Continuous Assesment Test - III

Course Name : Optical Communication Course Code : 20ECPC702

Answer Key
Part - A
1. The heating of the two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point with the application of
required axial pressure between the two optical fibers is called as ____________
a) Mechanical splicing b) Fusion splicing c) Melting d) Diffusion
2. What is the use of an index-matching material in the connector between the two jointed
fibers?
a) To decrease the light transmission through the connection
b) To increase the light transmission through the connection
c) To induce losses in the fiber d) To make a fiber dispersive
3. The technique used for determining the refractive index profile can be used to measure the
a. Core Radius b. Core Diameter c. Cladding diameter d. Wavelength
4._______ less-accurate than________.
a. Cut-back method, Insertion loss method
b. Both Cut-back and Insertion loss methods are highly accurate
c. Insertion loss, Cutback method d. Invalid
5. The basic ferrule connector is also called as _____________
a) Groove connector b) Beam connector
c) Multimode connector d) Concentric sleeve connector
6. Assertion: Wavelength routed networks have a high data transmission rate.
Reasoning: In wavelength routed networks, data is transmitted through multiple channels
simultaneously.
a.Both assertion and reasoning are true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation of
assertion
b.Assertion is true, but reasoning is false
c.Both assertion and reasoning are true and reasoning is the correct explanation of
assertion
d.Assertion is false, but reasoning is true
7. Which of the following is the equation used for calculating the minimum number of
wavelengths required for a wavelength routed network?
a. N=2L+C/λ b. N=L+C/ λ c. N=L+C/2 λ d. N=2(L+C)/ λ
8. A______ is a pulse or wave that travels along an optical fiber without changing the shape.
a. FOADMs b. OADM c. WDM d. Soliton
9. In all-optical networks, what is the purpose of dispersion compensators?
a.To amplify weak optical signals b. To prevent signal loss due to attenuation
 c. To equalize signal delays caused by dispersion d. To encode data onto optical signals
10. "Soliton Number"(N) is:
a. The peak power of the soliton pulse.
b. The number of photons contained within the soliton pulse
c. The measure of the soliton's stability and resistance to perturbations.
d. The ratio of the pulse width to the fiber dispersion length.
Part – B
11. State the significance of maintaining the fiber outer diameter constant.
If the Outer diameter is constant within 1% then i)High speed communication
ii) accurate fiber-fiber connection and iii) reduced radiative losses.
12. Distinguish between splice and connector.
SPLICE CONNECTOR
1. A permanent joint between two A demountable joint between two fibers.
optical fibers.
2. It is used to establish long-haul optical The connector design must allow for repeated
fiber links where smaller fiber lengths need Connection and disconnection without
to be joined, and there is no requirement for problems of fiber alignment, which may lead to
repeated connection and disconnection. degradation in the performance of the
transmission line at the joint.

13. List the performance characteristics of power measurement.

(i) Wavelength range (ii) Power measurement range (iii) Detector type (iv) Accuracy
14. Define coupling efficiency of source to fiber launching.
A measure of the amount of optical power emitted from a source that can be coupled into
a fiber is usually given by the coupling efficiency (η) defined as,
η = PF/PS
15. List out the advantages of outer diameter measurement.
The advantages of outer diameter measurement are
(a). High speed (b). High accuracy, (c) Faster diameter measurements
16. Name two popular architecture of SONET/SDH network and three topologies.
The two popular architecture of SONET/SDH network are
(a) Hub Network (b) Ring Architecture
The three topologies of SONET/SDH network are
(a) Star (b) Bus (c) Ring
17. Define the basic signal rate of SONET.
STS-1={(90 bytes/row) x (9 rows/frame) x(8 bits/byte)} / (125μs/frame) = 51.84Mbps.
18. What are the system requirements in analyzing a point-to-point link?
The following key system requirements are needed in analyzing point-to-point link
(a). The desired (or possible) transmission distance. (b). the data or channel bandwidth
(c). the bit-error rate (BER)
19. List the features of DWDM.
(i) Multiple Wavelengths (ii) High Bandwidth Capacity (iii) Wavelength Tunability
(iv) Add/Drop Functionality.
20. What are the system requirements in analyzing a point-to-point link?
The following key system requirements are needed in analyzing point-to-point link
(a). The desired (or possible) transmission distance. (b). the data or channel bandwidth
(c). the bit-error rate (BER)
 Part – C
21. (a) Explain the various methods used for Fiber attenuation measurements.
 (OR)
21.(b). Derive an expression for the power coupled into a step index fiber from an LED that has
a radiant distribution of B(θ) =B0 cos θ.
22.(a) An Engineer has the following components available: a) GaAlAs laser diode, operating
at 850 nm, fiber coupled power 0dbm b) Ten sections of cable each of which is 500 m long, has
4dB/km attenuation has connectors at both ends c) 2dB/connector connector loss d) A PIN
photodiode receiver, -45 dBm sensitivity e) An avalanche photodiode receiver,-56dBm
sensitivity The engineer wishes to construct a 5 km link operating at 20 Mb/s. Estimate which
receiver should be used if a 6 dB operating margin is required.

Component / Loss Output / Sensitivity / Loss Power Margin (dB)

Parameter
GaAlAs laser diode 0 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity -45 dBm
Allowed loss - 45
Source Connector 2 dB 43
9 Connectors required to 18 dB 25
connect 10 sections of cable
Fiber attenuation (5Km) 20 dB 5
Destination Connector 2 dB 3
System Margin 6 dB -3
As final power margin is negative (-3 dB), The PIN photodetector can’t be used in the link.

Component / Loss Output / Sensitivity / Loss Power Margin (dB)

Parameter
GaAlAs laser diode 0 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity -56 dBm
Allowed loss - 56
Source Connector 2 dB 54
9 Connectors required to 18 dB 36
connect 10 sections of cable
Fiber attenuation (5Km) 20 dB 16
Destination Connector 2 dB 14
System Margin 6 dB 8
As final power margin is negative (6 dB), The Avalanche photodetector can be used in the
link.
(OR)

22. (b) Describe problems arise in broadcast and select networks and apply wavelength
routed network overcome these limitations.

Wavelength Routed Networks:

Two problems arise in broadcast and select networks,
 More wavelengths are needs as the number of nodes in the network grows.
 Without the widespread are use of optical booster amplifier, due to this splitting losses
is high.
 Wavelength routed networks overcome these limitations through wavelength reuse,
wavelength conversion, and optical switching.
 The physical topology of a wavelength routed network consists of optical wavelength
routers interconnected by pair of point-to-point fiber link in an arbitrary mesh
configuration.
  Each link can carry a certain number off wavelength which can be directed
independently to differently output paths at a node.
 Each node may have logical connections with several other nodes in the network,
where each connection uses a particular wavelength.
 The paths taken by any two connections do not overlap, they can use the same
wavelength.

Optical Cross Connect:

 The concept of an optical cross connect architecture is the physical path structure,
have a high degree of path modularity, capacity scaling, and flexibility in adding
or dropping channels at a user site can be achieved.
 The physical path structure is called as path layer.
 These cross connects (OXCs) operate in the optical domain and can route very
high capacity WDM data streams over a network of interconnected optical paths.

 OXC architecture uses space switching without wavelength conversion.

 The space switching can be constructed of a cascade of electronically controlled
optical directional-coupler elements or semiconductor-optical amplifier switching
gates.
 Each of the input fiber carries a M wavelengths.
 The input, arriving aggregate if signal wavelength is amplified and divided into N
streams by a power splitter.
 Tunable filter then select individual wavelengths, which are directed to an optical
space switching matrix.
 A waveguide grating demultiplexer could be used to divide the incoming aggregate
stream into individual wavelength channels.
 The switch matrix directs the channels either output lines, or to a particular receiver
attached to the OXC at outputs ports 9 through 12.
 Signals that are generated locally by a user get connected electrically via the digital
cross connect matrix (DXC) to an optical transmitter.
 They enter the switch matrix, which directs them to the appropriate output line.
 The M output lines, each carrying separate wavelength, are fed into a wavelength
multiplexer (‘mux’ and a demultiplexer is ‘demux’) to form a single aggregate output
stream.
 An optical amplifier to boost the signal level for transmission over the trunk fiber.

Performance Evaluation of Wavelength Conversion:

 These effects are (1) Probability models (2) Deterministic algorithms
 The benefits are greater in a mesh network than in a ring or fully connected
network.
The Effect of Wavelength Conversion:
 Simple model, circuit switched networks is used.
 The probability that a wavelength is blocked along a path.
 It provides insight into the network performance improvement using wavelength
conversion.
 Assume H links (or hops) between two nodes A and B.
 The expected number of busy wavelength on any link is ρF, where ρ is a measure
of the fiber utilization along the path and F is the number of a available
wavelengths per fiber link.