❖ ATOMIC PHYSICS

❖ Bohr’s Model transition between two such states with

1. In a hypothetical atom the potential energy consecutive values of n ( 𝑖𝑒𝜓𝑛+1 → 𝜓𝑛 ) is
between electron and proton at a distance related to the wavelength 𝜆𝛼 of the 𝑘𝛼 line
−𝑘𝑒 2
'𝑟 ' is given by 3𝑟 3 , where k is constant. of hydrogen by
4𝜆𝛼
According to Bohr's Theory: (a) 𝜆 = 𝑛2 𝜆𝛼 (b) 𝜆 =
𝑛2
The velocity of electron in nth orbit? 𝑛3 𝜆𝛼 3𝑛3 𝜆𝛼
𝑛3 ℎ 3 𝑛2 ℎ 2 (c) 𝜆 = (d) 𝜆 =
a) 8𝜋𝑘𝑚2 𝑒 2 b) 8𝜋3𝑘𝑚2 𝑒 2 8 8
𝑛3 ℎ 2 𝑛3 ℎ 3
c) 8𝜋3𝑘𝑚2 𝑒 2 d) 8𝜋3𝑘𝑚2 𝑒 2 6. Hydrogen atoms in states of high quantum
numbers have been created in the
2. A hypothetical muonic atom has a 𝑚𝜇 laboratory and observed in space. They are
meson (charg 𝑒 → −𝑒, mass → 200𝑚𝑒 ) called Rydberg atoms. Find the quantum
orbiting mutually with proton. If the 𝑚𝜇 number of the Bohr orbit in a hydrogen
meson undergoes transition from second atom whose radius is 0.0100 mm and what
excited state to the first excited state, the is the energy of a hydrogen atom in this
wave length of radiation emitted will be state.
(a) 2.033 𝑛𝑚 (b) 3.646 𝑛𝑚 (a) 445, −6.19 × 10−5 eV
(c) 10.4 𝑛𝑚 (d) 4.62 𝑛𝑚 (b) 435, −7.19 × 10−5 eV
(c) 445,6.19 × 10−5 eV
3. If the wave length of the first line of the (d) 435,7.19 × 10−5 eV
Balmer Series is the hydrogen spectrum is
𝜆, then the wave length of the first line of 7. A beam of electrons enters a uniform
the Lyman series is magnetic field of flux density 1.2 Tesla.
27
(a) ( 5 ) 𝜆𝐵
5
(b) (27) 𝜆𝐵 Calculate the energy difference between
32 27
electrons whose spins are parallel and
(c) (22) 𝜆𝐵 (d) (32) 𝜆𝐵 antiparallel to the field?
(a) 1.39 × 10−4 eV
4. A hydrogen atom in the ground state (b) 0.695 × 10−4 eV
absorbed a 20eV photon. What is the speed (c) 0.695 × 10−6 eV
of the liberated electron? The energy of (d) 1.39 × 10−6 eV
electron in the ground state is −13.6eV.
(a) 9 × 106 m/s (b) 6 × 106 m/s 8. The ionization energy of lithium is 5.39eV.
6
(c) 4 × 10 m/s (d) 1.5 × 106 m/s Use this figure to find the effective charge
that acts on the outer (2 s) electron of the
5. Consider the high exited states of a Lithium atom?
Hydrogen atom corresponding to large (a) 9.86e (b) 2.86e
values of the principal quantum number (c) 1.26e (d) 12.26e
( 𝑛 >> 1 ). The electron undergoing a
9. A mixture of ordinary hydrogen and
tritium, a hydrogen isotope whose nucleus
 is approximately 3 times more massive electron in a hydrogen atom?
than ordinary Hydrogen, is excited and its (a) 51 Tesla (b) 0.051Tesla
spectrum observed. How far apart in (c) 510 Tesla (d) 0.0051 Tesla
wavelength will the 𝐻𝛼 lines of the two
kinds of hydrogen be? 15. Each electron in an atom has a certain
(a) 0.238 nm (b) 23.8 nm orbital angular momentum 𝐿 ⃗ and a certain
(c) 0.00238 nm (d) 2.38 nm spin angular momentum S, both of which
contribute to the total angular momentum 𝐽
10. A stationary hydrogen atom emits photon of the atom.
corresponding to the first line of Lyman (1) Because of the simultaneous
series. Calculate the recoil velocity of the quantization of J, L and S they can have only
atom? certain specific relative orientation.
(a) 3.26 m/s (b) 7.26 𝑚/𝑠 (2) Orbital and spin angular momentum
(c) 13.26 𝑚/𝑠 (d)17.26 m/s vectors can be exactly parallel or
antiparallel to each other in a one electron
❖ Vector Atomic Model , Fine Structure atom.
11. If an atom is in the 3 D3 state, the angle (a) 1-correct, 2-correct
between its orbital and spin angular (b) 1-correct, 2-wrong
momentum vectors ( 𝐿 ⃗ and 𝑆 ) is (c) 1-wrong, 2-correct
1 2 (d) 1-wrong, 2-wrong
(a)cos−1 (b)cos−1
√3 √3
16. The term symbol of the ground state of
1 √3
(c)cos −1 (d)cos−1 Sodium is 32 𝑆1/2 and that of its first excited
2 2 state is 32 𝑃1/2. List the possible quantum
12. The degeneracy of an excited state of numbers 𝑛, 𝑙, 𝑗 and m𝑗 of the outer electron
nitrogen atom having electronic in both cases?
configuration 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝2 3𝑑1 is 1 1
(a)𝑛 = 3𝑙 = 0, 𝑗 = , 𝑚𝑗 = ±
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 150 2 2
1 3 1 3
(b)𝑛 = 3𝑙 = 1, 𝑗 = , , 𝑚𝑗 = ± , ±
13. The notion of electron spin successfully 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
explains the fine structure. But the picture (c)𝑛 = 3𝑙 = 0,1, 𝑗 = , , 𝑚𝑗 = ± , ±
of an electron as a spinning charged sphere 2 2 2 2
1 1 3
is open to serious objections. Find the (d)𝑛 = 3𝑙 = 0, 𝑗 = , 𝑚𝑗 = ± , ±
equatorial velocity 𝑣 of an electron under 2 2 2
the assumption that it is a uniform sphere
17. The spin orbit effect splits the 3𝑝 → 3𝑠
of radius 𝑟 = 5.00 × 10−17 m, rotating
about an axis through its center? (Assume transition in sodium (which gives rise to
that the electron pocess spin angular the yellow light if sodium vapour highway
√3ℏ
lamps) into two lines, 589.0 nm
momentum 2 ) corresponding to 3𝑃3/2 → 3𝑆1/2 and
(a) 1.67 × 104 𝑐 (b) 8.67 × 105 𝑐 589.6 nm corresponding to 3𝑃1/2 → 3𝑆1/2.
(c) 8.67 × 104 e (d) 1.67 × 105 c Use these wavelengths to calculate the
effective magnetic field experienced by the
14. Radio astronomers can detect clouds of outer electron in the sodium atom as a
hydrogen in our galaxy too cool to radiate result of its orbital motion?
in the optical part of the spectrum by means (a) 8.5 T (b) 85.3 T
of the 21 . cm spectral line that corresponds (c) 185 T (d) 18.5 T
to the flipping of the electron in a hydrogen
atom from having its spin parallel to the 18. The ground state spectroscopic terms
spin of the proton to having it antiparallel. arising from the electronic configuration
Find the magnetic field experienced by the 1𝑠 2 2𝑠2𝑝3 are
 3
(a) S1 (b) 5 P3 (c) 2 P1 (d) 5
S2 24. Measurements on the line spectrum of a
certain atom show that the separations
19. Consider an one electron system having between adjacent energy levels of
orbital angular momentum 𝐿 ⃗ placed in a increasing energy in a multiplate are in the
⃗ . The angular momentum
magnetic field 𝐵 ratio 3: 5. Use the Lande interval rule to
⃗ precesses about the magnetic field. assign the quantum numbers S, L, J to these
vector 𝐿
levels?
Find the precessional frequency in terms of
3 1 3 5
applied magnetic field? (a)S = L = 1J = , ,
𝑒ℏ𝐵 𝑒ℎ𝐵 𝑒ℏ𝐵 𝑒𝐵 2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 1 3 5
2𝑚 2𝑚 4𝜋 2𝑚 (b)S = L = 2J = , ,
2 2 2 2
20. In a carbon atom only two 2𝑝 electrons 3 1 3 5
(c)S = 1L = J = , ,
contribute to its angular momentum. The 2 2 2 2
1 3 5
ground state of this atom is 3P0 , the first (d)S = 1L = 1J = , ,
four excited states in order of increasing 2 2 2
energy are
25. The relativistic term shift is given by
(a) 3 𝑃1 , 3 𝑃2 , 1 𝐷2 and 1 𝑆0
𝑅∞ 𝛼 2 𝑧 4 1 3
(c) 3 𝑆1 , 1 𝑆1 , 3 𝑃1 , 3 𝑃2 (a)Δ𝑇𝑟 = [ − ]
(b) 1 𝑆0 , 1 𝐷2 and 3 𝑃2 , 3 𝑃1 𝑛3 𝑗 + (1/2) 4𝑛
(d) 3 𝑃2 , 3 𝑃1 , 1 𝑆1 , 3 𝑆1
𝑅∞ 𝛼 2 𝑧 2 1 3
(b)Δ𝑇𝑟 = 3
[ − ]
21. The ground state configuration of helium is 𝑛 𝑙 + (1/2) 4𝑛
1 s2 . Find the ground state spectral term
and the lowest energy spectral term for 𝑅∞ 𝛼 2 𝑧 4 1 3
second excited state? (c)Δ𝑇𝑟 = [ − ]
𝑛3 𝑙 + (1/2) 4𝑛
(a) 1 𝑆0 , 1 𝑆0 (b) 1 𝑆0 , 3 𝑃0
(c) 1 𝑆0 3 𝑃1 (d) 1 𝑆0 , 3 𝑃2 𝑅∞ 𝛼 2 𝑧 2 1 3
(d)Δ𝑇𝑟 = 3
[ − ]
𝑛 𝑗 + (1/2) 4𝑛
22. The spin orbit interaction causes each term
(energy level) of a given 𝑙 to split into two 26. If the doublet splitting of the first excited
terms of different j 's, one displaced state 22 𝑃3/2 − 22 𝑃1/2 , of He+ is 5.84 cm−1 ,
upwards and the other down wards. The
calculate the corresponding separation for
difference between them is
H?
𝑧3 𝑧4
(a)Δ𝐸𝛼 3 (b) Δ𝐸𝛼 3 (a) 0.895 cm−1 (b) 0.365 cm−1
𝑛 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) 𝑛 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) (c) 8.95 cm−1 (d) 3.65 cm−1
𝑧2 𝑧3
(c)Δ𝐸𝛼 3 (d) Δ𝐸𝛼 2
𝑛 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) 𝑛 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) 27. A sample of a certain element is placed in a
magnetic field of flux density 0.3 Tesla. How
23. The term {𝑗1 , 𝑗2 }𝐽 , arising from 2 s1 3 d1 far apart is the Zeeman component of a
electronic configuration in j − j coupling spectral line of wavelength 4500 A∘ ?
scheme are (a) 0.028 A∘ (b) 0.028𝜇m
1 3 1 5
(a) { , } and { , } (c) 0.028 nm (d) 0.028pm
2 2 2,1 2 2 3,2
1 1 1 3
(b) { , } and { , } 28. The wavelength difference between
2 2 0,1 2 2 2,1 adjacent lines of a normal Zeeman triplet is
1 1 1 5
(c) { , } and { , } [ B is the external magnetic field applied
2 2 1,0 2 2 3,2 and 𝜆0 is the wavelength when B = 0 ]
3 1 1 5
(d) { , } and { , } 𝜆20 𝜇𝐵 𝐵 𝜆0 𝜇𝐵 𝐵
2 2 2,1 2 2 3,2 (a)𝑑𝜆 = (b) 𝑑𝜆 =
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
2
❖ Zeeman & Paschen-Back Effect 𝜆0 𝜇𝐵 𝐵 𝜆0 𝜇𝐵 𝐵
(c)𝑑𝜆 = (d)𝑑𝜆 =
ℎ ℎ
29. What magnetic field will give the normal atomic hydrogen undergoes the transition
Zeeman spectral lines at 2
𝑃1/2 → 1 𝑆1/2 , by emission of radiation.
636.405 nm, 636.4209 nm and 35. The number of distinct spectral lines that
636.4363 nm ? are observed in the resultant Zeeman
(a) 8.15 T (b) 0.0815 T spectrum is
(c) 0.815 T (d) 81.5 T (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
COMMON DATA: 36 & 37
30. Consider the anomalous Zeeman pattern of
In the presence of an inhomogeneous weak
the 𝐷1 and D2 lines of Sodium. Calculate the
frequency of the component of D1 line magnetic field spectral lines due to transition
corresponding to Δ𝑚𝑗 = +1 where Δ𝑚𝑗 = between two sets of states were observed.
𝑚𝑗1 − 𝑚𝑗11 (double prime represent lower (1) 5 𝐼5 → 5 𝐻4 (2) 2 𝐷3/2 →2 𝑃1/2
state) 36. The type of Zeeman effect observed in (1)
2 𝜇𝐵 𝐵 4 𝜇𝐵 𝐵 and (2) respectively are
(a)𝑣 = 𝑣𝐷1 + (b)𝑣 = 𝑣𝐷1 +
3 ℎ 3 ℎ (a) (1) normal, (2) normal
2 𝜇𝐵 𝐵 4 𝜇𝐵 𝐵 (b) (1) anomalous, (2) anomalous
(c)𝑣 = 𝑣𝐷1 − (d)𝑣 = 𝑣𝐷1 −
3 ℎ 3 ℎ (c) (1) anomalous (2) normal
(d) (1) normal (2) anomalous
31. The Lamp shift is
(a) a splitting between the 1 s and 2 s 37. The number of level into which each of the
energy levels in hydrogen. above four terms split into respectively is
(b) a splitting between the 1 s and 2p (a) 6,4,10,8 (b) 4,6,10,12
energy levels in hydrogen (c) 11,9,4,2 (d) 9,5,12,10
(c) caused by Larmour precession.
(d) caused by vacuum fluctuation of the 38. Which of the following is INCORRECT about
Leeds a magnetic field. normal Zeeman effect.
(a) In transverses view, the plane of
32. In the presence of weak magnetic field vibrational of 𝜋 component is parallel to the
sodium undergoes the transition. 2 𝑃1/2 → magnetic field.
2
𝑆1/2 by emission of radiation. The number (b) In transverse view, the plane or
of distinct spectral lines that are observed vibration of 𝜎 component are perpendicular
in the resultant Zeeman spectrum is to the magnetic field.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6 (c) Zeeman shift is increases linearly with
applied magnetic field.
33. The ground state of sodium atom ( 11 Na) is (d) In longitudinal view, the line of high
a 2 S1/2 state. The difference in energy frequency show right hand polarization,
and the line of lower frequency shows left
levels arising in the presence of a weak
hand polarization.
external magnetic field B, given in terms of
Bohr magenton 𝜇𝐵 is
(a) 𝜇𝐵 𝐵 (b) 2𝜇𝐵 𝐵 39. The ratio of intensities of spectral lines in
(c) 4𝜇𝐵 𝐵 (d) 6𝜇𝐵 𝐵 Hydrogen spectrum for the transitions.
2
𝑃1/2 → 2 𝑆1/2 and 2 𝑃3/2 → 2 𝑆1/2
34. An atom with one outer electron having (a) 2 (b) 3/2 (c) ½ (d) 1
orbital angular momentum 𝑙 is placed in a
weak magnetic field. The number of energy 40. In a normal Zeeman effect experiment
levels into which the higher total angular spectral splitting of the line at the wave
momentum state splits is length 643.8 nm corresponding to the
(a) 2𝑙 + 2 (b) 2𝑙 + 1 transition 5 1 𝐷2 → 51 𝑃1 of cadmium atoms
(c) 2𝑙 (d) 2𝑙 − 1 is to be observed. The spectrometer has a
resolution of 0.01 nm. The minimum
DATA for: 35 magnetic field needed to observe this is
In the presence of a weak magnetic field
 (a) 0.26 T (b) 0.52 T (c) 2.6 T (d) 5.2 T intensity of transitions to the various
hyperfine components of 2 S1/2 ?
41. The number of spectral lines allowed in the (a) 5: 3 (b) 7: 3 (c) 7: 5 (d) 5; 1
spectrum for the 32 𝐷5/2 → 32 𝑃3/2 transition
in sodium is in the presence of weak 48. A certain fine structure multiplate of levels
magnetic field corresponding to L = 2, S = 1 and I = 3/2.
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 10 (d) 12 Allowing for the degeneracy of each
hyperfine level due to the quantum number
42. For the 3 P1 level in the 2p3 s configuration MF , what is the total degeneracy of each of
of the 6 C atom predict the splitting of the the fine structure levels?
level when the atom is in an external (a) 28,20,12 (c) 12,6,3
magnetic field of 0.1 Tesla. (b) 20,10,5 (d) 3,3,3
(a) ±0.01 cm−1 (b) ±0.7 cm−1
(c) ±0.07 cm−1 (d) ±9 cm−1 49. The number of hyperfine components
observed in the electric transition
2
❖ Hyperfine Structure 𝑃1/2 →2 𝑆1/2 of an atom with nuclear spin
43. Two levels in an atom whose nuclear spin is 1/2 is
𝐼 = 3 have the designations 2 𝐷3/2 and (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 5
2
𝑃1/2 . Find the expected number of
components in the hyperfine structure of 50. Consider the fine structure levels
3
the corresponding spectral line. 𝐷3 , 3 𝐷2 3 𝐷1 . Find into how many
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 9 components each of these fine structure
levels will be further split by hyperfine
44. The nuclear spin of Bismuth atom is 9/2. If structure splitting? (I = 3/2)
the separation of the 22 𝐷5/2 and 23 𝐷5/2 levels (a) 4,3,4 (b) 4,4,3
is 30 cm−1 . Calculate the separations of (c) 1,2,3 (d) 3,4,5
2 2
5 𝐷5/2 − 7 𝐷5/2
(a) 130 cm−1 (b) 60 cm−1 51. In hyperfine interaction, there is coupling
(c) 70 cm −1
(d) 120 cm−1 between the electron angular momentum 𝐽
45. When a weak magnetic field is applied, 𝐽 and nuclear angular momentum 𝐼1 forming
and 𝐼 precess jointly about their resultant resultant angular momentum 𝐹 . The
and 𝐹 which in term precess about the selection rules for the corresponding
direction of magnetic field. The resultant quantum number F in hyperfine transitions
are
magnetic moment 𝜇𝐹 = 𝜇𝐽 cos (𝐽, 𝐹 ) −
(a) Δ𝐹 = ±2 only (b) Δ𝐹 = ±1 only
𝜇𝐼 cos (𝐼 , 𝐹 ). Find an expression for (c) Δ𝐹 = 0, ±1 (d) Δ𝐹 = ±1, ±2
resultant magnetic moment of the atom?
𝑒 𝑒
(a)𝑔𝐹 (b) 𝑔𝐼 ❖ ANSWER KEY
2𝑚 2𝑚
𝑒 𝑒
(c)𝑔𝐹 (d)𝑔𝐼 1-d 2-b 3-b 4-d 5-d
𝑚 𝑚
6-b 7-a 8-c 9-a 10-a
46. The angular velocity of precession of 𝐹 ; 11-a 12-d 13-a 14-b 15-a
⃗ is
along the direction of the magnetic field 𝐵 16-c 17-d 18-d 19-d 20-a
𝑒 𝑒 21-b 22-b 23-a 24-a 25-c
(a)𝜔 = 𝐵𝑔𝐼 (b) 𝜔 = 𝐵𝑔𝐹 26-b 27-a 28-a 29-c 30-b
𝑚 2𝑚
𝑒 𝑒 31-b 32-c 33-b 34-c 35-c
(c)𝜔 = 𝐵𝑔𝐹 (d) 𝜔 = 𝐵𝑔𝐹
𝑚 2𝑚 36-d 37-c 38-d 49-d 40-b
41-d 42-c 43-a 44-a 45-a
47. 2 𝑆1/2 level of an atom is single and does not 46-b 47-c 48-a 49-a 50-b
have any fine structure, If the nucleus of the 51-c
atom has spin 5/2. What is the relative