Chapter 6 Lecture

Pearson Physics

Work and Energy

Prepared by: Luke Mark M. Narbonita, LPT

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 Chapter Contents

• Work
• Work and Energy
• Conservation of Energy
• Power

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 Work

• While most people feel that work is done when

you "work on a problem" or "do homework,"
physicists say work has only been done when a
force is applied to an object and the object
moves in the direction of the applied force.

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 Work

• The figure below illustrates work being done as

a force pushes a box through a displacement.
The work done equals W = Fd.

• The dimensions of work are force (newtons

times distance (meters). The product of the two,
N·m, is called the joule, in honor of physicist
James Prescott Joule.
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 Work

• The figure below illustrates work being done as

a force pushes a box through a displacement.
The work done equals W = Fd.

• Work is the transfer of energy by a force

acting on an object as it is displaced.

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 Work

• A joule represents a relatively modest amount of

work. You do a joule of work when you lift a
medium-sized apple through a height of 1 meter.
• The table below provides some examples of
typical amounts of work.

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 Work

• It may come as a surprise that no work is done

while holding a heavy object such as a suitcase.
• By the definition of work, because the suitcase
doesn't move, no work is done. However, you
become tired because your muscle cells are
doing work holding the suitcase.

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 Work

• Work is easily calculated when the force and

displacement are in the same direction, but how
is work calculated when the force is at an angle
to the displacement?
• The figure below shows a person pulling a
suitcase at an angle θ with respect to the
direction of motion.

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 Work

• In a case such as this, only the component of the

force in the direction of the displacement does
work.
• Notice in the previous figure that the component
of force in the direction of displacement is F
cosθ. Therefore, the work equals Fd cosθ.

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 Work

• Work can be positive, negative, or

zero.
– Work is positive if the force has a
component in the direction of
motion (Figure a).
– Work is zero if the force has no
component in the direction of
motion (Figure b).
– Work is negative if the force has
a component opposite the
direction of motion (Figure c).
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 Work

• When more than one force acts on an object, the

total work is the sum of the work done by each
force separately.
• For example, if does work W1, force does
work W2, force does work W3, and so on, the
total work equals

Wtotal = W1 + W2 + W3 + …

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 Work and Energy

• When work is done on an object, the object's

energy changes. For example:
– When you push a shopping cart, your work
goes into increasing the cart's kinetic energy.
– When you climb a mountain, your work goes
into increasing your potential energy.
• Thus kinetic energy is energy of motion;
potential energy is the energy of position or
condition.

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 Work and Energy

• Newton's laws and the equations of motion may

be used to derive a relationship between work
and energy.
• In the figure below, a box is pushed across an
ice-skating rink with a force F. Let's see how this
force changes the box's energy.

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 Work and Energy

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 Work and Energy

• From the relationship , we see

that the work done on the box (or on any other
object) is related to the quantity .
• The quantity is defined as the kinetic
energy, or KE, of an object of mass m and
speed v.

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 Work and Energy

• In general, the kinetic energy of an object is the

energy due to its motion.
• Kinetic energy is measured with the joule, the
same unit used to measure work.
• The following table provides some examples of
typical kinetic energies.

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 Work and Energy

• The kinetic energy increases linearly with the

mass and with the square of the velocity, as the
following example indicates.

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 Work and Energy

• As the equation indicates, the

total work done on an object equals the change
in its kinetic energy. This connection is known as
the work-energy theorem:

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 Work and Energy

• The following example shows how work is

related to the change in kinetic energy.

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 Work and Energy

• The sign of the work is related to the change in

kinetic energy:
– If the total work is positive, then the kinetic
energy increases.
– If the total work is negative, then the kinetic
energy decreases.
– If the total work is zero, then there is no
change in kinetic energy.

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 Work and Energy

• The following example illustrates how the work-

energy theorem may be applied when an object
has an initial speed.

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Work and Energy

• As the figure below indicates, work must be

done to lift a bowling ball from the floor onto a
shelf.
• Even though the ball has no kinetic energy once
it's resting on the shelf, the work done in lifting
the ball is not lost—it is stored as potential
energy.

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 Work and Energy

• Energy that is stored for later use is referred to

as potential energy, or PE.
• Potential energy has several forms, one of which
is gravitational potential energy.
• The gravitational potential energy equals the
work required to lift an object to a given height.
• Lifting a mass m from the ground to a height h
requires a force mg. Thus the work done, and
the potential energy acquired, equals force times
distance, or
W = mgh
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 Work and Energy

• The following example shows how the

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gravitational energy is calculated.

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 Work and Energy

• Objects like rubber bands and springs that

return to their original size and shape after being
distorted are said to be elastic.
• Stretching a spring requires work. This work is
stored in the stretched spring in the form of
potential energy.
• The potential energy stored in a distorted elastic
material is referred to as elastic potential energy.

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 Work and Energy

• When a spring is stretched by a distance x, the

force exerted on the spring increases uniformly
from 0 to kx, where k is the spring constant.
• Thus, the average force is exerted on the spring
is .
• Since the average force is , the work done in
changing the length of the spring is the average
force times the distance, or

• This work is stored as elastic potential energy.

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 Work and Energy

• The following example shows how elastic

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potential energy is calculated.

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 Conservation of Energy

• Energy takes many forms: mechanical, electrical,

thermal, and nuclear.
• Any time work is done, energy is transformed from one
form to another.
• One process might transform some kinetic energy into
electrical potential energy; another might transform some
spring potential energy into kinetic energy.
• However, no matter what the process, the total amount
of energy in the universe remains the same. This is what
is meant by the conservation of energy.
• To say that energy is conserved means that energy can
never be created or destroyed—it can only be
transformed from one form to another.
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 Conservation of Energy

• When frictional forces act on a system, such as when a

car's brakes are applied, kinetic energy is transformed
into thermal energy.
• In situations where all forms of friction can be ignored,
no potential or kinetic energy is transformed into thermal
energy. In this ideal case, the sum of the kinetic and
potential energies is always the same.
• The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of an
object is referred to as its mechanical energy. Thus,
mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy
E = PE + KE
• This means that mechanical energy is conserved.

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 Conservation of Energy

• Energy conservation may be used to solve many physics problems.

• For example, energy conservation may be used to find the final
speed of a set of keys dropped to the floor from a height h (see figure
below).

• By equating the initial potential energy at the top (mgh) to the final
kinetic energy at the bottom and solving for the speed of the
keys at the bottom, we find
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 Conservation of Energy

• The conservation of energy means that objects moving

downward through the same vertical distance but
following different paths will have the same final speed.

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 Conservation of Energy

• Changing the initial

speed of a downward
moving object by a
small amount can
result in a relatively
large increase in final
speed.

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 Power

• Power is a measure of how quickly work is done.

The faster work is done, the greater the power.
• Formally, power is the amount of work done in a
given amount of time. If work W is done in time t,
then the power delivered is defined as follows:

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 Power

• To be powerful, an engine must produce a

substantial amount of work in a relatively short
time. Similarly, you produce more power when
running up a flight of stairs than when walking
up.

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 Power

• The unit of power is the watt (W). The watt,

named after Scottish engineer James Watt, is
defined as 1 joule per second. Thus,
1 watt = 1 W = 1 J/s
• A typical compact fluorescent lightbulb has a
power of 23 W.
• Another familiar unit of power is the horsepower
(hp). The horsepower is defined as follows:
1 horsepower = 1 hp = 746 W

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 Power

• Human power output is limited to about 1 hp.

• A leisurely walk up a flight of stairs requires
about 130 W, or 1/6 hp. A person running up the
same stairs might be able to produce a little over
hp.
• Examples of power appear in the table below.

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 Power

• Power output is an important factor in the performance of

a car.
• The greater the power, the less the time it takes a car to
accelerate.
• Power depends on force and speed. As a car travels a
distance d, the work done by the engine W = Fd, and the
power it delivers is

• Therefore, power is equal to force times speed.

v
F

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

WAVES

WHAT IS A WAVE?

▪ a disturbance traveling through a medium or in a vacuum

▪ an oscillation that travels
▪ transfers ENERGY without transferring matter
▪ classified by WHAT they move through (MEDIUM) or by HOW
particles move through them

CLASSIFICATION OF WAVES

▪ BY NATURE

▪ Electromagnetic Waves

▪ Mechanical Waves

▪ BY DIRECTION OF VIBRATION

▪ Longitudinal Waves

▪ Transverse Waves

BY NATURE

▪ Electromagnetic Waves

▪ Waves that can travel through matter or vacuum

where matter is not present
▪ Propagates through a vacuum or air with the
speed of light (c) at 3 x 108 m/s
▪ Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves,
visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays

BY NATURE

▪ Mechanical Waves

▪ Needs a medium to propagate

▪ Require the particles of the medium to vibrate

for energy to be transferred
▪ Water waves, earthquake/seismic waves, sound
waves, waves that travel down a rope or spring


Why does inhaling

helium make your
voice sound funny?

WHY?
❖ Because helium is lighter than air so sound waves
travel through it faster.
❖ At room temperature, sound travels at 344 m/s
through air but 927 m/s through a helium.
❖ Breathing helium continuously can cause
asphyxiation within a few minutes.
❖ Don’t inhale helium directly from pressurized tanks.
High flow rate can rupture lung tissue.
❖ Don’t send concentrated mass of gas into your
bloodstream. It can lodge in the brain and cause
stroke, seizure, or death.

BY DIRECTION OF VIBRATIONS

▪ Longitudinal Waves

▪ Particles move PARALLEL to the motion of the

wave
▪ Compression – crowded area causing a high-
pressure region
▪ Rarefaction – a spread-out area causing a low-
pressure region
 
BY DIRECTION OF VIBRATIONS

▪ Transverse Waves

▪ Particles move PERPENDICULAR to the motion of the wave

▪ Wavelength (𝜆) – distance from crest-to-crest or trough-to-trough;

expressed in meters
▪ Amplitude (A) – the distance of crest or trough from the midpoint
of the wave
▪ Crest – high point of the wave

▪ Trough – low point of the wave

 

TRUE OR FALSE

1. As a wave moves through a medium, the

individual particles of the medium move from the source
of the wave to another location some distance away.
2. Waves are a means of transporting energy from
one location to another without actually displacing matter
from one location to another.
3. An ocean wave will transport ocean water from
near the middle of the ocean to a location near the shore.
4. As mechanical waves move through a medium,
particles of the medium undergo a periodic and repeated
vibration about a fixed position.
 

Spaceship A launches a successful

strike on spaceship B. The scene is
presented from the perspective of
spaceship A. The occupants of
spaceship A view spaceship B blowing
up as the result of the successful missile
strike. They see the flames of the
explosion and shortly thereafter hear the
thunderous sound of the explosion.
 
WAVE EQUATION
▪ Frequency (f) – number of waves that passed a fixed point per
second; expressed in hertz (Hz)
▪ Period (T) – the time it takes a wave to travel a distance equal to a
wavelength; expressed in seconds (s)
▪ Wave speed/velocity (v) – distance travelled by a wave crest in
one period; expressed in meter per second (m/s)

𝑓 = 1/𝑇 𝑇 = 1/𝑓 𝑣 = 𝜆/𝑇

𝒗 = 𝒇𝝀
 

The period of a wave is

0.0300 s. It travels at a
velocity of 10.0 m/s.
Determine the frequency and
the wavelength of the wave.
 

Calculate the velocity of a

water wave if the frequency is
400 Hz, the wavelength is 6
m, and the amplitude of the
wave is 3.76 cm.
 

A sound wave is travelling

with a speed of 343 m/s. What
is its frequency if the
wavelength is 500 m.
Determine its period.
 

Waves are observed to splash upon

the rocks at the shore every 6.0
seconds. The distance measured from
crest to adjacent crest is 8.0 m. The
distance measured from the lowest to
the highest point on the medium is
10.0 m. Determine the frequency,
wavelength and speed of these waves.
 
WAVE BEHAVIOR

What happens when..

▪ A wave meets a hard surface like a wall?
▪ A wave enters a new medium?
▪ A wave moves around an obstacle?
▪ A wave meets another wave?
 
WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Reflection

▪ When a wave travels through a medium, part of it may be

transmitted and the rest reflected as it reaches the boundary
of the medium
▪ Reflection does not change the speed or frequency of the
wave, but the wave can be flipped upside down
▪ Greater change in speed means more bending of the wave
 
WAVE BEHAVIOR

What happens when..

▪ A wave meets a hard surface like a wall?
▪ A wave enters a new medium?
▪ A wave moves around an obstacle?
▪ A wave meets another wave?

WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Refraction

▪ The bending of a wave as it enters a new

medium
▪ Caused by a change in the speed of the wave as
it moves from one medium to another
 
WAVE BEHAVIOR

What happens when..

▪ A wave meets a hard surface like a wall?
▪ A wave enters a new medium?
▪ A wave moves around an obstacle?
▪ A wave meets another wave?

WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Diffraction

▪ The bending of a wave as it moves around an

obstacle or passes through a narrow opening
▪ The wave will try to curve around the boundary or
outward through the opening due to friction
 
WAVE BEHAVIOR

What happens when..

▪ A wave meets a hard surface like a wall?
▪ A wave enters a new medium?
▪ A wave moves around an obstacle?
▪ A wave meets another wave?

WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Interference

▪ Phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while

travelling along the same medium
▪ When two or more waves combine

WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Interference

▪ CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE – when two

waves combine to make a larger wave (alignment of
crests and troughs); displacement are in the same
direction
▪ DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE – two or more
waves combine to produce a smaller wave or destroy
the wave completely; displacement are in the opposite
direction

WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Polarization

▪ Filtering radiating light to allow only light travelling

in one direction through
▪ Only transverse waves can be polarized

▪ To decrease the intensity of a wave


WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Resonance

▪ When one object vibrates another without

touching, the 2 objects resonate at same
frequency

WAVE BEHAVIOR

▪ Doppler Effect

▪ The frequency of a wave is perceived to

increase as the source of the wave moves
toward a stationary observer.

STANDING WAVES

▪ Standing Wave Pattern – a vibrational pattern created within a

medium when the vibrational frequency of the source causes
reflected waves from one end of the medium to interfere with
incident waves from the source.
▪ NODES – points that appear to be standing still (points of no
displacement.
▪ ANTI-NODES – points that undergo maximum displacement
during each vibrational cycle of the standing wave.

VIBRATIONS

BOBBLEHEAD DOLL
▪ oversized head attached by a spring
to a body or stand
▪ a light tap causes it to bobble or
wiggles or vibrates or oscillates
▪ a push causes it to move back and
forth
▪ vibrations tend to die off and
bobblehead stops bobbing and finally
assumes its usual resting position
▪ RESTING POSITION is in a state of equilibrium (EQUILIBRIUM
POSITION). it is experiencing a balance of forces; overall net force
is 0 newtons (N).
▪ FORCED VIBRATION is the force that sets the resting object into
motion. It is a short-lived, momentary force that begins the motion

▪ LAW OF INERTIA (1st Law of Motion)
states that an object at rest stays at
rest and an object in motion stays in
motion with the same speed and in
the same direction unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force.
▪ A moving object will continue its
motion if forces are balanced.
▪ Forces, when balanced, do not stop
moving objects.


▪ Every instant in time that the bobblehead

is at equilibrium position, the momentary
balance of forces will not stop the motion.
The bobblehead keeps moving. It moves
past the equilibrium position towards the
opposite side of its swing. As the
bobblehead is displaced past its
equilibrium position, a force capable of
slowing it down and stopping it exists
(RESTORING FORCE).
▪ DAMPING is the tendency of a vibrating object to lose or to
dissipate its energy over time. Each repetition of back and forth is a
little less vigorous than its previous repetition. Without a sustained
force vibration, the back-and-forth motion eventually ceases as
energy is dissipated to other objects.


NAME OTHER
EXAMPLES OF
VIBRATING
SYSTEMS
 

TRANSLATIONAL MOTION VIBRATIONAL MOTION

▪ Object is permanently ▪ Object doesn’t move
displaced permanently out of position
▪ The initial force that is ▪ Restoring force acts to slow
imparted to the object it down, change its
displaces it from its resting direction, and force it back
position and sets it into to its original equilibrium
motion in its original position.
direction. ▪ Object wiggles about a
fixed position – its original
equilibrium position


PENDULUM
▪ consists of a relatively massive object, referred to
as pendulum bob, hung by a string from a fixed
support
▪ It typically hangs vertically in its equilibrium position

▪ When mass is displaced from equilibrium, it begins

its back-and-forth vibration about its fixed
equilibrium position.
▪ The vibrational motion is regular and repeating
(PERIODIC MOTION).


INVERTED PENDULUM

▪ A pendulum which has its fixed end located below

the vibrating mass.
▪ An inverted pendulum can be made by attaching a
mass to the top end of a rod and then securing the
bottom end to a horizontal support


NAME OTHER
EXAMPLES OF
INVERTED
PENDULUM


MASS ON A SPRING

▪ The mass hangs at a resting position.

▪ If mass is pulled down, the spring is

stretched. Once mass is released, it begins
to vibrate. It does the back-and-forth,
vibrating about a fixed position.
▪ The mass on the spring repeats the same
motion in a regular fashion.


MASS ON A SPRING
▪ If the spring is rotated horizontally and the mass is placed upon a supporting
surface, the same back-and-forth motion can be observed.

▪ Pulling the mass to the right of its resting position stretches the spring. When
released, the mass is pulled back to the left, heading towards its resting
position. After passing by its resting position, the spring begins to compress.
The compressions of the coiled spring result in a restoring force that again
pushes rightward on the leftward moving mass. The cycle continues as the
mass vibrates back and forth about a fixed position.


NAME OTHER
EXAMPLES OF
MASS ON A
SPRING


DAMPING
▪ Simple Pendulum – energy is gradually dissipated
through air resistance and loss of energy to the
support
▪ Inverted Pendulum – energy is dissipated through
air resistance and vibrations of the support
▪ Mass on Spring – frictional forces cause the mass
on spring to lose its energy to the surroundings


CITE AN INSTANCE
WHERE DAMPING
BECOMES A
FAVORED FEATURE?


CAR SUSPENSION
SYSTEMS
▪ Intended to dissipate vibrational
energy, preventing drivers and
passengers from having to do the
back and forth as they also do
down the road.


PERIODIC MOTION

▪ A motion that is regular and repeating.

▪ Most object that vibrate do so in a regular and

repeated fashion hence, their vibrations are
periodic.
 

▪ x-axis:

▪ y-axis:

▪ What is the shape of the wave?

▪ How many full cycle vibrations are there? Identify.

▪ How long will it take to complete a cycle? (T or F)

▪ If the motion is periodic, will it take the same time to
complete any full cycle of vibration?
 

▪ x-axis: time in seconds

▪ y-axis: position of mass relative to the motion detector

▪ What is the shape of the wave? sine wave

▪ How many full cycle vibrations are there? Identify. 6, A-E, E-I, I-M,
M-Q, Q-U, U-Y
▪ How long will it take to complete a cycle? 2.4 s

▪ If the motion is periodic, will it take the same time to complete any
full cycle of vibration? Yes

CONCEPTUAL RECIPROCALS

▪ PERIOD - the time for one full cycle to complete

itself; expressed in seconds/cycle
▪ FREQUENCY – the number of cycles that are
completed per time; expressed in cycles/seconds
 

Tim Ahlstrom of Oconomowoc

holds the record for hand clapping.
He is reported to have clapped his
hands 793 times in 60.0 seconds.
What is the frequency and period
of Mr. Ahlstrom's hand clapping
during this 60.0-second period?
 

A pendulum is observed to
complete 23 full cycles in 58
seconds. Determine the
period and the frequency of
the pendulum.

SOUND WAVES


REVIEW

▪ WAVE – a disturbance that travels through a medium,

transporting energy from one location to another
location.
▪ MEDIUM – the material through which the disturbance
is moving; it can be thought of as a series of
interacting particles


SLINKY WAVE

▪ disturbance is created by back-and-

forth movement of the first coil of
the slinky
▪ disturbance is transmitted to the next
interconnected particle then passed on
to the next particle
▪ The energy introduced to the first coil
is transported along the medium


SOUND WAVES
▪ a mechanical and longitudinal wave

▪ a vibrating object is the source of the disturbance

that moves through the medium (air, water, steel)
eg. vocal cords, vibrating string and sound board of
a guitar or violin, vibrating tines of a tuning fork,
vibrating diaphragm of a radio speaker
▪ As a sound wave moves through a medium, each
particle of the medium vibrates at same frequency
(RESONANCE)


SOUND WAVES

Energy is transported from one end of the medium to the

other end of the medium without the actual transport of
matter. In this type of wave, the particles of the medium
vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of energy
transport.


WHICH WILL PRODUCE A

MORE AMPLIFIED SOUND?
A VIBRATING TUNING
FORK OR A VIBRATING
TUNING FORK MOUNTED
ON A SOUNDBOX? WHY?


WHICH WILL PRODUCE A

MORE AMPLIFIED SOUND?
A VIBRATING TUNING
FORK OR A VIBRATING
TUNING FORK MOUNTED
ON A SOUNDBOX? WHY?
 
A sound wave is different than a light wave in
that a sound wave is
a. produced by an oscillating object and a
light wave is not.
b. not capable of traveling through a vacuum.
c. not capable of diffracting and a light wave
is.
d. capable of existing with a variety of
frequencies and a light wave has a single
frequency.
A sound wave is a pressure wave; regions of high
(compressions) and low (rarefactions) pressure are
established as the result of the vibrations of the sound
source. These compressions and rarefactions result
because sound ___?
A. is denser than air and thus has more inertia, causing
the bunching up of a sound.
B. waves have a speed which is dependent only upon
the properties of the medium.
C. is like all waves; it is able to bend into the regions of
space behind obstacles.
D. vibrates longitudinally; the longitudinal movement of
air produces pressure fluctuations.


PITCH AND FREQUENCY

OF SOUND WAVES


FREQUENCY
▪ number of cycle of the wave that pass by a given
pint every second.
▪ refers to how often the particles of the medium
vibrate when a wave passes through the medium
▪ Since sound wave is a longitudinal wave, each cycle
includes 1 compression and 1 rarefaction
▪ usually expressed in Hertz (Hz)

▪ A sound with a single frequency is called pure tone.



FREQUENCY
▪ A healthy young person hears all sound frequencies
from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz or 20 kHz (AUDIO
SPECTRUM)
▪ INFRASONIC – soundwaves below 20 Hz

▪ ULTRASONIC – soundwaves above 20,000 Hz or

20 kHz
▪ Frequency is an objective physical property of a
sound wave and can be measured using an
electronic frequency counter


PITCH

▪ Pitch is the subjective listener’s perception of

frequency
▪ A pure tone with a high frequency is interpreted as
high-pitched sound.
▪ A pure tone with a low frequency is interpreted as
low-pitched sound.


PRESSURE AMPLITUDE
AND LOUDNESS


PRESSURE AMPLITUDE
▪ PRESSURE AMPLITUDE is the magnitude of the
maximum change in pressure measured relative to
undisturbed or atmospheric pressure
▪ Objective property of sound since it can be
measured with an instrument


LOUDNESS
▪ It is a characteristic of sound that depends primarily
on the amplitude of the wave – the larger the
amplitude, the louder the sound.
▪ Loudness is subjective

▪ Each individual determines what is loud, depending

on the acuteness of his or her hearing


SOUND INTENSITY AND

DECIBELS
 

SOUND INTENSITY
▪ It is the energy transported past a given area per unit of
time.
▪ When amplitude of sound increases, the energy of the
wave increases and therefore intensity is also larger.
▪ As the sound wave travels away from its source, the
surface area is larger, and the intensity of the wave is less
▪ It is expressed in decibels (dB) where the threshold of
hearing is assigned a decibel level of 0 dB.


PRODUCTION OF BEATS


SOUND BEATS
▪ Constructive and destructive
interference occur when the waves
are of the same frequency.
▪ Sound beats are the periodic
fluctuations heard (“wobble”) in the
intensity of a sound when two sound
waves of slightly different
frequencies interfere with one
another.
 

BEAT FREQUENCY

▪ The rate at which the sound alternates from loud to soft

and equals the difference in frequency of the two sounds
▪ If two sound waves with frequencies of 440 Hz and 442
Hz interfere to produce beats, a beat frequency of 2 Hz
will be heard.
▪ Human ear is only capable of hearing beats with small
beat frequencies (8 Hz or less).
 

A tuning fork with a frequency of

440 Hz is played simultaneously
with a fork with a frequency of 437
Hz. How many beats will be heard
over a period of 10 seconds?