cos θ − sin θ ) 1 + sin A
2 2 (vi) L.H.S. =
sin θ cos θ 1 − sin A
= −
cos θ ( sin θ − cos θ ) sin θ ( sin θ − cos θ )
=
(1 + sin A)(1 + sin A)
sin 3 θ − cos 3 θ (1 − sin A)(1 + sin A)
=
sin θ· cos θ ( sin θ − cos θ )
[Multiplying and dividing by (1 + sin A) ]
(sin θ − cos θ)(sin 2 2
θ + cos θ + sin θ· cos θ ) (1 + sin A)2
= =
sin θ· cos θ ( sin θ − cos θ )
(1 − sin A)
2

=
(1 + sin θ· cos θ) [Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1]
sin θ cos θ
=
(1 + sin A)2 [Q 1 – sin2 A = cos2 A]
1 sin θ cos θ 1 1 cos 2 A
= + = · +1
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ 1 + sin A 1 sin A
= = +
= 1 + sec q·cosec q = R.H.S. cos A cos A cos A
1 = sec A + tan A = R.H.S.
1 + sec A 1 + cos A
(iv) L.H.S. =
sec A
=
1 (vii) L.H.S. =
sin θ − 2 sin 3 θ
=
(
sin θ 1 − 2 sin 2 θ )
cos A + 1 cos A 2 cos 3 θ − cos θ cos θ ( 2 cos 2
θ − 1)
cos A cos A + 1 cos A
=
1
=
cos A
×
1
= cos A + 1
= ( )
sin θ  sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − 2 sin 2 θ 

cos A  2
( 2
cos θ 2 cos θ − sin θ + cos θ

2 
 )
6 100 PERCENT Mathematics Class-10

sin θ  cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  1 1

sin θ = = = R.H.S.
= = = tan θ = R.H.S
S. sin A cos A tan A + cot A
cos θ  cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  cos θ +
cos A sin A
(viii) L.H.S. = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
= sin2 A + cosec2 A + 2 sin A cosec A + cos2 A 1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 A
+ sec2 A + 2 cos A sec A (x) We have, =
1 + cot 2 A 1
= (sin A + cos A) + cosec A + sec2 A + 2 + 2
2 2 2 1+
tan 2 A
[Q sin A cosec A = 1 and sec A cos A = 1]
= 1 + cosec2 A + sec2 A + 4 [Q sin2 A + cos2 A = 1] 1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 A tan 2 A
2
= 5 + (1 + cot A) + (1 + tan A) 2 = = × = tan2 A...(i)
tan 2 A + 1 1 1 + tan 2 A
= 7 + cot2 A + tan2 A = R.H.S.
(ix) L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) tan 2 A
 1  1   1 − tan A 
2
 1 − tan A 
2
=  − sin A  − cos A Also,  =
 sin A   cos A   1 − cot A   1 
 1 − 
 1 − sin 2 A   1 − cos 2 A  cos 2 A sin 2 A tan A 
=    = 2 2
 sin A   cos A  sin A cos A  1 − tan A   1 − tan A 
= =
 tan A − 1   − ( 1 − tan A) 
[Q 1 – sin2 A = cos2 A and 1 – cos2 A = sin2 A]    
= sin A cos A tan A  tan A
sin A cos A sin A· cos A 2
= =  [Q 1 = sin2 A + cos2 A]  ( 1 − tan A) − tan A 
1 sin 2 A + cos 2 A =  × = (–tan A)2 = tan2A...(ii)
sin A cos A  1 (1 − tan A) 
sin A cos A \ From (i) and (ii), we get
= 2
sin A cos 2 A  1 + tan 2 A   1 − tan A  2
+
sin A cos A sin A cos A  = = tan 2 A
 1 + cot 2 A   1 − cot A 
[Dividing num. and den. by sin A cos A]
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