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PPL ANAV

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Nagai Manamisnamis
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4 views

PPL ANAV

Uploaded by

Nagai Manamisnamis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIR NAVIGATION

OMNI Aviation Corporation


What is Navigation?
Air Navigation is the process of piloting the aircraft
from one geographic location to another while
monitoring one’s position as the flight progresses.

It introduces the need for planning, which includes:


 plotting the course on an aeronautical chart
 selecting checkpoints
 headings
 measuring distances
 computing flight time
 fuel requirements
 obtaining pertinent weather information
Methods of Air Navigation
• Pilotage

• Dead Reckoning (Deduced


Reckoning)

• Radio navigation — by use of


radio aids.

• GPS – Navigation by the use of


Satellite system
Pilotage
Pilotage is navigation by reference to
landmarks or checkpoints on a map.
These landmarks may include:
– Roads
– Railway tracks
– Rivers
– Buildings

Dead Reckoning (Deduced Reckoning)


Dead Reckoning is navigation by means of computations
based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.
MAP PROJECTIONS
Mercator Projection:
Lambert Projection:
AERONAUTICAL CHART
An Aeronautical Chart provides information
which allows pilots to track their position and
provides available information which enhances
safety.

“Under VFR, Aeronautical Chart is the road map for pilots.”


Types of Aeronautical Charts
• World Aeronautical Chart
• Sectional Chart
• VFR Terminal Area Chart
• Airport Diagram
World Aeronautical Chart (WAC)
 World aeronautical charts are designed
to provide a standard series of
aeronautical charts, covering land areas
of the world, at a size and scale
convenient for navigation by moderate
speed aircraft.

 They have a scale of 1:1,000,000


(1 inch = 13.7 nautical miles)

 These charts are similar to sectional


charts and the symbols are the same
except there is less detail due to the
smaller scale.

 These charts are revised annually


Sectional Chart
• Sectional charts are the most common charts used by pilots
today.
• The charts have a scale of 1:500,000 (1 inch = 6.86 nautical
miles (NM) or approximately 8 statute miles (SM)) which allows
for more detailed information to be included on the chart.

• The charts provide an abundance of information including


– airport data,
– navigational aids,
– airspace,
– topography.

• Revised Annually.
VFR Terminal Area Charts

 VFR terminal area charts are


helpful when flying in or near
Class B airspace.

 They have a scale of 1:250,000


(1 inch = 3.43 NM or approx. 4
SM).

 These charts provide a more


detailed display of topographical
information

 revised semiannually (6 months)


Airport Diagram
Topographical Data

• Relief is the representation


(as depicted by the
mapmaker) of the shapes of
hills, valleys, streams, or
terrain features on the
earth's surface.
• Elevation Tints
• Contours
• Terrain Elevation of
a point on the
earth’s surface is the
vertical distance it is
above or below
mean sea level.
Aeronautical Data
• Aerodromes

• Radio Facilities
•Restricted areas/airspace
• Restricted area/airspace is airspace where aircraft are
prohibited from entering without advance permission.
E.g.: Military Airspace
Legends
• Culture

• Vegetation
• The Equator is an imaginary line
which divides the world into two
parts.

• The upper part is called the


Northern Hemisphere and the
lower the southern Hemisphere

• Latitudes are imaginary lines


running parallel to the equator
and thereby also called as
Parallels
• The Prime Meridian is an
imaginary line dividing the
earth into two parts vertically

• It divides the earth into western


and eastern hemisphere

• The Longitudes are imaginary


lines passing from the North
pole to the south pole also
called as Meridians
Co-ordinates
• A coordinate system is a method that enables every
location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers.
• The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the
numbers represent vertical position, and two or three of
the numbers represent horizontal position.
• A common choice of coordinates is latitude and
longitude
Degrees, Minutes and seconds
To precisely locate points on the earth's surface,
degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into
minutes (') and seconds (").
• There are 60 minutes in each degree.
• Each minute is divided into 60 seconds.
• Seconds can be further
divided into tenths,
hundredths,
or even thousandths.
• Grid squares:
Combining latitude and longitude results in a
grid that covers the globe. Every point can be defined
by a north/south degree and an east/west degree.
• Obstructions/Obstacles:
Great Circle: It’s a circle drawn on the
surface of the earth whose plane passes
through the center of the earth.
 Great circle is the largest circle that can be
drawn on the surface of the earth.
 The arc of the great circle is the shortest
distance between any two points on the
surface.
 Equator, prime meridian and longitudes are
all Great circle as their mid point is the
center of the earth.

Small Circle: Any circle on the


surface of the earth whose plane
does not pass through the center of
the earth.
All latitudes other than the Equator
are small circle.

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