SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,VIRUDHUNAGAR

COURSE MATERIAL

CONJUNCTION

Words which connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences are called conjunctions
(see "to conjoin" = join, unite). The most common ones are 'and', 'or' and 'but'. These words
all have different nuances and connotations but they all help to build up meaningful
relationships within a sentence.

Conjunctions
Cohesive Devices

A variety of useful English Conjunctions exists, which complete this list of the most
used Cohesive Devices. Together, they can help to express a cohesive view and easy
understandable and readable texts.
There are three basic types of conjunctions:

Definition

1.coordinating conjunctions

M
O
used to connect two independent clauses C
S.
2.subordinating conjunctions
U
C

used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence
FO

conjunctions
TS

used to join various sentence elements which are grammatically equal

EN

Coordinating Conjunction
D
U

Comes usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction
ST

(unless both clauses are very short). They join individual words, phrases, and independent
clauses.

Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence, the purpose of transitional words
and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'.

Examples:

We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson]

The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a word and a comma.
[Larry Wall]

And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet — are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember
them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used.

F = for

A = and

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N = nor

B = but

O = or

Y = yet

S = so

Subordinating Conjunctions

Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like
conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the
adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.

Examples:

If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham

M
Maslow]

O
C
Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]
S.
Conjunctions Concession
U
C

Though, although, even though, while

FO
TS

Conjunctions Condition
EN

If, only if, unless, until, provided that, assuming that, even if, in case (that), lest
D

Conjunctions Comparison
U
ST

Than, rather than, whether, as much as, whereas

Conjunctions Time

After, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, now that, once, since, till, until, when,
whenever, while

Conjunctions Reason

Because, since, so that, in order (that), why

Relative Adjective

That, what, whatever, which, whichever

Relative Pronoun

Who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,VIRUDHUNAGAR
COURSE MATERIAL

Conjunctions Manner

How, as though, as if

Conjunctions Place

Where, wherever

Correlative Conjunctions

They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas
expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more
emphatic. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb
determines whether the verb is singular or plural.

as . . . as
just as . . . so
both . . . and
hardly . . . when

M
scarcely . . . when
O
C
S.
either . . . or
U

neither . . . nor
C
FO

if . . . then
TS

not . . . but
EN

what with . . . and

D

whether . . . or
U

not only . . . but also

ST

no sooner . . . than
rather . . . than

Conjunctive Adverbs

They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships
expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs.

Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.

Similar to And

Also, besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

Similar to But

However, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, conversely, instead, otherwise, rather

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Similar to So

Accordingly, consequently, hence, meanwhile, then, therefore, thus

M
O
C
S.
U
C
FO
TS
EN
D
U
ST

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M
O
C
S.
U
C
FO
TS
EN
D
U
ST

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,VIRUDHUNAGAR
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M
O
C
S.
U
C
FO
TS
EN
D
U
ST

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,VIRUDHUNAGAR
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PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases.

A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object

of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object.

A preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object.

The following words are the most commonly used prepositions:

About, below, excepting, off, toward, above, beneath, for, on, under, across, beside(s),
from

Onto, underneath, after, between, in, out, until, against, beyond, in front of, outside,
up

Along, but, inside, over, upon, among, by, in spite of, past, up to, around, concerning,
instead of

M
Regarding, with, at , despite, into, since, within, because of, down, like, through,

O
without, before C
S.
During, near, throughout, with regard to, behind, except, of, to, with respect to
U
C

It is useful to locate prepositional phrases in sentences since any noun or pronoun

FO

within the prepositional phrase must be the preposition’s object and, therefore, cannot be
misidentified as a verb’s direct object.
TS
EN

The following examples illustrate the difference between prepositions and particles:
D

Some other examples of particles:

U
ST

give in
turn in
pull through
wore out
broke up
go in for
put in for
bring up
found out
blow up
look up
make up
look over

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COURSE MATERIAL

M
O
C
S.
U
C
FO
TS
EN
D
U
ST

HS8151-COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH UNIT II